城市规划的环境影响评价研究初探

环境影响评价法的颁布是中国环境影响评价的一个新阶段。中国至今尚无明确的、系统的规划环境影响评价的技术导则和规范,其评价理论仍在探索之中。分析了国内外规划环境影响评价的历史和现状。从区域环境影响评价的实践经验总结出了城市规划环境影响评价应强调城市发展的可持续性。探讨了该层次评价的介入时间、评价原则、环境影响因素识别及评价内容,提出从生态合理性、绿色化程度等方面考虑城市规划的生态环境影响。     

广东省道路交通噪声预测统计模型

为了建立符合广东省的道路交通噪声预测模型,在国内学者相关研究成果的基础上,对FHWA模型进行了深入分析,并根据道路交通噪声预测模型原理,引入等效车流量等概念建立了理论噪声预测统计模型。在此基础上,对广东省市政路和高速路的交通噪声实测数据进行多元线性回归分析,确定广东省交通噪声预测统计模型。经验证,在广东省交通噪声预测评价中该模型预测精度非常高。该研究思路与方法值得在全国各地区处理交通噪声环境问题的工作中加以推广与应用。     

道路交通噪声预测模式预测结果的比较

为了分析实际环境影响评价中常用的各种公路交通噪声预测模型预测结果之间存在的差异,并验证各预测方式与实测值之间的相符性,通过对选取的高速公路和市政快速公路采用各种预测模型计算比较,并用实际监测值对各模型预测结果进行验证,结果发现,不同的预测方式会造成预测结果之间昼间4～9 dB、夜间5～10 dB的差异,采用2006版规范计算车速和单车噪声源强,距离衰减考虑车流量大小的预测方式得到的预测结果与实测值最为接近。     

房地产开发地铁振动传播简化模型研究

已建和待建的多条地铁线位穿过某房地产开发地块,为了防治地铁运行对建筑造成振动环境影响,对廊道内已建地铁线路地下隧道内与地表面的振动情况进行了系统地实地监测,应用现场调查相关结果和测量数据,建立和优化地铁振动预测模型,预测了多条地铁线位对本地块的联合影响,提出减小地铁对本地块影响的对策与措施,最后建议:《环境影响评价技术导则城市轨道交通》(HJ 453—2008)推荐的简化预测模型只是一种简化线性衰减模型,实际振动传播规律更复杂(如远场可能出现振动局部放大);迫切需要新的振动环境标准发布,避免有关项目的环境管理要求偏低;地屏障尤其是蜂窝排桩是控制远场出现振动局部放大、缩小地铁振动影响传播距离、提高沿线土地利用率的有效途径之一。     

大气环境影响评价点源预测模型软件系统的开发

大气环境影响评价是环境影响评价的一项重要内容,而其中最主要的部分就是计算各种大气扩散模式下的地面污染浓度,然后据此结果作出评价.为方便气象资料的整理和大气扩散的计算,因此使用Matlab软件,编制这套大气环境影响评价点源预测模型软件系统.     

环境影响评价中部分标准存在的问题及对策

环境标准是环境影响评价的准则.结合环境影响评价的实际,探讨中国主要环境标准在执行中存在的3大问题,即环境标准中控制的环境因子数远远小于企业实际生产中排放的污染因子数,简单引用《工业企业设计卫生标准》(TJ 36-79)不适合中国国情,部分因子的标准限值没有日均浓度等.针对这些问题,笔者提出利用美国环保局多介质环境模型,或根据《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB 16297-1996)、TJ 36-79和《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》(HJ/T 2.2-93)进行计算或推导的对策.     

高架道路声屏障的降噪效果

详细介绍了德国RLS 90道路交通噪声预测模型,运用RLS 90模型对具有典型道路参数的高架道路试验段在不同距离、不同高度下进行了辐射噪声和声屏障降噪效果特性的预测计算,并进行了实际测量.结果表明,高架道路对低于其路面高度的近距离区域有显著的噪声遮蔽作用,对于高架道路,声屏障对路面高度附近的区域降噪效果最佳,4 m高声屏障的最大降噪效果达10 dB.结果还表明,采用RLS 90模型得到的高架道路噪声级和声屏障降噪效果计算值和实测数据吻合良好.     

