复合腐秆菌剂对稻草腐熟过程的影响

为了研究复合腐秆菌剂对稻草好氧堆肥的影响,采用好氧堆肥技术,设计了不接菌(对照)和接种复合菌剂2个处理,探讨堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH、有机质、C/N、发芽指数的变化。结果表明,接种复合腐秆菌剂堆体初期温度上升迅速,最高温度达到60℃,高温发酵阶段维持了12 d;与对照相比,接种复合腐秆菌剂对pH值、容重与孔隙度、有机质、C/N变化影响不大;但增加堆体全氮的含量,提高堆肥产品的质量,种子发芽率在第20天迅速上升,最大值为93%。显然接种复合腐秆菌剂促进好氧堆肥迅速起温,提高了堆肥的腐熟质量。     

接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响

为了研究接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响,本实验采用高温好氧堆肥技术,设计了对照（不接菌）、接种白腐菌及棱盖多孔菌3个处理,探讨了不同处理堆肥过程中堆体温度、水分、pH值、电导率、有机碳、C/N、发芽指数及堆肥质量的变化情况。结果表明,接种微生物菌剂处理的温度均高于对照,且高温期持续时间相对较长,以接种白腐菌处理的高温持续时间最长;接种外源微生物菌剂对堆肥含水率、pH、EC、全碳、C/N变化影响不大;与对照相比,接种白腐菌可增加全氮及全钾的含量,有利于提高堆肥产品质量;接种白腐菌处理在36 d（GI〉50%）就达到腐熟,比对照提前8 d腐熟,明显缩短堆肥腐熟时间;而接种棱盖多孔菌处理比对照推迟10 d腐熟,共需54 d不利于香蕉茎秆堆肥的进行。     

牛粪与小麦秸秆混合高温堆肥的腐熟进程研究

通过研究牛粪与小麦秸秆混合高温堆肥的腐熟进程,寻求最佳的堆肥体积比,旨在为农业废弃物快速资源化利用提供科学依据。将牛粪与小麦秸秆分别按体积比10∶0、8∶2、6∶4、4∶6、2∶8混合,高温堆肥64d,研究各种处理下堆肥进程。结果表明,与纯牛粪高温堆肥相比,添加小麦秸秆可以加快堆肥升温速度,抑制高温堆肥前期pH的升高和氨气挥发,减少氮素损失,加速堆肥内有毒有害物质分解,加快C/N降低速率。其中牛粪和小麦秸秆以6∶4的体积比混合高温堆肥时效果最好,堆肥结束时有机质和速效氮下降幅度最小,分别为31.84%和18.18%,全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾的提高幅度最大,分别为15.86%、13.64%、9.42%、22.73%和29.30%。若以种子发芽指数80%作为堆肥腐熟的评价指标,牛粪和小麦秸秆按6∶4体积比混合高温堆肥43d即可腐熟,比纯牛粪腐熟提前了12d。综合判断,实际应用中牛粪与小麦秸秆按6∶4体积比进行高温堆肥较为适宜。     

环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的影响

在不同的环境温度下 ,采用强制通风静态仓污泥堆肥中试实验系统进行了五种调理剂的污泥堆肥实验。结果表明 :环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的堆体温度有影响。在寒冷的冬季 (气温范围为 -1 4～ 5.0℃ ,平均气温为 -5.1℃ ) ,污泥堆肥的堆体中层温度能顺利达到设定温度( 60℃ ) ,并能保持一段高温期 (约 9d) ,堆肥产品达到了无害化国家标准。在污泥堆肥过程 ,不必对堆料的 pH值进行调整。     

温度与秸秆比例对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响简

为了研究不同C/N比值在不同温度条件下牛粪堆肥30 d时的全量养分和有机质的含量情况，提出了以新鲜牛粪和苜蓿秸秆混合物为堆料，在添加1%的生物腐熟剂的基础上，对堆肥温度及C/N比进行调控，并进行交叉实验。结果表明，（1）采用培养箱进行好氧发酵时，在温度为30℃和45℃的环境下堆肥最佳，温度过低或过高都会影响堆肥。（2）牛粪高温好氧堆肥时，添加一定比例的苜蓿秸秆可以调节堆料的C/N比值、含水量，缩短堆肥时间，其中牛粪与秸秆比例为1：1混合堆肥效果较好。（3）堆肥30 d时，堆料的TN、TP和TK含量较堆肥初期都有所增加，有机质含量有所降低是因为矿化和释放养分造成的，且各含量均符合国家有机肥标准。     

