有机磷阻燃剂生产废水预处理工艺研究

采用液膜萃取—酸析沉降—络合萃取组合工艺对有机磷阻燃剂生产废水进行预处理.最佳工艺条件为:液膜萃取时,液膜油相(表面活性剂与煤油的混合液)与内水相(H2SO4溶液)的体积比2∶1、乳化液膜与废水的体积比1∶8、废水pH 13.0,硫酸体积分数10％、煤油中表面活性剂质量浓度30 g/L、液膜萃取时间 15 min;酸析沉降时,废水pH l.0,酸析沉降时间30 min;络合萃取时,络合萃取剂(烷基叔胺N235与煤油的混合液)中烷基叔胺N235体积分数30％,络合萃取剂与废水的体积比1∶4,废水pH l.0,络合萃取时间30 min.在此最佳处理条件下,废水COD总去除率可达93％,吡啶去除率达99.9％以上,总磷去除率可达97％,BOD5/COD提高至0.32,有利于后续生化处理.     

氟苯生产废水处理及资源化技术

采用酸化、萃取、反萃、除氟、电催化氧化技术处理氟苯生产废水（简称废水）。工艺条件为：以硫酸为酸化剂，pH小于等于1；萃取温度10～25℃，搅拌时间大于4min，油水比（萃取剂与废水的体积比）1：4．0；反萃碱油比（NaOH溶液体积与油相体积比）1：3，NaOH质量分数10％；除氟时先加入2倍理论计算量的氯化钙、后加入氧化钙调pH至7～8；电催化氧化时粒子群电催化反应器槽电流2．0～2．5A，停留时间40～60min。处理后废水的COD、苯酚、F^-、石油类去除率分别高于99．3％，99．9％，99．8％，99．9％，苯酚回收率高于93．5％；出水COD、苯酚、F^-、石油类的浓度低于GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准。     

络合萃取法处理2-萘酚生产废水

采用络合萃取法处理2-萘酚生产废水,比较了分别以三辛胺、十二烷基二甲基胺（十二叔胺）、三烷基胺作为萃取剂的萃取效果,其中三辛胺萃取效果最佳,三烷基胺次之,十二叔胺的萃取效果最差。处理2-萘酚生产废水的最佳工艺条件为：以三辛胺作为萃取剂,萃取剂加入量为8.5%,废水pH为1.0。在此最佳工艺条件下废水的COD去除率可达97.2%。采用NaOH溶液反萃取后的萃取剂用于第二次萃取,COD去除率为96.4%,再反萃取后用于第三次萃取,COD去除率为94.9 %。萃取剂可重复使用。     

络合萃取法处理高浓度CLT酸废水的研究

采用7301正辛醇-H2SO4-NaOH化学萃取-反萃取体系对CLT酸废水进行了络合萃取处理试验。静态杯皿试验表明,通过萃取处理,CLT酸废水的COD去除率达93．5％．反萃取效率100％,废水中的回收物浓缩8～10倍,且萃取剂可再生回用。     

用海泡石处理采油废水

用海泡石吸附法处理采油废水,考察了处理时间、海泡石加入量和采油废水pH对采油废水COD去除率的影响,并通过正交实验优化了采油废水处理工艺条件。通过正交实验得到的采油废水处理最佳工艺条件为：处理时间6h,粒径为150μm的海泡石加入量200g／L,采油废水pH9。在该条件下处理采油废水,COD去除率达到91％,处理后出水的COD为34．71mg／L,小于GB8978-1996（（污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准（60mg／L）。     

光催化氧化法处理石灰法草浆造纸废水

采用光催化氧化法处理石灰法草浆造纸废水,考察了ZnO加入量、H2O2加入量、废水pH、光照时间与光照强度对废水COD去除率的影响。在ZnO加入量为3g／L、H2O2加入量为14g／L、pH为10．00的条件下,废水经功率500W的低压汞灯照射8h后,其COD为153．8mg／L,COD总去除率可达90％以上。     

电凝聚-气浮法处理印染废水

采用电凝聚-气浮法处理模拟印染废水（简称废水）,考察了废水pH、电解电流、电解时间对废水COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,当废水pH=6．5、电解电流为1．0A、电解时间为25min时,废水COD去除率可达90％以上。该方法具有较宽的操作范围,电解电流为1．0～1．9A,废水COD去除率相差不大;废水pH为3.45～11.46,废水COD去除率均可达80％以上。电凝聚-气浮法处理印染废水无需外加药剂,无二次污染。     

