航空煤油流淌火蔓延特性试验研究

为保证航空燃油储运安全和机场消防安全,设计并搭建航空燃油流淌火试验平台,以航空煤油(JP4)为试验燃料,根据蠕动泵转速选取4种不同泄漏速率,开展航空煤油流淌火试验研究。试验中记录航空煤油流淌火的火焰前沿位置、燃烧面积、蔓延速率等典型特征参数,并对试验过程进行录像,分析典型特征参数的变化。结果显示,航空煤油流淌火的稳定线燃烧速率为3.71×10-5m/s,初始蔓延速率随泄漏速率的增加率约5.5 mm/s。航空煤油流淌火的典型特征参数均与泄漏速率正相关。     

变坡度条件下正丁醇定常流淌火非稳态燃烧行为研究*

为探究流淌火在变坡度地面的蔓延特性，丰富火灾研究理论，推进流淌火预防和风险评估的发展，采用1套自制矩形小尺度油槽系统，研究正丁醇变坡度、变泄漏速率情况下溢油定常流淌火的蔓延特性。结果表明:当泄漏速率相同时，坡度越大，正丁醇的加速过程越明显，当坡度从1°上升到4°，正丁醇扩散速率增大了40.8%；不同坡度下，正丁醇的平均火焰高度随泄漏速率的变化均呈现“上升-下降-稳定”趋势；流淌火蔓延过程中脉动方式分为2种:“跳跃-爬行”和“跳跃-爬行-回缩”；当泄漏速率较小时，流淌火蔓延过程中的脉动频率随油槽坡度的增大而增大，当泄漏速率较大时，脉动频率不再随油槽坡度的改变而发生明显趋势变化。     

轻质油品罐区流淌火灾发展特征和危害研究

为了研究罐区储运过程中发生泄漏导致的流淌火事故,设计并搭建了流淌火燃烧试验平台。采用流淌火燃烧试验平台和CFD数值计算2种方法研究了汽油流淌燃烧特性,对比分析表明,流淌火实体试验与CFD数值计算的结果误差在可接受范围内。基于上述结论,以防火堤内储存汽油的4个2 000 m3汽油储罐罐组为研究对象,模拟计算输油管道泄漏至防火堤内引发流淌性火灾的危害特性,得到了流淌火灾蔓延发展过程以及流淌面积、温度场等特征参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:泄漏速率保持不变时,流淌面积逐渐增大直至趋于稳定,其增长速率不断减小;流淌火发展至稳定燃烧阶段时,临近储罐被火焰包围,其中高度为5 m处的罐壁温度和辐射强度最大,温度在1 300 ℃左右波动,辐射强度稳定在500 kW/m2左右。     

乙二醇流淌火燃烧特性及围堵性能研究

为研究乙二醇流淌火燃烧蔓延特性,利用自行设计的流淌火试验平台,开展了乙二醇流淌火实体试验,研究了试验过程中火焰温度、前锋移动、火焰高度等典型参数变化规律。同时,为实现流淌火的有效蔓延控制,开发酚醛泡沫材料模拟乙二醇流淌火围堵处置,评价其围堵效能。结果表明:乙二醇流淌火燃烧速度缓慢,火焰温度低于池火温度;酚醛泡沫材料对可燃液体流淌火展现出较好耐火、阻隔作用,对液体危化品的泄漏围堵具有积极实践意义。     

低压含KCl细水雾抑制船舶油池火特性试验研究

为探究低压含氯化钾(KCl)细水雾抑制庚烷油池火的有效性,基于1. 5 m×1. 5 m×1. 0 m封闭舱室平台,开展不同KCl质量分数(5%、10%、15%、20%)的低压细水雾(0. 2～0. 6 MPa)抑制庚烷油池火焰特性试验,分析不同KCl质量分数、不同喷射压力下庚烷质量损失速率及火焰高度的变化。结果表明:低压纯水细水雾可强化油池火焰燃烧,含KCl添加剂低压细水雾能有效抑制油料火的发展,其中0. 6 MPa压力下20%质量分数KCl溶液灭火效果最好。KCl溶液质量分数的增加,可降低庚烷平均质量损失速率,使火焰高度整体下降;喷嘴压力的升高,同样可降低燃油平均质量损失速率,缩短火焰波动时间,使燃烧提前进入衰减阶段。     

