无源累积氡法监测成都,自贡环境空气中的氡

本文报道固体核径迹法测定成都、自贡市的环境氡水平。１９９１年在成都市布放探测器４个月，３４个室内测点平均氡浓度３６．６±１７．４Ｂｑ·Ｍ￣－３；２个室外点平均１６．２±４．２ＢｑＭ￣－３。１９９２年在自贡市６个区域布放６７个探测器，６４个测点平均氡浓度４９．２±２４．５Ｂｑ·Ｍ￣－３。有３个测点，探测器上出现局部高密集氡径迹，重要探索，未统计入内。若以上述室内氡平均值和环境氡平均植分别代表两市的全年氡平均水平，并以室内公众成员所受平均氡浓度与年有效剂量关系式计算。成都、自贡市公众成员各自受氡年有效剂量当量为１．１０ｍＳｖ和１．４８ｍＳｖ．     

资源市场

人工养殖果子狸前景广阔果子狸又名花面狸、牛尾狸、白额灵猫，体型似猫如狸，四肢粗短肥胖，但活动敏捷；白天隐居洞中休息，夜间活动频繁；主食各类野果、昆虫和鼠类。果子狸性情温顺，易驯化饲养，一年生达到性成熟。每年２月份～３月份发情，５月份～６月份产仔，每胎...     

机械工业部电工技术委员会DJ15委员会1994年工作年会纪要

机械工业部电工技术委员会ＤＪ１５委员会１９９４年工作年会纪要机械工业部电工技术委员会ＤＪ１５委员会于１９９４年４月２７日至５月３日在云南省昆明市召开１９９４年工作年会。参加会议的委员及单位代表共１７人。本次年会回顾了１９９２～１９９３年的工作。到会委...     

北半球成层圈O_3层变稀

北半球成层圈Ｏ＿３层变稀世界气象组织所属Ｏｚｏｎｅ＆ＧｌｏｂａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｇｒａｍ发表观测结果，北半球成层圈Ｏ＿３层变稀，在１９９２年１２月至１９９３年２月比正常值（２００Ｄｏｂｓｏｎ）减少９～２０％。北美大陆的北纬４４度以北地区上...     

借鉴美国硅谷经验推进中国西部硅谷建设

２０世纪７０年代以来,高科技园区以前所未有的发展趋势倍受世界注目。美国位于斯坦福大学旁边的硅谷所取得的惊人的成功,使得近年来涌现出大批硅谷追随者。自１９６５年以来美国成立的１００家最大的技术公司中,有１／３设在硅谷。１９８６－１９９０年,这些公司的产值增加了２５０亿美元;１９７５年－１９９０年,硅谷企业共创造了１５亿与高技术有关的工作岗位;１９９０年,硅谷的生产商出口了价值超过１１０亿美元的电子产品,几乎是美国全部电子产品出口额的１／３,其成功的经验主要有以下几点： 灵活的产业体系 产业体系的灵活…     

海湾战争综合症之谜

海湾战争综合症之谜在海湾战争时期担任美军排长的特洛伊·奥尔布克当时每天做２００个俯卧撑，带着士兵穿越沙漠，一跑就是十几ｋｍ。这一切在当时都不在话下。可是，到了１９９２年，即他返回巴灵顿的老家一年之后，奥尔布克感到体力日趋不支。初时小腿上出现了斑点，很...     

人工繁育苏门答腊犀牛成功

苏门答腊犀牛是全世界濒临灭绝的稀有物种之一．全球仅存数量不足300头。而在采用人工饲养的动物园里．迄今只有8头仍然活着。前不久，美国俄亥俄州的辛辛那提动物园人工繁育成功一只粉红色的苏门答腊犀牛宝宝．令世人惊喜不已。在全世界的孩子都在为之欢欣鼓舞的同时，专家们给它起了一个“神的使”的名字。     

涪陵地区农田径流水体中三氮含量及分布特征

本文在涪陵地区大面积和定点采集了农田径流水样品，测定了径流水体中的三氮含量。探讨了径流水体三氮随产流时间的变化，分析了干旱时间，水体流动等因素对三氮含量的影响。结果表明，干旱时间，径流水体流动对三氮含量有一定的影响。经统计分析，涪陵地区农田径流水体中的ＮＨ３－Ｎ，ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ，ＮＯ２＾－－Ｎ和Ｔ－Ｎ含量分别为０．８４０，０．９７０，０．１０７和２．０７ｍｇ／ｌ。     

四川省科学城地区室内氡浓度的调查与评价

本文了用固体径迹法对四川省科学城地区２９７个监测点进行了为期一年的室内氡浓度调查，测得了生活区室内氧浓度的年平均值（４９５Ｂｑ·ｍ－３）和工作区室内氡浓度的年平均值（５５４Ｂｑ·ｍ－３）。     

