袋式除尘器入口烟道流场数值模拟与优化设计

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,对某热电厂350 MW机组袋式除尘器入口烟道及除尘器内部的气流流场分布进行了数值模拟实验研究。识别了原烟道设计结构存在的问题,分析了造成各除尘器单元流量分配不均匀和除尘器喇叭口进口断面速度分布不均匀的原因,并提出了改变进口烟道形状,在入口烟道布置导流板的优化方案。经过模拟仿真对比,优化后并联的5个除尘器单元流量分配不均匀性得到明显改善,最大流量偏差由10.79%减小至-2.29%,且5个喇叭口进口断面速度相对均方根值均不大于0.25,满足技术规范要求。     

静电除尘器内细微尘涡流现象的数值模拟

基于计算流体力学,以ANSYS软件中的FLUENT模块为平台模拟了粉尘粒径、烟气流速、电晕极电压和烟气含尘浓度对静电除尘器内细微尘涡流现象的影响。研究表明:随着粉尘粒径和烟气流速的增大,颗粒在静电除尘器内的合速度增大,粒子突破空气阻力维持原方向运动的能力增强,涡流的强度降低;随着电晕极电压和在一定范围内烟气含尘浓度的增加,高速流体区域与低速流体区域的速度差增大,涡流的强度会随之增加;继续增大烟气含尘浓度,导致静电除尘器内出现电晕封闭现象,"电风"逐步减弱,电场力大幅减小,粒子跟随烟气流出静电除尘器,涡流被大幅削弱或消失。根据以上规律,以相对均方根值为指标设计L~9(3~4)正交模拟,得出各因素对涡流影响程度由高到低分别为烟气流速、电晕极电压、含尘浓度、粉尘粒径。     

旋风静电除尘器流场分布测试研究

利用五孔探针系统对直筒式旋风静电除尘器模型的三维流场进行了测定与分析.结果表明:随着入口风速、供电电压增加,旋风静电除尘器内气流的切向和径向速度分别增加,各截面轴向速度沿半径的分布基本相似;与旋风除尘器相比,旋风静电除尘器内气流的切向速度和径向速度的变化更为平缓,入口风速为8.5 m/s时,在0.3～0.5倍简体直径时,切向速度达最大.     

基于Monte-Carlo方法的静电除尘器除尘效率

针对经典除尘效率未考虑诸多随机因素影响的问题,提出了基于Monte-Carlo方法的效率分析模型,并通过实验数据验证其可靠性。通过该模型分析了粒径大小、电场气流速度、电晕电压、两极间距、粒子浓度等因素对收尘效率的影响规律,结果表明:基于Monte-Carlo方法的仿真结果精度更高,能有效预测静电除尘器的收尘效率,对于改进静电除尘器设计具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。     

电除尘器进口矩形烟道气流分布改进的CFD模拟

应用CFD软件对某电厂电除尘器进口矩形烟道内气流分布进行数值模拟.结果表明:电除尘器原进口矩形烟道监测截面的气流分布极其不均匀,数值模拟结果与实验结果速度分布趋势比较吻合.基于此,通过多次改变电除尘器进口矩形烟道内导流板的数量、位置、尺寸等结构参数,使得改造后烟道监测截面风量偏差降到了±2.2%,气流分布相对均方根值均...     

电袋复合除尘器气流分布的数值模拟和优化

采用CFD数值模拟方法对某电业公司150 MW机组配套电袋复合除尘器流场进行了分析研究,通过比较模拟结果,确定了电袋复合除尘器流场的优化设计方案。结果表明:在进口烟道弯头内设置导流板,调整进口烟箱内孔板上的导流叶片及第3层孔板开孔率,电袋结合处设置孔板,可以使电场进口断面速度相对标准偏差、滤袋迎风面气流速度、滤袋单元流量分配偏差及每个袋区各滤袋流量的相对标准偏差均达到设计要求,为电袋复合除尘器的设计提供参考依据。     