低压环境下不同直径油池火特征参量研究

为探究低压环境下油池火的发展特征、热释放速率(HRR)及火灾危害,在全尺寸低压HRR测试平台进行正庚烷与航空煤油不同油池直径的燃烧试验,测量低压环境不同直径下油池火热流密度、HRR及气体体积分数等特征参数,分析油池火热流密度、HRR、燃烧热量与气体体积分数等特征参数随油池直径变化的特征。结果表明:在热流计与油池距离一定时,热流密度随油池直径增大而增大;在油池直径一定时,热流密度随距离增大而减小;油池直径为10～20 cm时,正庚烷燃烧热量大于航空煤油;油池直径大于30 cm后,航空煤油燃烧热量更大;相同时间内正庚烷燃烧比航空煤油产生更多的CO_2,燃烧更充分。     

基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法研究

为了评价油品储运过程中的流淌火灾风险,提出1种基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法。以某汽油管道为例,分析大孔泄漏、中孔泄漏、小孔泄漏３种模式下流淌火各参数的动态变化过程,计算管道周边不同位置处的个人风险值。研究结果表明:流淌火燃烧面积的最大值随泄漏速率的增加而增大,对于给定的算例条件,大孔泄漏情景下的最大燃烧半径较小孔泄漏增大了18.4倍;相较小孔泄漏,大孔泄漏下安全距离增大了6.7倍;在距离泄漏点100 m的位置,小孔泄漏、中孔泄漏和大孔泄漏条件下的辐射热流密度值分别为0.13,1.34,8.02 kW/m2;距离泄漏点34 m处时,大孔泄漏已经占总个人风险的99%;在开展风险评价时,应着重分析大孔泄漏的情景。     

垫水层对油池火燃烧特性影响的试验研究

研究垫水层对小尺度油池火燃烧特性的影响.分别测量在有、无垫水层情况下,正庚烷和航空煤油(RP-5)池火燃烧过程中质量损失速率及温度分布随时间的变化特征,同时通过摄像机记录油池燃烧过程中发生的现象.结果表明,垫水层对不同沸点燃料池火的燃烧发展过程及质量损失速率的影响截然不同.当无垫水层时,由于池壁温度超过燃料沸点,庚烷池火发生沸腾燃烧现象;而航空煤油沸点较高,燃烧过程中没有发生沸腾现象.当有垫水层存在时,由于油水界面温度超过水的沸点,沸点较高的航空煤油池火发生薄层喷溅现象;由于庚烷沸点低于水,庚烷垫水池火燃烧过程比较平稳,只发生了局部溅射现象.     

EPS外保温材料火灾蔓延速率的数值模拟与试验研究

根据火灾动力学理论,建立了热塑性外保温材料火蔓延速率模型。该模型对实际燃烧过程做了一定的假设简化,主要考虑了材料厚度和火源位置对材料燃烧发展过程的影响。并提出无量纲参数"耦合燃烧度",用来表征热塑性材料的燃烧壁面与高温熔滴形成的油池火之间相互作用的程度。基于ISO9705全尺寸热释放速率实验室,采用20×20×10 cm3正庚烷油槽火源为火源样式,设计了4种不同的燃烧工况研究EPS外保温材料的火蔓延规律和影响因素。结果表明:其火蔓延速率随时间变化呈指数增长,EPS的火蔓延速率的回归方程通式为Vp(t)=Aexp(Bt),与理论推导方程Vp(t)=φ1exp(φ2t)有较好的相关性。当EPS的厚度为50 mm时,火蔓延速率增幅最小;"耦合燃烧度"越大,火蔓延速率增长越快;"耦合燃烧度"随材料厚度的增加而增大;不同火源位置下,"耦合燃烧度"从大到小为中火、底火、顶火、边角火。理论模型与试验结果有较好的一致性,可以有效预测热塑性外保温材料的火蔓延速率。     

不同边沿高度油池火燃烧行为的实验和数值模拟研究

采用实验和FDS数值模拟相结合的方法,探讨了边沿高度对油池火燃烧特性的影响。在实验部分,研究了燃烧速率和表观火焰高度随边沿高度的变化趋势,并分别分析了各个阶段的热反馈机制。在实验获得不同尺度、边沿高度正庚烷油池火燃烧速率的前提下,建立相应尺度的不同边沿高度油池火的Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)计算模型以针对火焰高度进行了数值模拟研究,分析了实际火焰高度、火焰下探高度随边沿高度的变化趋势,并提出了相关的无量纲拟合式。     

