厌氧反应器的发展及ABSBR的工艺特点

新型高效厌氧反应器的发展使生活污水的厌氧处理成为可能.介绍了ABSBR(恒水位操作厌氧生物膜序批式反应器,Anaerobic Biofilm Sequencing Batch Reactor)的工艺特点,并对其处理生活污水进行了初步研究.试验结果表明,ABSBR工艺是活性污泥法与生物膜法的结合,具有强的生物固体截留能力...     

ABSBR处理啤酒废水的启动试验研究

研究了恒水位操作厌氧生物膜序批式反应器 (简称ABSBR)在 2 0～ 3 0℃条件下 ,采用混合菌种接种、3 6m3/h速度进泥水等措施进行处理综合站啤酒废水的启动。经 2 5天的培养驯化 ,容积COD负荷可达 2 .84kg/(m3·d) ,水力停留时间稳定在 12h ,CODcr去除率已达到 94.7% ,出水达到国家二级排放标准。     

移动床生物膜反应器在污水处理中的应用

介绍了移动床生物膜反应器的工艺原理以及不同于其他生物膜反应器的工艺特点,讨论了MBBR中填料的材质、大小、形状、比重、数量及其有效比表面积,搅拌类型和搅拌方式,有机负荷的大小,水力停留时间等因素对移动床生物膜反应器运行效果的影响,综述了单独MBBR工艺、MBBR与活性污泥共池的工艺、MBBR与其他工艺的组合工艺在污水处理中的应用现状,指出了该项技术的发展方向和趋势.     

膜生物反应器在污水处理中的应用展望

膜生物反应器是膜的高效分离技术与生物降解作用相结合的一种污水处理与回用工艺,是近年来发展起来的一项新型的处理技术,在水处理方面的应用及发展很快;膜生物反应器工艺较适合于中小规模的污水处理与回用,但膜污染问题是影响膜生物反应器推广的主要障碍;探讨和展望了膜生物反应器的应用前景,指出今后的研究方向,膜生物反应器有望成为21世纪的一种重要的污水处理技术。     

移动床生物膜工艺特点、研究现状及发展

悬浮载体生物膜工艺（MBBR）又称悬浮填料移动工艺，是在20世纪90年代中期得到开发和应用的，它吸收了传统的活性污泥法和生物膜法两者的优点而成为一种高效的污水处理方法。在国外，悬浮载体移动膜工艺已进入使用阶段。我国在悬浮载体移动膜工艺上基本还处于研究阶段。对这一工艺的特点、研究现状及方向作了介绍。     

印染废水处理技术现状研究

印染废水是一种有机含量商、色度深、碱性大、成分复杂、难生化降解的工业废水.介绍了印染废水的组成及特征,然后将印染废水的处理方法分为物理化学处理法、化学处理法和生物处理法加以介绍.介绍了近年来出现的一些新技术,如膜分离技术、超声波技术、高能物理法、电催化氧化技术和光催化氧化技术.提出开发不同处理方法的有效组合和研究商效、经济、节能的印染废水处理反应器将是印染废水处理工艺研究的发展方向.     

生物过滤在饮用水处理中的研究进展

生物过滤作为饮用水强化常规处理方法的一种,集生物降解、物理截留功能于一体,可以提高污染物质去除能力,改善出厂水质,受到学界的广泛关注.概述了生物过滤的工艺特性、滤料选型原则、去除效能及影响因素、生物膜特征,总结了相关数学模型.     

复合曝气生物滤池处理微污染源水的试验研究

采用复合曝气生物滤池工艺(生物活性炭BAC+曝气生物滤池BAF)将常规生化过滤、活性炭吸附与生物膜氧化技术相结合,对微污染源水处理进行试验研究,以期为其工程应用提供理论依据.结果表明,在源水为Ⅳ类水的情况下,复合BAF反应器对水中CODMn和UV254的平均去除率分别为25.8%和18.4%,对NH3-N及浊度的平均去除率分别为86.2%和53.6%.复合曝气生物滤池工艺作为微污染源水的预处理净水设施能有效改善饮用水处理水质.在进一步进行其他几项水质指标的试验研究以及优化运行参数后可应用于工程实践.     

光合细菌对味精废水处理效果的影响研究

在改进型SBR(MSBR)反应器中利用光合细菌处理味精废水.研究光合细菌的两种代谢方式对味精废水COD的去除率影响和从味精废水生物处理反应器活性污泥和生物膜中富集分离光合细菌,结合光合细菌的细胞结构特点和代谢方式讨论其对活性污泥絮凝性能的影响.研究结果表明:黑暗系统中,处理味精废水活性污泥絮凝性能较光照系统中的活性污泥絮凝性能相对有较大的提高;黑暗条件下,光合细菌被强制进行有氧呼吸代谢方式,这样可以提高味精废水生物处理构筑物的有机物降解速率,出水COD优于光照好氧条件下的,出水比较清亮,有机物的去除率也有所提高.     

