半饱和褐煤活性焦预吸附—4级固定化生物滤池降解—褐煤活性焦吸附组合工艺处理超稠油废水

采用半饱和褐煤活性焦(HSLAC)预吸附—4级固定化生物滤池(I-BFs)降解—褐煤活性焦(LAC)吸附组合工艺处理超稠油废水。实验结果表明:组合工艺能达到出水COD≤50 mg/L的排放标准;4级I-BFs可完全去除有机酸、酯、呋喃类有机物,部分去除酚类物质,不能去除酰胺类物质,可将大分子有机物降解为小分子烷烃;I-BFs对疏水性有机碳和中性有机物有较高的去除率和去除量,较难去除腐殖质和腐殖质降解产物;4级I-BFs反应器内优势菌为类杆菌(Bacteroides sp.)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)、异养反硝化菌(Thermomonassp.)、鞘脂单胞菌科(Sphingomonadaceae sp.)、鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.)和根瘤菌(Rhizobium sp.)。     

生物滴滤法处理药厂混合废气的工程实践

建立了生物滴滤现场中试装置,处理某生物发酵类制药厂生产车间和污水处理设施产生的混合废气。该装置28 d挂膜启动成功,对废气中恶臭和VOCs组分有较好的处理效果,能适应现场废气浓度和气量波动的变化。总体而言,喷淋强度对处理效果的影响较小,处理气流量对处理效果的影响较大。当处理气流量大于2 845 m³/h(对应空床停留时间40 s)时,对恶臭和VOCs的去除效果不理想。当处理气流量为2 000 m³/h时,VOCs的最大去除负荷为2.003 g/(m³·h),对应的进气负荷为2.119 g/(m³·h)。对该装置中填料上的微生物进行了高通量测序,发现金属杆菌(Metallibacterium sp.)、硫单胞菌(Thiomonas sp.)、黄杆菌(Fluviicola sp.)、支气杆菌(Cloacibacterium sp.)和嗜酸菌(Acidiphilium sp.)为优势菌种。     

高效石油降解菌的筛选及其在油田废水深度处理中的应用

从石油污染的土壤和水体中富集、分离到12株高效石油降解菌,各单菌株的降油率为40．3％～57．6％,其中O—8—3、O—28—2和O—46菌可耐受40℃的温度和1．5％的盐度。经初步鉴定,这3株菌分别为假单胞菌(Pseudomonass sp．)、芽孢杆菌(Bacilluss sp．)和不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp．)。与单-O-8-3菌株相比,0-8-3／O-28-2／O-46混合菌株对石油的降解率可提高20．1％,可耐受石油类初始质量浓度从2000mg／L提高到5000mg／L。通过在实验室接种O—8—3／O—28—2／O—46混合菌株于生物反应器中处理胜利油田采油废水的试验结果表明,72h内石油污染物的降解率达96．9％,比接种自然细菌群落的降解率提高了60．7％。     

微生物燃料电池对苯酚的降解及其产电性能

构建了单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),研究了苯酚含量对以苯酚和葡萄糖为底物的MFC产电性能及苯酚去除率的影响。实验结果表明:当CODB(苯酚贡献的COD)为0时,MFC的运行周期为36 h,最大输出电压为560 m V,最大功率密度为489 m W/m2;CODB为1 000 mg/L时,MFC的运行周期为54 h,最大输出电压为436 m V,最大功率密度为98 m W/m2;当CODB为200 mg/L时,MFC的COD去除率、苯酚去除率和库伦效率(CE)均达到最大,分别为89.7%、99.9%和7.2%,同时,MFC的阳极生物膜产生的氧化峰电流最高,表明在葡萄糖-苯酚双底物对微生物的协同作用下,MFC的阳极生物膜氧化性最强;随着CODB的增大,COD去除率、苯酚去除率和CE均逐渐减小,说明苯酚的抑制作用导致微生物活性降低。     

亚硝化细菌的筛选及培养条件的研究

从活性污泥中分离出16株亚硝化细菌,筛选出亚硝酸盐氮积累速率较高的两株菌Y8和Y16,初步鉴定Y8菌株为亚硝化球菌（Nitrosococcns．sp）,Y16菌株为亚硝化单胞菌（Nitrosomonas.sp）,并对其生长曲线进行了测定。通过氨氮去除率或业硝酸盐氮的质量浓度来验证亚硝化细菌的活性,考察了生成的亚硝酸盐氮的质量浓度与培养时间的关系、亚硝化细菌的活性与培养温度的关系、亚硝化细菌的活性与培养基pH的关系。Y8和Y16菌株在30℃、培养基pH为7．5、130r／min的条件下振荡培养5d,氨氮去除率分别为81．12％,75．36％。     