浅谈海水溶解氧污染指数计算中的有关问题

分别采用《环境影响评价技术导则地面水环境》(HJ/T 2.3-1993)和《海洋调查规范》(GB 12763.4-2007)中两种不同的公式计算海水饱和溶解氧,探讨了海水溶解氧污染指数计算中存在的问题.结果表明,饱和溶解氧随盐度的增加而逐渐增大,在正常海水盐度范围(25～35)内,两种公式计算所得的饱和溶解氧的相对偏差平均值为10.1％,而由此引起的溶解氧污染指数相对偏差的平均值则高达49.2％.因此,饱和溶解氧的求算公式对溶解氧污染指数的计算结果具有显著影响,海水饱和溶解氧的计算应采用GB 12763.4-2007中的公式,而不能简单套用HJ/T 2.3-1993中的公式.     

关于完善中国战略环境影响评价制度的探讨

虽然中国已经将规划环境影响评价纳入法律要求,并开始尝试更高层次的战略环境影响评价,但由于没有实施细则,战略环境影响评价制度并不完善.主要存在规则筛选程序不清晰、评价深度缺乏规范要求、审查主体的权威性不足、公众参与质量不高及评价对象的层次较低等问题.在分析上述问题的基础上,提出完善战略环境影响评价制度,提高其有效性的对策建议.     

化工项目环境影响评价要点

化工项目的环境影响评价应严格执行有关的法律、法规和导则,并结合行业特点执行特定的条例和规范。在其评价过程中应确保工程分析数据的可靠性和措施的可行性,对是否符合清洁生产进行详细阐述,针对事故风险进行评价并提出防范措施,最后对有毒废渣的处理提出要求。     

基于GIS城市道路交通噪声环境管理系统的构架与实现

详细介绍了基于GIS技术开发城市道路交通噪声环境管理系统的构架与实现.该系统的开发工作主要包括:噪声数据库设计、噪声数据管理、交通噪声的模拟和交通噪声影响统计.系统采用了数据库技术、GIS技术和交通噪声预测模型,综合考虑实际情况,对城市噪声环境进行管理和模拟.从实例结果分析可见,模拟结果能达到实际使用的要求.该系统能为城市规划、城市环境评价提供信息和技术支持.     

Traffic noise exposure of high-rise residential buildings in urban area

Noise pollution is a major factor of environmental complaints in many cities, which has significant impacts on human health. As a dominating source of environmental noise, the impact of road traffic noise is increasing. Residents living in high-rise buildings along the main road are severely affected by traffic noise. In order to assess the noise level of urban area along the main road in Guangzhou, three buildings were selected to conduct traffic noise measurements, and the questionnaire about traffic noise impact on human being was completed. Through the questionnaire, around 70% of participants consider the traffic noise has negative effect, and about 60% of participants consider the noise has moderate or much higher impact on physical comfort. Around 65% of participants consider the noise had moderately or much higher impact on their psychological comfort. By analyzing the measured data, all of the measured noise levels in three buildings exceed the recommended limit of 55 dB (A) in the daytime and 45 dB (A) in the night for residence, and the exceeded value can be up to 16 dB (A). By comparing the fitting curve of noise level transfer function on each floor relative to the reference floor, the quadratic polynomial was selected to plot the transfer function rather than cubic polynomial.

     

快速高架复合道路近场交通噪声垂向分布

采用Cadna/A环境噪声模拟软件建立了高架复合道路的基本模型,根据6种基本模拟情况进行了声场模拟,并把模拟结果与实测结果进行对比分析。结果表明,高架道路结构本身对地面道路、高架道路分别形成的声场有明显的遮挡作用,但对高架复合道路所形成的声场遮挡作用不明显;对于高架复合道路垂向声场,在低层段地面道路的影响大于高架道路,而在高层段高架道路的影响起决定作用;高架复合道路较地面道路的垂向声场最大值增加2.5 dB(A),位置上移6m;在高架道路上设置声屏障有一定降噪效果,但在高架复合道路的上层设置声屏障降噪效果不理想。     

Prediction of Traffic Noise: A Screening Technique

Abstract

Traffic noise is ubiquitous in many communities and is an important environmental concern, especially for persons located near major roadways. Several different methods are available to estimate noise levels resulting from roadway traffic. These include computational, graphical, and computer modeling techniques.