萃取法处理DSD酸氧化废水

以二甘醇单丁醚-二甘醇单乙醚-对二甲苯体系为萃取剂,0.1 mol/L的Na OH溶液为反萃取剂,采用三级萃取-反萃取法处理4,4’-二氨基二苯乙烯-2,2’-二磺酸氧化废水,考察了萃取和反萃取的影响因素,并对废水中的可用有机资源进行了回收。实验结果表明:在V(二甘醇单丁醚)∶V(二甘醇单乙醚)=1∶3、V(醇醚)∶V(废水)=2∶5、V(对二甲苯)∶V(废水)=1∶5的最佳萃取条件下,经三级萃取工艺处理后,平均COD去除率达92.0%、平均脱色率达96.4%、BOD5/COD0.3,可生化性明显增强;最佳反萃取条件为V(Na OH溶液)∶V(有机相)=13∶24、反萃取温度60℃;平均总硝基化合物回收率达88.9%,平均萃取剂回收率达96.7%,回收的萃取剂可循环使用。该工艺对废水处理的综合成本约为700~1 000元/t。     

改性粉煤灰吸附-高级氧化法处理奥里油废水

将氯化铁改性粉煤灰（简称改性粉煤灰）吸附处理与高级氧化和生物处理等技术进行优化组合,以期得到简便而有效的处理奥里油废水（简称废水）的组合工艺。研究结果表明：在废水COD平均为4600mg／L、改性粉煤灰加入量为50g／L、废水pH为7～9、吸附时间为1h的条件下,COD去除率达30％。采用“改性粉煤灰一次吸附-湿式均相催化氧化-厌氧生物过程-改性粉煤灰二次吸附”组合工艺处理废水时,改性粉煤灰不但具有较好的预处理效果,且还有较好的后处理能力;湿式均相催化氧化的催化剂用量少（Cu（NO3）2为2．0g／L）、操作条件温和（2．5MPa,180℃,pH5—7,1h）;厌氧生物过程中不需特殊筛选的菌种,易操作控制;经该组合工艺处理后,废水COD从4600mg／L降至55mg／L,COD去除率为98．4％,达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级排放标准。     

用次氯酸钠法处理选矿废水

采用次氯酸钠法处理铅锌硫化矿选矿废水,考察了废水初始pH、NaClO加入量及反应时间对选矿废水COD去除率的影响。在废水pH为4、NaClO加入量为100g/L、反应时间为30min的条件下,选矿废水的COD去除率可达到98．3％;当pH为11、反应时间为10min、NaClO加入量为1g/L时,选矿废水的COD去除率为39．4％。     

用苯甲醇精制残液制备苯甲醛

以苯甲醇精制残液为原料，在HNO3与Zn（NO3）2／硅胶作用下制备苯甲醛。在200mL原料中加入20mL CCl4，反应pH控制在2—3，温度98℃，采用80g 120目硅胶负载50g Zn（NO3）2催化剂，在此条件下苯甲醛的收率可达83．1％。该生产工艺简单，反应条件温和，自制Zn（NO3）2／硅胶催化性能优良。具有环保与经济双重价值。     

臭氧氧化法降解聚氯乙烯离心母液废水中3种有机物

以聚氯乙烯离心母液废水中含量较高的3种有机物(聚乙烯醇、异辛醇和α-甲基苯乙烯)作为目标物,考察臭氧氧化工艺对3种有机物的去除效果,同时考察反应时间、臭氧投加量和初始pH对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,臭氧氧化处理3种废水的最佳反应时间和臭氧投加量分别为:聚乙烯醇25 min,136 mg/L;异辛醇60min,312 mg/L;α-甲基苯乙烯60 min,32 mg/L。在此条件下,3种有机物的去除率分别为98%、85%和95%。此外,碱性条件有助于臭氧氧化工艺对3种有机物的降解。产物分析结果表明,经臭氧氧化,聚乙烯醇断链后进一步反应生成了草酸单乙酯,异辛醇和α-甲基苯乙烯分别生成了和苯乙酮。     

Rheological study of biodegradable blends of starch and polyvinyl alcohol

The rheological behavior of biodegradable blends of starch and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) was measured as a function of temperature, shear rate, and moisture content using a capillary rheometer. An excellent correlation was found with a rheological model which was used as a means to characterize the influence of starch/PVOH content as well as a qualification of the viscosity for simulation studies. This model consisted of a power law dependence on shear rate, an Arrhenius dependence on temperature, and an exponential dependence on moisture.Paper presented at the Biodegradable Materials and Packaging Conference, September 22–23, 1993, Natick, Massachusetts.Guest Editor: Dr. Randall Shogren, USDA.     

Anaerobic Biodegradation of Blends Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol

The presented work deals with blends composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and biopolymers (protein hydrolysate, starch, lignin). PVA does not belong to biologically inert plastics but its degradation rate (particularly under anaerobic conditions) is low. A potential solution to the issue problem lies in preparation of blends with readily degradable substrates. We studied degradation of blow-molded films made of commercial PVA and mentioned biopolymers in an aqueous anaerobic environment employing inoculation with digested activated sludge from the municipal wastewater treatment plant. Films prepared in the first experimental series were to be used for comparing biodegradation of blends modified with native or plasticized starch; in this case effect of plasticization was not proved. The degree of PVA degradation after modification with native or plasticized starch increases in a striking and practically same manner already at a starch level as low as approximately 5 wt.%. Films of the second experimental series were prepared as additionally modified with protein hydrolysate and lignin. Only lignin-modified samples exhibited a somewhat lower degree of biodegradation but regarding the measure of lignin present in blend this circumstance is not essential. Level of biodegradation with all discussed films differed only slightly—within range of experimental error.     