嘉陵江广元段水质状况分析与评价

本文以嘉陵江广元段１９９２年－１９９４年水质监测资料为依据，采用综合污染指数法对大河水水质进行分析与评价。评价结果表明，嘉陵江广元段水质已受到污染，针对河水特点及周围污染源排放现状，分析了嘉陵江广元段水质的潜在威胁，提出了水体环境保护措施及对策。     

Is Shennongjia a Suitable Site for Reintroducing Giant Panda: An Appraisal on Food Supply

The giant panda was found on Mount Shennongjia in Central China for thousands of years but vanished in the late 19th century. The possibility for reintroducing the giant panda in Shennongjia is discussed in terms of food availability, carrying capacity, and predicted bamboo flowering. Three species (Fargesia spathacea, F. murielae, and Yushania confusa) are considered the preferred forage bamboos, which could feed 193–223 giant pandas. However, in 1879–1888 these three species synchronously flowered and died back. In the past, such bamboo flowering usually forced the panda to migrate to a new habitat where forage bamboos were available. But since the 19th century, Shennongjia has become separated from other panda habitats by densely populated agricultural zones. Multi-species flowering of the forage bamboo and isolating of the habitat might caused the extinct of the giant panda in Shennongjia. If the flowering cycle of the bamboo is genetically fixed, the next synchronous flowering of two staple food species (F. spathacea and F. murielae) may occur in 2436–2439. It means that the food supply is dependable in Shennongjia for reintroducing the giant panda before 2436.     

浅谈卧龙特区梯级电站建设对自然保护区的影响

根据笔者参加卧龙特区梯级电站规划中了解到的一些情况,首先阐述了保护区的自然环境和社会环境以及在此背景上造成的当前大熊猫的处境。接着分析了梯级电站建设可能带来的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。同时,又估计到会带来的一些不利影响,重点是对大熊猫的生存环境方面。最后,从加强自然保护角度建议对方案中在核心区布置的一些梯级电站应持慎重态度,并提了几点保护措施。     

罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区野骆驼的栖息环境及适应特征

野骆驼是世界上骆驼科真驼属唯存的野生种,目前全世界只分布在我国新疆和蒙古国的中蒙边境地区,在世界上仅存730~880头左右,是比大熊猫更为珍稀的野生动物,濒临灭绝。野骆驼的生存环境非常恶劣,气候十分干旱,荒漠化十分严重,蒸发量远远大于降雨量,空气非常干燥,日夜温差极大。分布区的植物也非常稀少,没有淡水,只有零星散布的又苦又咸的盐泉,大部分地区寸草不生,只有在盐泉附近长着稀稀拉拉的盐生草、沙拐枣、骆驼刺等。野骆驼能在严酷的荒漠半荒漠地区生活,对恶劣气候环境有很强的适应性,具有耐饥渴抗风暴等抵抗恶劣环境的能力,是动物界中任何一种动物无可比拟的。     

大熊猫主食竹种秆龄鉴定及种群动态评估

四川西南部和西北部中山、亚高山森森下，竹源丰富，其中：拐棍竹和冷箭竹是大熊猫的主食竹种，作者１９８２－１９８７年进行竹类生态研究；通过固定样方观察和带标志茎秆记录分析，发现竹杆和笋箨的颜色，以及主枝叶鞘与枝节数的变化和竹子秆龄的增长密切相关，可以作为鉴定竹秆年龄的依据。根据竹子的秆龄结构，应用负指数函数模型，可以估算竹子种群的增长量和死亡率，评估竹子的种群动态变化，可为主管部门制定保护大熊猫规划规     

Opportunities and Challenges in Applying the 3Rs to Zoos and Aquariums

Since Russell and Burch (1959) suggested the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs) as a foundation for animal research, their influence has only grown in the research community. In this paper, we discuss whether the 3Rs can be constructively used as a prism to analyse decisions regarding the welfare of animals housed in zoos and aquariums (henceforth “zoo animals”). We analyse opportunities and challenges for each of the three Rs when applied to zoo animals. We discuss the following reasons to consider the use of the 3Rs in relation to zoo animals: (1) there are similarities between motivations for housing animals in zoos and using them in research that are ethically relevant to consider; (2) the professional zoo community has committed to progress towards evidence-based best practice models to ensure and enhance the welfare of animals housed in zoos; and (3) there is a growing public concern regarding the welfare of zoo animals which can, to some extent, be met by viewing current practices through the prism of the 3Rs.