旋风静电除尘器流场分布测试研究

利用五孔探针系统对直筒式旋风静电除尘器模型的三维流场进行了测定与分析。结果表明：随着入口风速、供电电压增加，旋风静电除尘器内气流的切向和径向速度分别增加，各截面轴向速度沿半径的分布基本相似；与旋风除尘器相比，旋风静电除尘器内气流的切向速度和径向速度的变化更为平缓，入口风速为8．5m／s时，在0．3～0．5倍简体直径时，切向速度达最大。     

泛比电阻电除尘器收尘性能实验研究

泛比电阻电除尘器是一种具有辅助电极和交错平板收尘电极的新型电除尘器.通过对其伏安特性及除尘效率的试验研究,并与传统线板式静电除尘器进行比较,结果表明辅助电极对电晕电流具有明显的抑制作用,在相同的外加电压下,泛比电阻电除尘器对高比电阻锅炉飞灰的收尘效率比普通的线板式电除尘器明显要高.     

粉尘双极荷电对滤料电荷累积抑制作用

为解决单极性电袋复合除尘器因滤料电荷积累导致清灰难和反电晕烧袋问题,将线管式双极荷电器引用到电袋复合除尘技术中。基于电晕电流最大化方法进行荷电器的电极结构优化实验。当电晕极采用RS芒刺线、管电极采用不锈钢管时,荷电器的较优极配为管电极直径25 mm、管间距120 mm、电晕线到管电极的异极距80 mm。在荷电器和导电纤维滤料组装成的静电增强纤维过滤装置上,分别进行粉尘单极荷电和非对称双极荷电情况下滤料电荷积累量的对比实验。实验粉尘采用中位径3.5μm硅微粉。在过滤风速为0.17 m·s~(-1)、平均电场强度2.5~3.0 kV·cm~(-1)的实验条件下,当气流含尘浓度为700 mg·m~(-3)时,双极荷电粉尘在滤料上累积电荷产生的电流值比单极荷电粉尘滤料上累积电荷产生的电流值低约25%,表明双极荷电对滤袋电荷积累有明显的抑制作用。     

基于流固耦合的滤袋振动的数值模拟

滤袋是决定袋式除尘器除尘效率的关键元件,由于是柔性的悬挂结构,相邻的滤袋在气流作用下可能会发生相互碰撞,引起严重的破袋事故。针对该问题采用流固耦合方法,对袋式除尘器流场引起柔性滤袋的振动进行了数值模拟。分别以3个大小不同的进口风速模拟了滤袋的振动规律,得到了滤袋底部一点的位移图和轨迹图,结果表明,进口速度越大,滤袋的位移越大。所以有效地控制进口风速和提高内部气流速度的均匀性,可以减少滤袋的破袋事故,对节约更换滤袋的费用,有很大的经济效益。     

Joint US/USSR Test Program for Reducing Fly Ash Resistivity

An electrostatic precipitator preceded by a wet scrubber was tested at the Reftinskaya Power Station. The unit collects a high resistivity fly ash from the combustion of low sulfur Ekibastuz coal. The operating parameters of the precipitator were measured as well as the mass emissions and the in-situ electrical resistivity of the fly ash. Density, particle size distribution, electrical resistivity, and chemical composition were determined for collected samples of the fly ash. The fly ash was also characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. When a centrifugal wet wall scrubber was installed ahead of the electrostatic precipitator, the temperature of the flue gas entering the precipitator was decreased and the moisture content increased. The electrical resistivity of the fly ash was attenuated a decade, but not enough to overcome the adverse effects of back corona in the precipitator. Lowering the flue gas temperature to about 85°C by the addition of a venturi scrubber ahead of the centrifugal scrubber reduced the electrical resistivity of the fly ash another decade and allowed the operation of the precipitator without back corona.     