温度与秸秆比例对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响

为了研究不同C／N比值在不同温度条件下牛粪堆肥30d时的全量养分和有机质的含量情况，提出了以新鲜牛粪和苜蓿秸秆混合物为堆料，在添加1％的生物腐熟剂的基础上，对堆肥温度及C／N比进行调控，并进行交叉实验。结果表明，（1）采用培养箱进行好氧发酵时，在温度为30℃和45℃的环境下堆肥最佳，温度过低或过高都会影响堆肥。（2）牛粪高温好氧堆肥时，添加一定比例的苜蓿秸秆可以调节堆料的C／N比值、含水量，缩短堆肥时间，其中牛粪与秸秆比例为1：l混合堆肥效果较好。（3）堆肥30d时，堆料的TN、TP和TK含量较堆肥初期都有所增加，有机质含量有所降低是因为矿化和释放养分造成的，且各含量均符合国家有机肥标准。     

抗生素菌渣堆肥进程中微生物群落的变化

将青霉素菌渣、林可霉素菌渣与牛粪等原料分别进行好氧堆肥实验，以考察堆肥过程中不同菌渣对微生物群落的影响。在堆制的41d里，根据温度变化分阶段采集堆肥样品，采用稀释倒平板法测定细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量。结果表明，菌渣不同，其堆肥中的微生物群落变化趋势不同。青霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌数量变化趋势为高一低，真菌数量变化趋势为高一低．高，放线菌数量为逐渐增加；林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中细菌数量变化趋势为低一高一低，放线菌和真菌数量变化趋势为高．低．高。依据真菌菌落形态观察，菌渣堆肥中的真菌种类比对照牛粪堆肥单一，表明两种菌渣对堆肥中的微生物多样性均产生了不利影响。林可霉素菌渣堆肥初始时的细菌数量比对照低1个数量级，放线菌数量在整个堆肥进程中都明显低于对照，堆肥结束时，随着菌渣含量的增加，放线菌数量逐渐下降，高温期真菌数量下降幅度随着菌渣含量增加而加大，表明林可霉素菌渣对细菌、放线菌和真菌均有不同程度的抑制。堆肥化后菌渣中林可霉素残留量的减少表明，在一定条件下堆肥处理可以将抗生素菌渣无害化和资源化。     

牛粪堆肥过程中四环素类抗生素的降解及影响因素研究

为明确牛粪堆肥过程中3种四环素类抗生素(四环素、土霉素、金霉素)的降解及其影响因素,以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料,用小型泡沫盒在恒温培养箱中进行为期40 d的堆肥试验。设置3因素3水平处理：抗生素质量浓度(25、50、75 mg/kg)、培养温度(25、35、45℃)和C/N(质量比,15、25、35),通过优化的高效液相色谱法检测堆肥过程中抗生素的降解情况。结果表明,好氧堆肥有效地降低了牛粪中四环素类抗生素的含量,残留率小于24.1%。随着抗生素浓度的增加,四环素、土霉素、金霉素的残留率均逐渐增加,并达到显著水平(p<0.05);随着培养温度的增加,四环素的残留率逐渐降低,且处理间差异显著(p<0.05);当堆体的C/N为25时,3种抗生素的残留率最低,且显著低于其他两个处理(p<0.05)。整个堆肥过程中,抗生素在第5～14天降解最快,这段时间堆体温度也相对较高,说明四环素类抗生素的降解主要发生在高温阶段。好氧堆肥处理虽然可以有效降低牛粪中四环素类抗生素的残留,但不能完全将其去除。因此,在农业生产中,需酌量使用有机肥。     