     

Crisis Water Management and Ibis Breeding at Narran Lakes in Arid Australia

Narran Lakes is a Ramsar site recognised for its importance for colonial waterbird breeding, which only occurs after large highly variable flooding events. In 2008, 74,095 pairs of ibis bred for the first time in seven years, establishing two contiguous colonies, a month apart. Most (97%) of the colony consisted of the straw-necked ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) with the remainder consisting of glossy ibis (2%, Plegadis falcinellus) and Australian white ibis (1%, T. molucca). Following cessation of river flows, water levels fell rapidly in the colony site, resulting in a crisis management decision by governments to purchase and deliver water (10,423 Ml) to avert mass desertion of the colonies. There were significant differences in the reproductive success of each colony. In colony 1 60% of eggs hatched and 94% of chicks fledged, while in colony 2 40% of eggs hatched with only 17% of chicks fledging. Statistical analyses found that water depth was a significant variable in determining reproductive success. Rapid falls in water level during the chick stage in colony 2 resulted in decreased chick and overall offspring success. The results of this study identify the impact of upstream water resource development on colonial waterbird breeding and have implications for water management policies.     

Sustainability evaluation of the Grain for Green Project: from local people's responses to ecological effectiveness in Wolong Nature Reserve

This article examines the sustainability of the Grain for Green Project in the Wolong Nature Reserve. Pertinent data were collected through a questionnaire survey and a spatial analysis of reforested lands. The study results identified four critical issues that may influence the sustainability of the project in the study area. The first issue is concerned with the project’s impacts on local sustenance. Because local grain consumption depends greatly on compensation awarded by the project, the potential for sustainability of the project is compromised. The second issue is that the project causes negative effects on local incomes in the Wolong Nature Reserve, which may undermine local economic prospects. The third issue is that the project failed to deliver suitable habitat for the giant panda, although two of the suitability requirements that deal with landform features were met. Lastly, the project neglects great differences among geographical areas in the country, providing the same compensation and length of compensation period to all participants. Appropriate compensation mechanisms should be established and adapted to local economic, environmental, and social conditions. In managing nature reserves and moving toward sustainability, ensuring all aspects of local socioeconomic and ecological/environmental issues are properly addressed is a real challenge. Based on our study, some recommendations for improving sustainability of the project are given.     

Conservation and management of the American crocodile

The American crocodile is a rare and endangered species, the range of which has contracted to disjunct locations such as Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, Panama, and southern Florida. In an attempt to determine what factors might be limiting population growth, an extensive collaborative research program was conducted in 1978–82 in southern Florida. Limiting factors explicitly studied included climate, hurricanes, population dispersion, nesting habitat, fertility, predation, nest chamber environment, juvenile survivorship, artificial mortality, disturbance, and environmental contamination. No single natural factor limits the population, although in concert various factors result in low adult recruitment rates. Such natural limitations explain the natural rarity of this tropical species at the temperate limits of its range. Two artificial sources of mortality are death of adults on roads and the flooding of nests by high groundwater tables. These sources of mortality are potentially controllable by the appropriate management agencies. Active management, by such means as protection of individuals, habitat preservation and enhancement, nest site protection, and captive breeding, is also appropriate for assuring the survival of a rare species. The American crocodile has survived in southern Florida in face of extensive human occupancy of parts of its former nesting habitat, demonstrating the resilience of a threatened species. This case history illustrates the efficacy of conducting research aimed at testing specific management hypotheses, the importance of considering biographical constraints limiting population status in peripheral populations, the need for active management of rare species, and the role of multiple reserves in a conservation and management strategy.     

生猪养殖适度规模:产出、效益与环境——基于全国8省份1484个养殖户数据的实证

近年来，我国生猪养殖市场产生了剧烈波动，也催生了对生猪养殖适度规模问题的思考。本文基于8省份1484份生猪养殖户的调查数据，采用Translog生产函数和C-D生产函数，从产出、效益和环境三个维度对生猪养殖规模效应进行实证研究。研究表明：生猪养殖规模与环境污染之间存在倒“U”形关系；综合考虑产出、效益和环境三个方面，适度规模应为年出栏1000~1999头；养殖经验对生猪养殖的产出和效益影响显著，环保认知和参加培训状况对环境污染影响显著。基于此，积极引导养殖户合理科学扩大养殖规模、增强环境意识，提升生猪养殖从业人员长期经营的驱动力，对促进养殖行业绿色发展具有重要意义。     

新疆麻黄资源现状及其可持续利用对策

对新疆野生麻黄资源、人工种植麻黄现状进行了分析，探讨了造成麻黄资源分布面积减少和质量下降的原因。在深入分析新疆麻黄资源现状的基础上，提出了新疆麻黄资源可持续利用对策。