县级自然保护区管理的现状及对策

阐述了县级自然保护区的现状，简要地分析了县级自然保护区存在的问题，提出了下一步县级自然保护区管理的对策。     

Characterization of Ozone During Consecutive Drought and Wet Years at a Rural West Virginia Site

Ozone concentrations at a rural-remote site in a forested region of north-central West Virginia were monitored during 1988 and 1989, a drought and wet year, respectively. During 1988, the absolute maximum average concentration for a single hour was 156 ppb, while it was only 107 ppb in 1989. Overall, the frequency of high concentrations was greater during 1988; the 120 ppb National Ambient Air Quality Standard was exceeded 17 times. The 7-h period encompassing the highest growing season concentrations for this site over the 2-yr period is 1100- 1759 h EST, rather than the period 0900-1559 h originally used by the National Crop Loss Assessment Network. The 7-h growing season means (0900-1559 h) of 52.6 ppb and 47.1 ppb for 1988 and 1989, respectively, compare well to those reported for the Piedmont/Mountain/Ridge-Valley area, but are higher than those for other surrounding areas. The diurnal ozone patterns, as well as the distribution of concentration ranges and timing of seasonal maxima, suggest that long-range transport of ozone and its precursors probably is an important factor at this site, given its remote and rural character.     

连云港地区近地面臭氧浓度月均浓度变化特征

利用2014—2018年连云港地区的监测资料,分析了O3的月变化特征,得出O3与NO2、CO呈负相关关系,并给出了相对合理的解释。     

Ozone uptake to the polar snowpack at Summit,Greenland

The uptake of atmospheric ozone to the polar, year-round snowpack on glacial ice was studied at Summit, Greenland during three experiments in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Ozone was measured at up to three depths in the snowpack, on the surface, and above the surface at three heights on a tower along with supporting meteorological parameters. Ozone in interstitial air decreased with depth, albeit ozone gradients showed a high variation depending on environmental conditions of solar radiation and wind speed. Under low irradiance levels, up to 90% of ozone was preserved up to 1 m depth in the snowpack. Ozone depletion rates increased significantly with the seasonal and diurnal cycle of solar irradiance, resulting in only 10% of ozone remaining in the snowpack following solar noon during summertime. Faster snowpack air exchange from wind pumping resulted in smaller above-surface-to-within snowpack ozone gradients. These data indicate that the uptake of ozone to polar snowpack is strongly dependent on solar irradiance and wind pumping. Ozone deposition fluxes to the polar snowpack are consequently expected to follow incoming solar radiation levels and to exhibit diurnal and seasonal cycles. The Summit observations are in stark contrast to recent findings in the seasonal, midlatitude snowpack [Bocquet, F., Helmig, D., Oltmans, S.J., 2007. Ozone in the mid-latitude snowpack at Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, in press], where mostly light-independent ozone behavior was observed. These contrasting results imply different ozone chemistry and snowpack–atmosphere gas exchange in the snow-covered polar, glacial conditions compared to the temperate, mid-latitude environment.     

Meteorological Factors of Ozone Predictability at Houston,Texas

ABSTRACT

Several ozone modeling approaches were investigated to determine if uncertainties in the meteorological data would be sufficiently large to limit the application of physically realistic ozone (O₃) forecast models. Three diagnostic schemes were evaluated for the period of May through September 1997 for Houston, TX. Correlations between measured daily maximum and model calculated O₃ air concentrations were found to be 0.70 using a linear regression model, 0.65 using a non-advective box model, and 0.49 using a three-dimensional (3-D) transport and dispersion model. Although the regression model had the highest correlation, it showed substantial underestimates of the highest concentrations. The box model results were the most similar to the regression model and did not show as much underestimation. The more complex 3-D modeling approach yielded the worst results, likely resulting from O₃ maxima that were driven by local factors rather than by the transport of pollutants from outside of the Houston domain. The highest O₃ concentrations at Houston were associated with light winds and meandering trajectories. A comparison of the gridded meteorological data used by the 3-D model to the observations showed that the wind direction and speed values at Houston differed most on those days on which the O₃ underestima-tions were the greatest. These periods also tended to correspond with poor precipitation and temperature estimates. It is concluded that better results are not just obtained through additional modeling complexity, but there needs to be a comparable increase in the accuracy of the meteorological data.     

Beryllium-7 Measurements in the Houston and Phoenix Urban Areas: An Estimation of Upper Atmospheric Ozone Contributions

Abstract

Natural radionuclides have been proposed as a means of assessing the transport of ozone (O₃) and aerosols in the troposphere. Beryllium-7 (⁷Be) is produced in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by the interaction of cosmogenic particles with atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. ⁷Be has a 53.29-day half-life (478 keV γ) and is known to attach to fine particles in the atmosphere once it is formed. It has been suggested that O₃ from aloft can be transported into rural and urban regions during stratospheric–tropospheric folding events leading to increased background levels of O₃ at the surface. ⁷Be can be used as a tracer of upper atmospheric air parcels and the O₃ associated with them. Aerosol samples with a 2.5-µm cutoff were collected during 12-hr cycles (day/night) for a 30-day period at Deer Park, TX, near Houston, in August– September of 2000, and at Waddell, AZ, near Phoenix, in June–July of 2001. A comparison of ⁷Be levels with 12-hr O₃ averages and maxima shows little correlation. Comparison of nighttime and daytime O₃ levels indicate that during the day, when mixing is anticipated to be higher, the correlation of ⁷Be with O₃ in Houston is approximately twice that observed at night. This is consistent with mixing and with the anticipated loss of O₃ by reaction with nitric oxide (NO) and dry deposition. At best, 30% of the O₃ variance can be explained by the correlation with ⁷Be for Houston, less than that for Phoenix where no significant correlation was seen. This result is consistent with the intercept values obtained for ⁷Be correlations with either O₃ 24-hr averages or O₃ 12-hr maxima and is also in the range of the low O₃ levels (25 ppb) observed at Deer Park during a tropical storm event where the O₃ is attributable primarily to background air masses. That is, maximum background O₃ level contributions from stratospheric sources aloft are estimated to be in the range of 15–30 ppb in the Houston, TX, and Phoenix, AZ, area, and levels above these are because of local tropospheric photochemical production.     