An experimental and modeling study of continuous liquid fuel spill fires on water

The spread of burning fuel spilled from oil product containers during offshore storage and transportation may cause large damage and trigger further accidents. Some analytical models already exist to predict the spread and burning behavior of liquid fuel spill fires, however, few experimental studies have been conducted to verify the model results. In this paper, continuous n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted in a rectangular trench covered with water. The burning area, fuel spread rate, and thermal flux with different discharge flow rates and ignition delay times were investigated by both experimental and modeling means. The spill fire burning area, with 5 typical phases during burning, has a quasi-steady value which is directly proportional to the discharge rate but irrelevant to the ignition delay times. The steady burning rate, as the ratio of discharge rate over burning area, was estimated. A spread model was modified to simulate the spread of continuous liquid fuel spill fires in a one-dimensional channel, based on the balance between gravity and viscous forces. A cuboid solid flame model was used to compute the thermal flux from spill fires. The burning fuel spread and the heat flux calculated by the models agree with the experimental results.     

An experimental study on the burning rate of a continuously released n-heptane spill fire on an open water surface

Spill fires are common during oil product storage and transportation after a loss of containment. Since the burning fuel is moving and the fuel depth is quite shallow, the burning rate in a spill fire is different from that of a pool fire with a static burning zone. Unlike pool fires, which have been studied for decades and have well-established correlations for burning rate, research on spill fires is inadequate. In this paper, continuously released n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted on open water surfaces with varying fuel discharge rates. The pool diameters were measured, and the spill fire burning rates were estimated based on a dynamic balance between fuel supply and combustion. The burning rates in n-heptane pool fires from the literature were reviewed and compared with the estimated burning rates in spill fires of the same dimension. The spill fire burning rate was found to be close to that in a pool fire during the initial burning phase but lower than that in a bulk burning pool fire and that in a “fuel-level-controlled” pool fire. The distinction between the burning rates of spill fires and pool fires is explained by the heat balance analysis of the fuel layer. A model for the spill fire burning rate was proposed accordingly. The results calculated with the presented model are closer to the measured data than those calculated with pool fire models.     

插板对正庚烷油池火燃烧行为的影响研究

海上石油泄漏常规的处理方法是原位燃烧,加速其燃烧并使其燃尽是降低其对生态环境影响的重要措施之一。以正庚烷为燃料,在油池内插入竖直铝板,研究不同高度铝板对池火燃烧行为的影响。结果表明,插板对池火燃烧速率以及火焰高度具有明显的增强作用,随着板的高度的增加,增强作用先增大后减小,当H_p/D(板高与油池直径之比)为3.5时,增强作用最大。火焰高度、板的温度、热通量以及燃烧速率的变化趋势一致,它们的临界点均在H_p/D=3.5附近。插板后燃烧速率增大主要是因为插板自身的热传导导致了燃料的核态沸腾,使燃料接受的热反馈增大,从而加快了燃料的蒸发,增大了燃烧速率。     

点火源引燃的上坡火蔓延实验研究

开展了点火源引燃的上坡火蔓延实验,用刨花丝为燃料,研究不同坡度角对火蔓延速率、火线夹角、火焰长度、火焰倾斜角等的影响规律,并简要分析了火焰对火前未燃燃料的辐射传热。发现平坡条件下会形成圆形火线,而坡度条件下会形成泪滴状的火线。当坡度角高于20°时,上坡火蔓延速率随坡度的增大迅速上升。     

Evaluation of CFD simulations of transient pool fire burning rates

Fire is the most commonly occurring major accident hazard in the chemical and process industries, with industry accident statistics highlighting the liquid pool fire as the most frequent fire event. Modelling of such phenomena feeds heavily into industry risk assessment and consequence analyses. Traditional simple empirical equations cannot account for the full range of factors influencing pool fire behaviour or increasingly complex plant design. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling enables a greater understanding of pool fire behaviour to be gained numerically and provides the capability to deal with complex scenarios.This paper presents an evaluation of the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) for predictive modelling of liquid pool fire burning rates. Specifically, the work examines the ability of the model to predict temporal variations in the burning rate of open atmosphere pool fires. Fires ranging from 0.4 to 4 m in diameter, involving ethanol and a range of liquid hydrocarbons as fuels, are considered and comparisons of predicted fuel mass loss rates are compared to experimental measurements.The results show that the liquid pyrolysis sub-model in FDS gives consistent model performance for fully predictive modelling of liquid pool fire burning rates, particularly during quasi-steady burning. However, the model falls short of predicting the subtleties associated with each phase of the transient burning process, failing to reliably predict fuel mass loss rates during fire growth and extinction. The results suggest a range of model modifications which could lead to improved prediction of the transient fire growth and extinction phases of burning for liquid pool fires, specifically, investigation of: ignition modelling techniques for high boiling temperature liquid fuels; a combustion regime combining both infinite and finite-rate chemistry; a solution method which accounts for two- or three-dimensional heat conduction effects in the liquid-phase; alternative surrogate fuel compositions for multi-component hydrocarbon fuels; and modification of the solution procedure used at the liquid-gas interface during fire extinction.     