一株吡啶降解菌的筛选及其降解性能

以吡啶为唯一碳源,从焦化厂活性污泥中分离得到一株对吡啶具有高效降解能力的菌株B1,对其进行了菌种鉴定。通过单因素实验研究了菌株B1适宜的降解条件,对反应过程进行了动力学拟合,并考察了菌株B1对焦化废水中吡啶的降解效果。实验结果表明:菌株B1为革兰氏阴性菌,属于不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.);菌株B1适宜的降解条件为降解温度30℃、初始pH为7、摇床转速150 r/min;菌株B1对吡啶的降解过程符合零级反应动力学模型,当初始吡啶质量浓度为300 mg/L时,降解速率常数最高达到21.103 mg/(L·h);用菌株B1对初始吡啶质量浓度为430 mg/L的实际焦化废水处理74 h后,吡啶降解率可达74.26%。     

4株正十六烷降解菌的降解能力及代谢动力学特性

从处理采油废水的活性污泥中分离出4株产生物表面活性剂的正十六烷高效降解菌。菌株A14和B45为非脱羧勒克菌（Leclercia adecarboxylata），菌株C28和A27为肠杆菌（Enterobacter sp.）。在NaCl质量浓度15~25 g/L、pH 6.0~7.0、接种量10%（φ），培养温度37 ℃，摇床转速160 r/min、正十六烷体积分数0.30%的条件下降解16 d后，菌株A14、B45、C28和A27的正十六烷降解率分别为93.7%，87.8%，73.3%，65.7%。4株菌所产生的生物表面活性剂均为磷脂类表面活性剂。菌体生长满足逻辑斯蒂模型，正十六烷的降解满足一级反应动力学模型。菌株C28、A27的生长速率快于菌株A14、B45，菌株A14、B45的正十六烷降解速率快于菌株C28、A27。     

废弃线路板热解油合成改性酚醛树脂

以废弃线路板热解油为原料，采用碱溶—中和—萃取工艺提取其中以苯酚为主的粗酚，并合成改性酚醛树脂。合成硼酸改性酚醛树脂的优化工艺条件为n(粗酚)∶n(外加苯酚)=2∶3，n(粗酚+外加苯酚)∶n(甲醛)∶n(NaOH)∶n(硼酸)=1∶1.5∶0.15∶0.17;合成有机硅改性酚醛树脂的优化工艺条件为n(粗酚)∶n(外加苯酚)=2∶3，n(粗酚+外加苯酚)∶n(甲醛)∶n(NaOH)∶n(正硅酸乙酯)=1∶1.3∶0.1∶0.1。所合成的硼酸改性和有机硅改性酚醛树脂的主要性能指标均满足YB/T4131—2005《耐火材料用酚醛树脂》中牌号为PFn-5301的热固性液体树脂性能的要求。     

D401与N-117负载Fe(Ⅱ)非均相Fenton法催化降解苯酚

分别采用D401和N-117负载Fe(Ⅱ)制备非均相Fenton催化剂,探讨两种催化剂在不同初始溶液pH、初始H_2O_2质量浓度和保存条件下,催化降解苯酚的效果和铁溶出情况。结果表明:两种催化剂均能拓展Fenton反应pH范围;D401负载Fe(Ⅱ)催化苯酚降解速率较快,苯酚降解率随初始溶液pH升高而下降,溶出铁催化的均相Fenton反应是苯酚降解的主要原因;N-117负载Fe(Ⅱ)催化剂苯酚降解速率随初始溶液pH升高而下降,非均相Fenton反应是主要反应过程;初始H_2O_2质量浓度升高能使D401负载Fe(Ⅱ)的溶出总铁质量浓度显著升高,但对N-117负载Fe(Ⅱ)影响很小;水中较高的DO能显著降低两种催化剂的苯酚降解效果。     

白腐菌和红平红球菌共固定化处理增塑剂废水

以赭曲霉死菌丝体为载体,吸附红平红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropo lisNG0402)和白腐菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporiumM E-446)的混合物,用聚乙烯醇作包埋剂进行共固定化。用制备好的共固定化细胞处理增塑剂废水,连续运行19d的结果表明,共固定化处理增塑剂废水的效果远好于单一菌的效果。在pH7.0、溶解氧质量浓度3.0m g/L、水力停留时间25h的条件下,废水中苯酚、COD和色度的去除率连续15d达到了90%以上,对苯酚的去除能力为2.16kg/(m3.d)。     