The prediction methodology presented here is a simplified technique that can be used for estimating noise resulting from traffic and for screening traffic noise impacts. This Traffic Noise Screening (TNS) approach consists of a series of traffic noise level prediction graphs developed for different roadway configurations. The graphs are based on the results from using the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) STAMINA2.0 computerized noise prediction model for various scenarios. Data inputs to the TNS approach include roadway geometries, traffic volumes, vehicle travel speed, and centerline distance to the receptors.

The TNS graphs allow easy estimation of traffic noise levels for use in predicting traffic-related noise impacts. This TNS approach is not intended as a substitute for detailed modeling, such as with STAMINA2.0, but as a screening tool to aid in determining when detailed modeling may be necessary. If screening results indicate that noise estimates are significant, or if the scenario is rather complex, then additional, more detailed modeling can be performed.     

Spatio-temporal covariation of urban particle number concentration and ambient noise

Mobile measurements of ambient noise and particle number concentrations were carried out within an urban residential area in Essen, Germany, during summer 2008. A busy major road with a traffic intensity of about 44,000 vehicles per day was situated within the study area. The spatio-temporal distribution of noise and particles was closely coupled to road traffic on the major road. Total particle number concentrations in proximity to the main road were on average between 25,000 cm^?3 and 35,000 cm^?3 while sound levels reached 70–78 dB(A). These estimates were more than double-fold (factor 2.4) in comparison to the urban residential background. At a 50 m distance off the road particle number concentrations were decaying to about 50% of the initial value. The measurements were characterised by close spatial correlation between total particle number concentration and ambient noise with correlation coefficients of up to r = 0.74. However, during one measurement day coupling between both quantities was weak due to higher turbulent mixing within the canopy layer and a change in ambient wind directions. Enhanced dilution of particle emission from road traffic by turbulent mixing and ‘decoupling’ from the influence of road traffic are believed to be responsible.     

公路交通噪声预测模型FHWA与RLS90的比较

为了了解我国长期以来使用的两种公路交通噪声预测模型,即美国联邦公路局(FHWA)模型和德国RLS90模型的预测精确性,通过理论分析,比较了RLS90分段模型、RLS90长直线模型、FHWA模型的差异,并通过实际测量值对3种模型的计算结果进行了验证,表明RLS90模型在高速公路交通噪声预测中略优于FHWA模型。     

Recent advancements in the challenges and strategies of globally used traffic noise prediction models

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - It is the need of an era to develop efficient traffic noise prediction models with optimum accuracy. In this context, the present work tries to...     

高架复合道路噪声声场分布研究

高架复合道路有效地缓解了交通拥挤的问题，但随之也带来了严重的噪声污染，以几何声学和衍射声学为理论基础，利用声级叠加原理，建立了高架复合道路噪声对临街建筑立面影响的预测模式。预测值与实测值基本相符，可直接应用于城市噪声预测。为城市发展规划尤其是城市高架复合道路的发展提供了科学依据。     

Lagrangian dispersion modeling of vehicular emissions from a highway in complex terrain

Transit traffic through the Austrian Alps is of major concern in government policy. Pollutant burdens resulting from such traffic are discussed widely in Austrian politics and have already led to measures to restrict traffic on transit routes. In the course of an environmental assessment study, comprehensive measurements were performed. These included air quality observations using passive samplers, a differential optical absorption spectroscopy system, a mobile and a fixed air quality monitoring station, and meteorological observations. As was evident from several previous studies, dispersion modeling in such areas of complex terrain and, moreover, with frequent calm wind conditions, is difficult to handle. Further, in the case presented here, different pollutant sources had to be treated simultaneously (e.g., road networks, exhaust chimneys from road tunnels, and road tunnel portals). No appropriate system for modeling all these factors has so far appeared in the literature. A prognostic wind field model coupled with a Lagrangian dispersion model is thus presented here and is designed to treat all these factors. A comparison of the modeling system with results from passive samplers and from a fixed air quality monitoring station proved the ability of the model to provide reasonable figures for concentration distributions along the A10.