生物接触氧化法处理污水的动力学分析

对生物接触氧化法处理污水进行动力学分析,通过一相说对生物接触氧化法反应器底物降解、微生物增长以及需氧量模式进行了推导.     

Comparison of inherent safety indices in process concept evaluation

In conceptual design, process routes can be compared and ranked by using inherent safety indices. In this paper, some inherent safety index methods presented in literature are compared and their properties and limitations discussed. As a case study, an inherent safety evaluation of methyl methacrylate process routes is presented. Three index based inherent safety evaluation methods are compared with expert evaluations on methyl methacrylate process routes and their subprocesses. Also the index based inherent safety ranking of process routes is compared with an expert ranking.     

Using a system theory based method (STAMP) for hazard analysis in process industry

Different hazard analysis techniques are used in the chemical process industry. Most of these techniques were developed long time ago. There is an argument that significant changes have occurred in the process industry but these techniques have not been modified accordingly. Therefore, there may be limitations in identifying hazards related to the modern process industry in complex sociotechnical environment using these techniques. Recently new hazard analysis techniques based on systems theory have been introduced. STPA (System-Theoretic Process Analysis) is one of these systemic techniques. It has been used in some fields with promising results but with limited application in the process industry. This paper applies STPA to a process plant as an industrial case study. Recommendations generated by STPA are compared with the HAZOP study of the process plant which is a traditional technique. Conclusions are presented on the application of systemic techniques to the process industry as a complementary study to analyze the safety of the system as a whole and also to capture interactions between component of the system. Further studies are required to study STPA in more details and evaluate if it can be used as an alternative to HAZOP.     

Mitigation of operational failures via an economic framework of reliability,availability, and maintainability (RAM) during conceptual design

Abnormal process situation may lead to tremendous negative impact on sustainability, wellbeing of workers and adjacent communities, company's profit, and stability of supply chains. Failure of equipment and process subsystems are among the primary causes of abnormal situations. The conventional approach in handling failure-based abnormal situations has usually focused on operational strategies. Such an approach overlooks the critical role of process design in mitigating failure, while simultaneously considering the effects of such failure on process economic performance. The aim of this work is to introduce a systematic methodology that accounts for failure early enough during the conceptual design stages. Once a base-case design is developed, the methodology starts by identifying the sources of failure that are caused by reliability issues including equipment, operational procedures, and human errors for a given process system or subsystem. This allows for the identification of critical process subsystem(s) that are more failure-prone or cause greater downtime than other subsystems. Bayesian updating and Monte Carlo techniques are utilized to determine the appropriate distributions for the failure and repair scenario(s), respectively, in question. Markov analysis is used to determine the system availability. Next, the process revenue is described as a function of inherent availability. The effects of failures are incorporated into profitability calculations to establish an economic framework for trading off failure and profitability. In the proposed framework, the economic potential of alternative design scenarios is evaluated and an optimization formulation with the objective of maximizing incremental return on investment (IROI) is utilized to make a design decision. A case study on an ethylene plant is solved to demonstrate the applicability and value of the proposed approach.     

一种改进的模拟水灭火过程对抗式交互模型

针对虚拟火灾和燃气真火模拟训练系统中的灭火过程交互模型,研究了改进型对抗式系统动力学特性模型,并完成符号求解。讨论并提出了消防员行为、火场外部特征等要素变化条件下的模型架构,给出了连续时间区间的模拟灭火交互模型序列构成形式。分析了交互过程控制参数特性、功能和物理意义,对灭火过程的简化模拟方法进行了完整描述。运用模型编制了消防水灭火典型过程的参数化交互控制时序规律,给出了灭火过程交互模型实际应用的基本方法和步骤。     

An ontology-based framework for process monitoring and maintenance in petroleum plant

In production plants, monitoring and maintaining industrial processes and emergency shutdowns are not straightforward tasks due to the large number of events and alarms which are triggered during the plant shutdown process. It is also vitally important to provide decision support to stakeholders for efficient and effective monitoring and maintenance of production process. This paper presents a novel framework and design to enhance maintenance decisions based on the knowledge gathered through the process of monitoring. This monitoring process is based on signals which are triggered during the plant safety shutdown process. We have designed and implemented a framework using an ontology and business rules to define the logical structure and operation of the petroleum plant with the objective of monitoring the cause and effect of the petroleum plant shutdown process. To enhance maintenance decisions, we have extended the ontology and the framework to ensure that decision makers have sufficient information to make the right decision at the right time. The proposed extended framework is designed, implemented and evaluated using an example petroleum production plant as a case study.     