可燃装修材料的燃烧温度场数值模拟分析

为研究室内可燃装修材料的耐高温及燃烧特性,该文用火灾动力学模拟软件Fire DynamicSimulator(FDS)对火灾实际场景的温度场进行数值模拟分析。对热释放速率曲线进行拟合分析,发现火灾发展初期是由一个慢速增长火和一个超快速增长火两个阶段组成。比较温度场的模拟结果与实际场景的燃烧图痕,得出火场温度的快速升高源于可燃材料的热释放速率和燃料消耗速率快速增加。同时分析了火场中一氧化碳、二氧化碳等有害气体的浓度与燃烧温度场的变化规律,为选择合适的室内装饰材料提供有效的数值参考。     

The study of burning behaviors and quantitative risk assessment for 0# diesel oil pool fires

The liquid fuel safety issues on fuel storage, transportation and processing have gained most attention because of the high fire risk. In this paper, some 0# diesel pool fire experiments with different diameters (0.2–1 m) were conducted with initial fuel thicknesses of 2 cm and 4 cm, respectively, to obtain liquid fuel combustion characteristics. Some key parameters including mass burning rate, flame height and the flame radiative heat flux, associated with fire risk, were investigated and determined. Subsequently, a detail quantitative risk assessment framework for 0# diesel pool fire is proposed based on the 0# diesel burning characteristics. In the framework, the probability of personal dead and the facility failure are calculated by the vulnerability models, respectively. In the end, 10 special tank fire scenarios were selected to show the whole risk calculation process. The tank diameter and the distance to pool fires were paid more attention in the cases. The safety distances in the cases are provided for the persons and nearby facilities, respectively. The paper enriches the basic experimental data and the provided framework is useful to the management of 0# diesel tank areas.     

多火源火旋风相互作用的实验研究

为研究多火源条件下火旋风的相互作用,利用四面边墙夹缝式实验装置对3种不同直径油盘形成的火旋风进行实验研究。由电子天平记录的燃料质量随时间变化曲线,得到准稳态阶段火旋风的质量燃烧速率;利用摄像机记录的火焰连续图像,获得火焰高度;基于实验现象及实验数据对质量燃烧速率、火焰高度和火焰形态的分析,提出多火源火旋风质量燃烧速率和火焰高度的半经验线性关系式。研究表明:大直径油盘形成的火旋风比小直径油盘更容易受到拖拽力和涡量的作用影响。     

Research on the influence of foaming gas in compressed air/nitrogen foam on extinguishing the n-heptane tank fire

Tank fires threaten the lives of people and pollute the environment for their intense radiant heat, rapid fire spread and explosion hazard. Compressed air/nitrogen foam (CAF/CNF), a cleaner fire extinguishing technique used for the tank fire suppression because halogen-based agents were prohibited for environmental reasons. In this work, the influence of foaming gas in CAF/CNF on extinguishing the n-heptane tank fire was firstly investigated. Firstly, it was found that CNF spreads faster with rapid increase in foam thickness, mainly due to its better stability and less evaporation. Secondly, after foam was discharged, there existed a short increase of the combustion intensity, associated with three monotonous regions and two time delays in the whole extinguishing time. The two time delays were caused by Rayleigh–Taylor instability and flame sheet shift, respectively, and the shift distance was larger for CNF. Finally, the influential factors contributing to flame extinction were exhibited to be mainly related to the decrease in liquid burning rate and gas-phase Damkohler number. Among these factors, foam spreading rate and thickness dominated due to coupled chemical and physical extinguishing effects. Resulted from some competitive effects, CNF was slightly more efficient at extinguishing tank fires than CAF.