不同质量比的膨松剂对家庭生物有机垃圾堆肥的影响

为解决家庭生物有机垃圾堆肥反应中含水率高、含有机质多等问题,选择秸秆作为膨松剂对家庭生物有机垃圾进行堆肥处理,重点研究添加不同质量比的膨松剂对堆肥反应中堆体温度、含水率、有机质、pH、电导率及堆料质量减少率等评估堆肥质量参数变化的影响.结果表明,添加质量分数为5%、10%及20%的膨松剂的堆肥反应在第2天堆体温度超过55℃,并持续3 d以上,而添加质量分数为30%的膨松剂堆肥由于其含水率较低(约55%)在整个堆肥反应中堆体温度都低于55℃;堆肥1周内,有机质及含水率下降显著;添加20%膨松剂堆肥的堆料质量减少率最为明显,达39.6%;堆肥反应中,pH在5.5～8.5,在腐熟期pH趋于稳定,呈弱碱性;电导率随堆肥进行呈上升趋势,4种不同质量比膨松剂堆肥产品的电导率均位于1.88～1.96 mS/cm,可以安全使用.     

低温型复合发酵菌剂接种鸡粪堆肥的效应

以鲜鸡粪为主要材料,进行了低温启动型复合发酵菌剂在低温环境下的堆肥发酵试验,研究分析了发酵过程堆肥的温度、水分、pH值、C/N、灰分、NH~+_4-N和有机质含量的变化。结果表明:在15℃条件下,研制的发酵菌剂可使鸡粪堆肥在24 h内启动发酵,提早启动2 d以上,堆温达到50℃以上的时间提前5 d左右,维持55℃以上高温达到14 d,低温启动效果明显,且堆温较高;可加快堆肥物料水分的挥发,降低C/N比,发酵15 d后种子发芽指数达到80.4%,比对照提前12 d,发酵进程显著加快;虽然堆肥有机质的损失率略高于对照,但全氮的损失率却低于对照,堆肥铵态氮的含量提高70.2%,保氮效果显著。     

Composting of spent pig litter at different seasonal temperatures in subtropical climate

To investigate the effects of seasonal temperatures on the composting of spent pig-manure sawdust litter (spent litter), two sets of experiments were carried out: one during winter, the other during summer. Physicochemical and microbial parameters including temperature, pH, inorganic N, humification indicators (HA and FA), heavy metals (Cu and Zn), total aerobic heterotrophs, ATP content and dehydrogenase activity were measured to understand changes in the spent litter during composting. Results demonstrated that the composting was faster during summer than winter. The spent litter during the summer trial reached maturity at day 56 whereas that of the winter trial was still immature at the end of composting (days 91). Microbial activities during the thermophilic stage of composting were much lower in the winter trial. Values began to increase during the latter part of composting, indicating that the spent litter in this winter trial was biologically unstable and must be further composted to reach full maturity. The changes in the microbial activities of the spent litter during summer or winter reflected the changes in their temperatures and chemical properties. The maturation of the spent litter during summer was accompanied by stabilization of the microbial and chemical properties and a drop in temperature to ambient level. Results of correlation analysis showed that temperature correlated not only with the microbial parameters but also with most of the chemical parameters. These parameters also correlated with each other. Among all the parameters measured, the trend of temperature changes is the simplest and most rapid parameter that can be used to evaluate the maturity of spent litter.     

粪便与生活垃圾混合堆肥过程控制

采用强制通风静态仓进行粪便和生活垃圾混合堆肥,以玉米秸为调理剂,石灰调节pH,考察正压鼓风和负压抽吸2种通风方式对不同堆料配比堆肥过程的控制效果。试验结果表明,5种堆料配比的中层温度都达到了50℃,并保持了5 d以上,达到了堆肥无害化和稳定化的要求。正压鼓风堆料底部温度较低,负压抽吸堆料底部热量容易聚集,但是后者堆体温度分布相对均匀。负压抽吸对水分的去除效果差于正压鼓风。对于温度未达到50℃的堆料应回流处理保证无害化。粪便有机物含量高,堆肥初期易酸化,添加石灰调节pH,使堆肥顺利升温,缩短发酵期,石灰合理添加量为2%(质量分数)。采用负压抽吸的通风方式,散除堆肥初期的挥发性有机酸,再经过冷凝除臭器脱酸除臭后排放,是一种可取的方式。     