Implementing inherent safety throughout process lifecycle

Inherent safety should be implemented as early as possible in the design life cycle, since the changes in process design are easier and cheaper the earlier they are done. The problem is, how to evaluate process alternatives in the terms of inherent safety in the early design phases, when much of the information is missing. In this paper the process life cycle phases and the possibilities of implementing and evaluating inherent safety are discussed. The applicability and accuracy of an inherent safety index method is presented by a case study.     

Utilizing Integrity Operating Windows (IOWs) for enhanced plant reliability & safety

Several industry codes, standards and recommended practices have been developed and utilized to maintain pressure equipment integrity and improve reliability. These industry standards focus heavily on inspections (time or risk based) and guidelines for operating equipment at conditions that enable a tolerable deterioration rate. RBI (risk based inspection), in effect, utilizes process conditions at a snapshot in time to recommend inspection strategies which can cover the span of the equipment's remaining life. On a day to day level, changes that occur in process conditions (excursions and upsets) are not fed back into the risk and criticality calculation. When such changes to operating conditions affect key process variables, new damage mechanisms could be introduced that affect the remaining life of an asset or accelerate existing damage mechanisms. The increase in risk resulting from these process changes goes unaccounted for until the effect of the deterioration is captured at the next inspection.Integrity Operating Windows (IOWs) are established limits for key process variables that can affect the integrity of the equipment if the process operation deviates from the established limits. The development of these IOWs requires fundamental understanding of the process and resulting damage mechanisms and is best facilitated by a team of corrosion and process engineers along with feedback from plant operators. A well-established IOW program is designed to provide real time notification of an increased risk to the integrity of an asset so that identified actions can be taken by the operators and/or plant managers proactively in a timely manner. Combining an RBI program with an IOW program can greatly increase its effectiveness and provide early recognition of equipment risks due to process changes. This paper will focus on the development of an IOW program and the benefits of combining it with a viable RBI program.     

甲酰吗啉生产过程中的危险因素与安全措施探讨

吗啉酰化合成甲酰吗啉(NFM)过程存在诸多安全与环保的危险、有害因素。实验室小试、中试和工业试生产研究表明:正确选择反应工艺路线是首要条件。较可取的是以甲酸为酰化剂,吗啉酰化初期强放热反应,该类反应安全操作条件是安全生产的关键。选择适宜的传热介质及时移出反应热,适当加入带水剂,采用滴加的加料方式可减缓放热速度是控制反应温度的关键。先进和规范的安全管理制度,是防止事故的保证。     

Instruction of hazard analysis of methods for chemical process safety at the university level

Young practicing chemical engineers must be able to operate safely in an industrial setting. Therefore, chemical process safety education is essential for undergraduate chemical engineers and ABET (the University Accreditation Board) supports this initiative by requiring that university graduates understand the hazards associated with chemical processes. One way to understand the hazards associated with processes is to conduct a process hazard analysis. This analysis can be conducted in an experiential learning environment by collaborating with an industrial partner or by utilizing facilities on the university campus. In this environment students are able to see and interact with the processes under normal operating conditions. Utilizing industrial or research mentors allows students to receive formative feedback as they analyze the process. In addition, these process hazard analyses require students to practice “soft skills” such as teamwork, problem solving, and oral and written communication which are essential work place skills. This paper reviews teaching hazard analysis methods to chemical engineering students at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Covered are examples of how students are introduced to the checklist and bowtie analysis methods, and the conduction of a HAZOP. Examples of the different resources that can be utilized are described. Ultimately, from these experiences, students are more prepared to enter the chemical process industries with first-hand knowledge of how to conduct various hazard analyses before reaching their place of employment.     

Process design optimization and risk analysis

Hazard identification and risk assessment are key aspects in process plant design. They are often applied in the final stages of the process at whatever the cost, unless financial constraints are imposed. However, a much better solution would be to introduce risk analysis earlier by including it in earlier stages of the design process, such as when the cost of a plant and the cost of any accidents that may occur are estimated. In this paper, an optimization methodology is proposed, in which both cost and risk (with a deterministic approach) are taken into account, to improve on the current situation. If a decision variable is chosen, an objective function will be established that makes it possible to analyze variations in overall costs, including the cost of the investment and the cost of accidents. This leads to an optimum situation in which costs are kept to a minimum. Of course, this optimization is subject to constraints, the greatest of which is the fact that risk must not exceed tolerated threshold levels. The procedure is explained and two examples, one involving a toxic release and the other a BLEVE/fireball, are used to illustrate it.