链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)对吡啶的降解特性

从焦化废水的活性污泥中分离出对溶液中吡啶具有降解效果的链霉菌（Streptomyces sp．），考察了吡啶初始质量浓度、初始pH、降解温度、振荡速度等对吡啶降解效果的影响，初步探讨了该菌降解吡啶的动力学与机理。实验结果表明，该菌对吡啶有很强的耐受力，能以吡啶为惟一碳源和氮源生长。链霉菌在初始pH=8、降解温度30℃、振荡速度100r／min的条件下培养7d后，吡啶的质量浓度从250mg/L降至6．6mg/L，吡啶降解率达97．4％。该菌对吡啶的降解反应符合一级动力学方程，初始质量浓度为100mg／L时的吡啶降解速率常数为0．4011d^-1。紫外一可见光谱分析表明，吡啶经该菌降解后的特征环被破坏。     

镰刀菌HJ01对对氯苯酚的降解特性

采用实验室分离的一株镰刀菌HJ01,以对氯苯酚(4-CP)为降解底物,以蔗糖为外加碳源,考察了蔗糖质量浓度、降解温度、初始pH对4-CP降解效果的影响,初步探讨了镰刀菌HJ01对4-CP的降解动力学和降解机理.实验结果表明:该菌株能以4-CP为惟一碳源和能源生长;在外加蔗糖为碳源,蔗糖质量浓度为3 g/L、降解温度为30℃、初始pH为8的条件下,50 mg/L4-CP能在6 d内被完全降解.以4-CP为惟一碳源和外加蔗糖下的降解动力学分别符合Haldane模型和一级动力学方程.     

产碱杆菌DN25去除金矿废水中的氰

采用产碱杆菌（Alcaligenes sp.）DN25去除金矿选矿废水和矿渣浸出液中的氰。考察了菌株DN25的除氰效果,研究了DN25生长和降解活性的影响因素。实验结果表明：利用DN25处理选矿废水,当反应时间为23 h时,总氰质量浓度分别从162.6,32.4,21.0,22.3 mg/L降至0,0.07,0,1.24 mg/L;利用DN25处理矿渣浸出液,当反应时间为25 h时,总氰质量浓度分别从 4.4,8.8 mg/L降至0.37,0.38 mg/L;处理后两种废水的总氰质量浓度均满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的要求;DN25可在初始总氰质量浓度为10~30 mg/L且仅含碳源的条件下生长但存在24 h停滞期,而在初始总氰质量浓度为5~20 mg/L且含碳、氮源的条件下没有生长停滞期。     

两株氢噬胞菌的萘降解特性分析

对两株分离自内蒙古乌梁素海的氢噬胞菌X32和X12的培养条件和萘降解特性进行研究。实验结果表明:菌株X32和X12的最适生长pH为7.0,最适生长温度为30~35℃,最适盐度w(NaCl)为1%;当初始萘质量浓度为3 500 mg/L时,对数生长期的菌株X32对萘的降解活性可达53.9 nmol/(mg·min),而菌株X12可达34.8 nmol/(mg·min);菌株X32在培养48 h后进入稳定期,60 h时萘降解率达91.43%;菌株X12在培养60 h后进入稳定期,90 h时萘降解率达93.93%。氢噬胞菌X32和X12是两株具有较高应用价值的多环芳烃降解细菌。     

零价铁-克雷伯氏菌联合体系对亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色性能

以零价铁(ZVI)和一株高效脱色菌克雷伯氏菌yl-1作为联合体系,研究其对亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色性能,并采用单因素实验及中心组合设计-响应面分析法(CCD-RSM法)对该过程的脱色条件进行优化。实验结果表明:相比于单独ZVI体系和单独yl-1脱色菌体系,ZVI-脱色菌联合体系的脱色率分别提高了40%和10%;在初始pH为8、初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度为250 mg/L、ZVI投加量为4.0 g/L、反应温度为33℃的最优条件下,ZVI-脱色菌联合体系对亚甲基蓝脱色反应液的脱色率为91.33%。     

镰刀菌HJ01对苯酚的降解性能

为了研究真菌对苯酚的降解能力,采用本实验室分离的一株镰刀菌HJ01,考察了外加碳源、降解体系初始pH、温度对HJ01菌体生长量和苯酚降解效果的影响,初步探讨了镰刀菌降解苯酚的动力学与机理。实验结果表明,该菌能以苯酚为惟一碳源生长,添加适量的蔗糖可促进HJ01菌体的生长及苯酚的降解。在蔗糖加入量为3g／L、降解体系初始pH为6．0、温度为30℃的最佳条件下,经HJ01菌处理4d后的质量浓度为420mg／L苯酚废水中的苯酚完全降解。镰刀菌的生长和苯酚降解动力学符合Andrews模型。     