Ozone Generation in an Electrostatic Precipitator With a Heated Corona Wire

The body of information in this paper is directed to individuals involved in the design of electrostatic precipitators or of any devices utilizing the corona discharge where the ozone generation is considered to be a problem. A method that gives as much as 85 % reduction in the ozone generation per unit corona current for a given corona wire is described. The electrical parameters governing the formation of O₃ in an electrical discharge are summarized. It is shown that a reduction in the average gas density in the ionized sheath of a corona discharge should lead to lower O₃ generation. Experiments were carried out with an a.c. heating current being used to heat a corona wire in a cylindrical geometry corona section. It was found that as the heating power applied to the wire increased, the O₃ generation per unit corona current decreased for both positive and negative corona. An experimental formula was obtained that relates the heating power to the O₃ generation with and without heating for positive corona. This formula was based upon experimental work carried out on corona wires of different materials and sizes and at flow conditions typical of two-stage electrostatic precipitators. The reduction in the O₃ concentration is believed to be caused primarily by the reduced corona power dissipated in the ionized sheath under heating conditions. These results have great practical importance for improving the performance of the two-stage type electrostatic precipitator as it allows the corona current and hence charging efficiency of the unit to be increased without exceeding the O₃ limits.     

Economic Comparison of Selected Scenarios for Electrostatic Precipitators and Fabric Filters

Compliance with particulate standards for utility boilers burning low sulfur western coal has resulted in the installation and proposed installation of several fabric filter collectors where cold or hot electrostatic precipitators would have traditionally been applied. Recently, SO3 conditioning has been used to improve cold precipitator performance resulting in considerable reduction in specific collection area (SCA). All this suggests that trade-offs exist indicating ranges of SCA, A/C ratio, and power plant size (Mw) where fabric filters become competitive with electrostatic precipitators. Conceptual cost models are presented which indicate total capital investment and annual costs for the control devices. Precipitator costs are correlated with collecting area, gas flow rate, and power input and are presented as functions of SCA and Mw. Fabric filter costs are keyed to gross filter area, pressure drop, and gas flow rate. Fabric filters become competitive when a cold precipitator requires SCAs in excess of 600 to 800 and competitive when a hot precipitator requires equivalent cold precipitator SCAs in excess of 600 to 1000 depending on A/C ratio, Mw, and hot precipitator SCA credit allowance. The S0₃ conditioned precipitator scenario is shown to be economically competitive with fabric filters.     

Dust Reentrainment,Gas Distribution and Electrostatic Precipitator Performance

Field observations indicating that uniform gas flow at the precipitator outlet may not result in best performance led to a study of how reentrainment and changes in gas distribution within a precipitator affect performance. A computer model developed in the study predicts that an improvement over uniform flow performance is possible by using controlled nonuniform gas distributions at both the inlet and the outlet faces of the precipitator. The model was used to study how changes in precipitator side view geometry affect performance and offers explanations for the reduction in precipitation constants experienced with larger installations.     

Feasibility Demonstration of Electrostatic Precipitation at 1700°F

An experimental high-temperature, high-pressure electrostatic precipitator module has been designed, fabricated and then evaluated in a gaseous environment having the characteristics anticipated for the combustion chamber of a system for generating electric power from the incineration of municipal solid wastes.

Stable positive and negative corona discharges were established in combustion gases from the burning of methanol and air (temperature and pressure approximately 1700°F and 100 psig, respectively) without any apparent deleterious effects due to thermal ionization and/or emission. At gas conditions of about 1700°F and 50 psig, positive polarity energization of the discharge electrode appeared superior to that of negative polarity in terms of voltage level that could be applied and electrical stability.

However, precipitator performance on removal of alumina dust injected under controlled conditions with the methanol fuel, showed negative polarity to be superior to positive polarity at the selected conditions of 1650°F and 100 psig which closely correspond to those required for optimum operation of the gas turbine presently under consideration. Removal efficiencies ranging from 25% for positive polarity to as high as 87% with negative polarity were measured.