活性污泥的固定化及其性能研究

用改进聚乙烯醇-硼酸法将活性污泥制成固定化颗粒，考察了改进聚乙烯醇-硼酸法的最佳条件及固定化颗粒的性能。实验结果表明：改进聚乙烯醇-硼酸法的最佳条件为聚乙烯醇质量分数6．5％、包泥比（包埋剂与活性污泥质量比）1．2：1、二氧化硅质量分数1．5％、活性炭质量分数0．3％、海藻酸钠质量分数0．6％；用最佳条件下制得的固定化颗粒处理模拟化工废水，连续运行15d后的COD去除率达90％以上，且固定化颗粒耐冲击负荷和pH变化能力强；固定化颗粒对模拟化工废水的COD去除速率随进水COD的变化曲线类似于米氏方程所描述的反应初速度随底物浓度的变化规律。     

Adsorption/Desorption of Polyvinyl Alcohol on Solid Substrates and Relevant Biodegradation

The rates and extents of absorption and desorption of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) samples on different solid substrates comprising montmorillonite, quartz sand, and farm soil, as well as humic acid mixture are reported. The uptake of PVA by the substrates was analyzed as a function of PVA hydrolysis (72–98%), molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. Higher adsorption was detected on montmorillonite followed by farm soil, whereas the quartz sand did not display any specific adsorption affinity for the PVA. An increase in the hydrolysis degree of PVA increased the adsorption rate and extent whereas this feature was reversed by an increase in PVA molecular weight. The desorption of PVA samples from the different substrates was performed both under various pH conditions and in the presence of concentrated HF that was used to dissolve the silicon derivatives present in the substrates. Biodegradation experiments carried out in liquid cultures of PVA adsorbed on montmorillonite showed that the mineralization of the adsorbed PVA was much lower than that detected for the nonadsorbed PVA. This investigation suggests that irreversible adsorption of PVA on the clay component occurs in soil, thus substantially inhibiting PVA biodegradation.     

用高效优势菌强化升流式厌氧污泥床的废水处理性能

针对酒精废水中难生物降解的有机物,从氧化塘污泥中筛选分离出高适应能力和降解能力的高效优势菌群,将其投加到升流式厌氧污泥床反应器中进行中试。运行结果表明:利用高效优势菌群培养高活性的颗粒污泥,可大大强化UASB反应器的废水处理性能,35d即可完成系统的启动;反应器容积负荷从2.0kg/(m3.d)提高到39.0kg/(m3.d),COD去除率保持在90%左右,最高达到96%。     

臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理PVA废水

采用臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理聚乙烯醇（PVA）废水,研究了臭氧氧化时间、臭氧流量以及废水pH等因素对臭氧氧化效果的影响。实验结果表明：当气体臭氧质量浓度为30 mg/L、臭氧氧化时间为45 min、臭氧流量为4 L/min、废水pH为8时,PVA质量浓度从进水的93.2 mg/L降至4.5 mg/L;PVA溶液的BOD₅/COD从0.014增加至0.310,可生化性明显改善;臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理后出水COD降至50 mg/L左右,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准;出水PVA质量浓度为1.6 mg/L,明显优于A/O工艺（33.1 mg/L）。     

Fenton法氧化降解聚乙烯醇的机制

为深入了解Fenton法氧化降解聚乙烯醇（PVA）的机制,通过考察反应过程中COD、BOD5、总有机碳及pH等随反应时间的变化,研究了聚乙烯醇Fenton氧化降解过程的特点,结果表明,当PVA被Fenton试剂氧化时,可生成大量CO2,同时生成酸性中间产物。进一步分析认为,当Fenton试剂中H2O2不足景时PVA氧化的中间产物以醛为主,而当H2O2足量时醛会被继续氧化生成有机酸,最终COD去除率达到80％。     

Extruded Cornstarch-Glycerol-Polyvinyl Alcohol Blends: Mechanical Properties, Morphology, and Biodegradability

Elongation properties of extruded cornstarch were improved by blending with glycerol. Further blending of starch-glycerol with polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) resulted in significant improvements in both tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break. Samples of starch-glycerol without PVOH equilibrated at 50% relative humidity had a TS of 1.8 MPa and elongation of 113%, whereas those containing PVOH had a TS and elongation of 4 MPa and 150%, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of starch-glycerol-PVOH blends showed that decreases in glass transition temperatures (T _g values) were proportional to glycerol content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fractured surfaces revealed numerous cracks in starch-glycerol (80:20) samples. Cracks were absent in starch-glycerol (70:30) samples. In both blends, many starch granules were exposed at the surface. No exposed starch granules were visible in blends with added PVOH. Starch-glycerol samples incubated in compost lost up to 70% of their dry weight within 22 days. Addition of PVOH lowered both the rate and extent of biodegradation.