Removal of substituted phenols onto iron‐treated Nostoc sp. biomass

This study explored the possibility of removing 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) and 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP) from water by using a dead blue‐green algae, Nostoc sp., dried and untreated and dried and treated with iron (Fe‐treated with 0.1 M ferric chloride solution for 1 day). The Nostoc sp. untreated and Fe‐treated biomass were used to study the sorption and desorption of 4‐NP and 2,4‐DCP. The effects of solute concentration, ionic strength, and temperature on sorption and desorption in the presence of untreated and treated Nostoc sp. biomass were investigated. The Fe‐treated Nostoc sp. biomass sorbed higher amounts of both 4‐NP and 2,4‐DCP than the untreated biomass. The percent cumulative desorption decreased from 6.41% to 0.28% and 1.84% to 0.19%, respectively, for 4‐NP and 2,4‐DCP for the Fe‐treated biomass. Biosorption of 4‐NP and 2,4‐DCP onto untreated and Fe‐treated Nostoc sp. biomass conformed to Freundlich isotherms. Iron treatment of Nostoc sp. biomass increased the value of ln K from 8.07 to 8.59 for 4‐NP and from 8.04 to 8.51 for 2,4‐DCP but decreased their desorption. An increase in ionic strength (0.003–0.03) increased the biosorption of both substituted phenols and decreased their percent desorption. An increase in temperature in the range of 15–35°C decreased the sorption of 4‐NP and 2,4‐DCP onto both untreated and Fe‐treated Nostoc sp. biomass and increased their desorption, indicating that the biosorption of both substituted phenols onto untreated and Fe‐treated Nostoc sp. biomass was principally a physical process. The results of this study suggest that Fe‐treated dried Nostoc sp. biomass could be explored as an inexpensive and eco‐friendly material for the effective removal of these phenols and, potentially, other chemicals from industrial wastewater and contaminated groundwater.     

Purification and Properties of a Poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerase From Penicillium sp.

An extracellular poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase was purified from a Penicillium sp. DS9701-09a by centrifugation, ultrafiltration, precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 37.9-folds higher than that of the culture supernatant and the recovery yield was 11.8%. The PHB deploymerase molecular mass was 44.8 kDa from analysis of both Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer. The isoelectric point of 6.7 for the enzyme was determined by a two-dimensional electrophoresis. The optimum enzyme activity was observed at a temperature of 50 °C and pH 5.0. The apparent K _m of the enzyme was found to be 1.35 mg/mL. The PHB depolymerase consisted of 16 kinds of normal amino acids. The secondary structure of the enzyme was determined by CD spectrum. α-helix and β-turn were found to be 66% and 34% for the enzyme without ammonium sulphite. Chemical inhibition on the PHB depolymerase activity was examined and EDTA was found to have a significantly inhibitory effect.     

Degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB,by bacteria and purification of a novel PHB depolymerase fromComamonas sp.

Bacteria capable of growing on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, as the sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from various soils, lake water, activated sludge, and air. Although all bacteria utilized a wide variety of monomeric substrates for growth, most of the strains were restricted to degrade PHB and copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate, P(3HB-co-3HV). Five strains were also able to decompose a homopolymer of 3-hydroxyvalerate, PHV. Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate), PHO, was not degraded by any of the isolates. One strain, which was identified asComamonas sp., was selected, and the extracellular depolymerase of this strain was purified from the medium by ammonium sulfate precipitation and by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and Butyl-Sepharose 4B. The purified PHB depolymerase was not a glycoprotein. The relative molecular masses of the native enzyme and of the subunits were 45,000 or 44,000, respectively. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed PHB, P(3HB-co-3HV), and—at a very low rate—also PHV. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA, with six or more carbon atoms per monomer or characteristic substrates for lipases were not hydrolyzed. In contrast to the PHB depolymerases ofPseudomonas lemoignei andAlcaligenes faecalis T₁, which are sensitive toward phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and which hydrolyze PHB mainly to the dimeric and trimeric esters of 3-hydroxybutyrate, the depolymerase ofComamonas sp. was insensitive toward PMSF and hydrolyzed PHB to monomeric 3-hydroxybutyrate indicating a different mechanism of PHB hydrolysis. Furthermore, the pH optimum of the reaction catalyzed by the depolymerase ofComamonas sp. was in the alkaline range at 9.4.