In order to check whether materials having a low ionization potential would thermally ionize to such an extent that the voltage-corona current characteristics of the precipitator would be impaired, rendering it ineffective, potassium chloride salt in solution was injected with the fuel. Results indicated that amounts of approximately one part by weight of potassium ion in 2500 to 3000 parts by weight of gas at 1700°F tripled the current measured for a given voltage when compared to non-injection.

Although a limited test program was conducted, sufficient data were obtained to allow preliminary design and sizing of larger scale units.     

High Temperature,High Pressure Electrostatic Precipitation

This paper presents the results of work conducted by Research-Cottrell under EPA contract 68-02-2104. The feasibility of electrostatic precipitation at temperatures and pressures varying from ambient condition to 1366°K and 3550 kPa, respectively, has been demonstrated in a laboratory wire-pipe electrode system. Stable corona discharges are obtained at all temperatures subject to appropriate choices of electrode dimension, polarity, and pressure. Current-voltage characteristics are reported for dry air, a simulated combustion gas, and a substitute fuel gas. The effects of temperature, pressure, electrode geometry and polarity on sparkover voltage, corona-starting voltage, and current are evaluated. A precipitator performance model is included to incorporate this data into a high temperature, high pressure precipitator design. This model has been evaluated for an electrostatic (HTHP) precipitator following a pressurized fluidized bed combustor at 1089 K and 920 kPa. It is recommended that prototype HTHP electrostatic precipitators be applied to pilot coal gasifiers and fluidized bed combustors to obtain detailed design data and to verify the accuracy of the performance model under actual operating conditions.     

烟气和粉尘性质对除尘效率影响的仿真研究

应用欧拉-拉格朗日多相流模型对影响电除尘器内部气流分布的烟气含尘浓度、烟气湿度、粉尘粒径及真密度等因素进行了数值仿真。分析了烟气和粉尘性质对除尘效率的影响。由于在仿真过程中考虑了烟气特性和粉尘性质等因素,不仅可获得各因素对气流分布均匀性的影响,而且仿真结果更能反映电除尘器气流分布的实际情况。提出的烟气和粉尘性质仿真方法可以为电除尘器除尘效率分析提供新的途径。     

Electrostatic precipitation of ultrafine particles enhanced by simultaneous diffusional deposition on wire screens

A laboratory-scale electrostatic precipitator has been designed and constructed in which the grounded collector plate has been substituted by a set of wire screens placed perpendicularly to the gas flow. Particles are deposited onto the screens by two mechanisms--electrostatic deposition and diffusional deposition--which act simultaneously. On the one hand, electrostatic deposition is effective for relatively large particles, but it is quite ineffective for the smallest ones because their charging probability in the corona field is too low. On the other hand, the diffusional collection efficiency of particles on fibers is high for small particles but low for the larger ones. Therefore, the simultaneous diffusional-electrostatic precipitation may become a useful technique for efficient filtration of particles below 0.1 microm. A preliminary experimental evaluation of this filtering device has shown that submicrometer particles with diameters down to a few nanometers can be collected with number efficiencies greater than 99%.     

Electrostatic Precipitation of Ultrafine Particles Enhanced by Simultaneous Diffusional Deposition on Wire Screens

Abstract

A laboratory-scale electrostatic precipitator has been designed and constructed in which the grounded collector plate has been substituted by a set of wire screens placed perpendicularly to the gas flow. Particles are deposited onto the screens by two mechanisms—electrostatic deposition and diffusional deposition—which act simultaneously. On the one hand, electrostatic deposition is effective for relatively large particles, but it is quite ineffective for the smallest ones because their charging probability in the corona field is too low. On the other hand, the diffusional collection efficiency of particles on fibers is high for small particles but low for the larger ones. Therefore, the simultaneous diffusional-electrostatic precipitation may become a useful technique for efficient filtration of particles below 0.1 μm. A preliminary experimental evaluation of this filtering device has shown that submicrometer particles with diameters down to a few nanometers can be collected with number efficiencies greater than 99%.