Microbial activity during composting of anthracene-contaminated soil

Microbial activity of an anthracene-spiked soil mixed with kitchen waste during laboratory composting at 56-59 degrees C was studied using an in-vessel technology. The effect of old compost containing acclimated microorganisms on the composting efficiency was also investigated. Microbial succession, microbial enzyme activity, microbial diversity and anthracene removal rate were analyzed during 42 days of composting. The results demonstrated that inoculating with old compost increased the amounts of thermophilic microorganisms, but did not significantly increase anthracene removal. A microbial succession from mesophilic bacteria to thermophilic bacteria and thermophilic actinomycetes was observed during composting. Polyphenol oxidase activity decreased while catalase activity varied irregularly. Microbial diversity increased drastically when temperature elevated from 35 to 56 degrees C, but decreased when temperature maintained at 56-59 degrees C.     

土霉素残留对猪粪堆肥过程中理化性质的影响

为探讨土霉素残留对猪粪堆肥过程的影响,以猪粪和锯末为原料,设置土霉素初始残留质量浓度分别为0、10、50、100、150 mg/kg的5个处理,进行为期30 d的好氧堆肥,研究土霉素对堆肥过程中温度、含水率、水溶性NH4+-N、水溶性NO3- -N、水溶性有机碳(DOC)的变化影响.结果表明:(1)土霉素残留加速了温度的下降,不利于温度的上升.(2)土霉素初始残留质量浓度为100、150 mg/kg不利于堆肥过程中水分的散失,并且会造成堆肥结束后堆体的高含水率.(3)土霉素抑制了堆肥过程中微生物对有机氮的分解及硝化细菌的硝化作用,其中150mg/kg处理的土霉素抑制作用最显著.(4)堆肥结束后,0、10、50、100、150 mg/kg处理的DOC分别为3 815.65、3 461.88、3 429.28、3 231.18、2 782.09mg/kg.0 mg/kg处理的DOC高于其他4个处理,且与150 mg/kg处理之间差异显著,表明土霉素抑制了堆肥过程中微生物对有机碳的利用,其中150 mg/kg处理的土霉素抑制作用最显著.     

添加小麦秸秆对猪粪高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响

选用猪粪与小麦秸秆为堆肥原料进行高温好氧堆肥实验,研究添加小麦秸秆对猪粪高温好氧堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH值、种子发芽指数、碳氮比和养分等理化指标的影响,寻求猪粪高温堆肥时的最佳秸秆配比,旨在为猪粪快速资源化利用提供科学依据。结果表明,猪粪高温堆肥时添加小麦秸秆可以缩短进入高温发酵阶段的时间,减少氮素损失,加快C/N的降低速率,加速有毒有害物质分解。其中猪粪和小麦秸秆6∶4处理各层温度在2~5 d内上升至50℃,并持续37~46 d,在堆肥结束时,有机质和速效氮含量较堆肥初期下降幅度最小,分别为33.90%和23.76%,全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量较堆肥初期提高幅度最大,分别为13.34%、20.24%、53.19%、41.53%和16.57%。若以种子发芽指数80%作为堆肥腐熟的评价指标,猪粪和小麦秸秆6∶4配比堆肥的腐熟速度比纯猪粪快18 d,36 d即可腐熟。综合判断,实际应用中,猪粪与小麦秸秆按体积6∶4进行堆肥较为适宜。     

梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器的开发与应用

针对现有堆肥反应器移动困难、难以使物料充分混合及堆肥效率不稳定等问题,开发了梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器。从物料和热量平衡、通风量及搅拌方式优化等方面对反应器进行了研究。反应器主要包括梨形筒体、无轴螺旋导叶、通风系统、动力系统和控制系统等,具有易于移动、便于进/出料等优点。在通风量为2.0 L/min,初始物料投加量5.0kg（干重比∶粪便/锯末=1∶4）,含水率约60%时,利用反应器对人粪便进行序批式堆肥实验,结果表明,反应器搅拌5 min后混合均匀率可达90%以上,符合混合均匀度的要求;堆体温度从第2天开始升温至50℃以上并保持30 d;TOC和COD均呈持续下降趋势,降解率分别为72.61%和72.81%;种子发芽指数为92.18%,可完全达到腐熟标准。     

Effects of lime amendment on availability of heavy metals and maturation in sewage sludge composting

A batch composting study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of co-composting sewage sludge with lime, aiming at reducing the availability of heavy metals in the sludge compost. Sewage sludge with sawdust as bulking agent was amended with lime at 0, 0.63, 1.0, and 1.63% w/w, and composted for 100 days in laboratory batch reactors. The changes in temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and extractable heavy metal contents were measured while compost maturity was determined by C/N(organic) and cress seed germination during the composting period. Liming raised pH of compost effectively at the initial stage of composting and caused a decrease in EC through precipitation of soluble ions. Lime amendment also significantly reduced water-soluble and Diethylene triamine pentracetic acid (DTPA)-extractable metal contents. The maximum reductions were 60 and 40% for Cu, 80 and 40% for Mn, 55 and 10% for Zn, and 20 and 25% for Ni at the end of the composting period for the lime-amended sludge as compared to the control. In spite of the inhibitory effect of lime amendment on the decomposition activity of sewage sludge, all treatments reached maturation after 63 days of composting as indicated by the results of C/N(organic) ratio and cress seed germination test results. A lime amendment of < or =1.0% is recommended to co-compost with sewage sludge.     

接种微生物与人粪便同步连续投加对好氧堆肥效果的影响

利用新型梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器，在通风量为3．0L／min，搅拌频率为5min／h的条件下，就不接种微生物、接种土著菌种、枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌时人粪便连续投加好氧堆肥效果进行了对比。堆制20d即2个运行周期中各堆体的温度、含水率、COD、总氮、pH值与GI等的变化表明，接种微生物可以显著提高堆体的升温速率与堆体平均温度、COD降解率、Ct（P〈0．01），堆肥可迅速达到完全腐熟。接种土著菌种效果最为明显（P〈0．01），其后相继为枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌。接种土著菌种可使堆体温度在50℃以上维持18d，第8天COD降解率达到61．17％、总氮损失率为25．75％，第6天时GI达到108．22％。     

生物表面活性剂在城市污泥静态强制通风好氧堆肥中的作用

采用静态强制通风好氧堆肥模式对城市剩余污泥进行堆肥降解,并研究了生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对堆肥过程的作用。结果表明,堆肥过程中,添加了质量分数为0.015%鼠李糖脂溶液堆制处理和空白对照堆制处理的堆温变化都明显呈现出中温期0～5 d、高温期6～12 d和降温期13～28 d 3个阶段。实验组比空白组的堆体升温快、高温期持续时间长、堆体的含水率高。鼠李糖脂的添加,使实验组的微生物数量高于空白组。添加鼠李糖脂的堆体和空白堆体的种子发芽指数(GI)在堆肥结束时分别为53.70%和50.80%,说明鼠李糖脂促进了堆肥的腐熟,但由于相对浓缩效应,堆肥产品的重金属含量略高于空白堆体。生物表面活性剂的介入促进了堆肥中木质纤维素的初步降解。研究表明,添加鼠李糖脂能够改善堆肥处理的微环境,促进有机质降解和堆肥的腐熟。     

Effects of copper fungicide residues on the microbial function of vineyard soils

The use of copper-based fungicides leads to an accumulation of copper (Cu) in vineyard soils, potentially causing adverse effects to the microbial function and fertility of the soil. This study used a soil microcosm approach to assess the effects of Cu accumulation on microbial function in vineyard soils. Surface soil samples were collected from 10 vineyards and a number of un-impacted reference sites in each of three different viticultural regions of Australia. The field-collected soils were transferred to microcosms and maintained for up to 93 days in the laboratory at 20–22 °C and 60 % of their maximum water-holding capacity. The microbial function of the soils was indicated by measuring phosphomonoesterase, arylsulfatase, urease, and phenol oxidase activities. In general, the vineyard soils had greater concentrations of Cu and lower enzyme activities than in the reference soils, although a weak negative relationship between Cu and enzyme activity could only be found for phosphomonoesterase activity. The results show that soil physical–chemical properties (i.e., organic carbon, pH) are greater determinants of soil enzyme activity than increased soil Cu concentration at the Cu concentrations present in vineyard soils.