A Comparison of Measured and Simulated Ozone Concentrations in the Rural Areas of the Eastern United States during Summer 1995

ABSTRACT

The recent regulatory actions toward a longer-term (i.e., 8-hr) average ozone standard have brought forth the potential for many rural areas in the eastern United States to be in noncompliance. However, since a majority of these rural areas have generally few sources of anthropogenic emissions, the measured ozone levels primarily reflect the effects of the transport of ozone and its precursor pollutants and natural emissions. While photochemical grid models have been applied to urban areas to develop ozone mitigation measures, these efforts have been limited to high ozone episode events only and do not adequately cover rural regions. In this study, we applied a photochemical modeling system, RAMS/UAM-V, to the eastern United States from June 1-August 31, 1995. The purpose of the study is to examine the predictive ability of the modeling system at rural monitoring stations that are part of the Clean Air Status Trends Network (CASTNet) and the Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program (GPMP).

The results show that the measured daily 1-hr ozone maxima and the seasonal average of the daily 1-hr ozone maxima are in better agreement with the predictions of the modeling system than those for the daily 8-hr ozone maxima. Also, the response of the modeling system in reproducing the measured range of ozone levels over the diurnal cycle is poor, suggesting the need for improvement in the treatment of the physical and chemical processes of the modeling system during the nighttime and morning hours if it is to be used to address the 8-hr ozone standard.     

Effects of Nighttime Chemistry upon the Transport of Ozone and Ozone Precursors

It has been recognized for several years that ozone in rural areas can exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for photochemical oxidant whirh was 0.08 ppm for one hour, not to be exceeded more than once per year. During the summer of 1973, the NAAQS was exceeded from 15 to 37% of the time at four rural monitoring sites in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia.¹ This is a greater violation rate than is found in many urban areas. Dimitriades and Altshuller² have enumerated four possible sources for this rural ozone: (a) transport from urban areas, (b) local photochemical generation from urban ozone precursors, (c) local photochemical generation from precursors of rural origin which may be man-made or natural, and (d) injection of stratospheric ozone into the rural area. This paper considers the chemistry pertinent to the first two of these possible sources of rural ozone, namely the long distance (overnight) transport of ozone and ozone precursors.     

Ozone dynamics and deposition processes at a deforested site in the Amazon basin

The goal of this study is to investigate the impact of deforestation on ozone dynamics and deposition in the Brazilian Amazon basin. This goal is accomplished through i) analyses of ozone levels and deposition rates at a deforested site during the rainy season; and ii) comparisons of these data with similar information derived at a forest. At the pasture site maximum ozone mixing ratios reach 20 parts per billion on a volume basis (ppbv) but about 6 ppbv prevail over the forest. Maximum ozone deposition velocities for pastures can reach 0.7 cm s-1, which is about threefold lower than values derived for forests. Combining ozone abundance and deposition velocities, pasture maximum ozone fluxes reach approximately 0.2 microgram (ozone) m-2 s-1. This flux represents approximately 70% of the deposition rates measured over the forest. Hence, this study suggests that conversion of rainforests to pastures could lead to a net reduction (30%) in the ozone sink in the Amazon.     

Heterogeneous Oxidation by Ozone of Naphthalene Adsorbed at the Air-Water Interface of Micron-Size Water Droplets

Abstract

The mass transfer of naphthalene vapor to water droplets in air was studied in the presence of ozone (O₃) in the gas phase. A falling droplet reactor with water droplets of diameters 55, 91, and 182 μm was used for the study. O₃ reacted with naphthalene at the air-water interface, thereby decreasing the mass transfer resistance and increasing the rate of uptake of naphthalene into the droplet. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanism at the air-water interface satisfactorily described the surface reaction. The first-order surface reaction rate constant, k_s, increased with decreasing droplet size. Three organic intermediates were identified in the aqueous phase as a result of ozonation of naphthalene at the surface of the droplet indicating both peroxidic and nonperoxidic routes for ozonation. The presence of an organic carbon surrogate (fulvic acid) increased both the partition constant of naphthalene and the surface reaction rate of O₃. The heterogeneous oxidation of naphthalene by O₃ on the droplet was 15 times faster than the homogeneous oxidation by O₃ in the bulk air phase, whereas it was only 0.08 times the homogeneous gas-phase oxidation by hydroxyl radicals under atmospheric conditions.     

Ozone concentrations at a high altitude station in the Central Massif (Spain)

In order to contribute to current knowledge of ozone concentrations and transport across the Central Massif, a monitoring station was installed at 1780 m on the upper Spanish plateau about 55 km from the city of Madrid. Ozone concentrations and standard meteorological variables were measured in June and July 2002. A smoothed ozone hourly cycle was obtained with mean values of 120 and 110 microgm(-3) during day-time and night-time, respectively. The highest ozone concentrations were recorded in the SE-S-SW wind sectors, proving the influence of transport from the Madrid urban plume to the upper plateau. This assumption was also supported by the satisfactory correlation between ozone peaks obtained at the monitoring site and those recorded in a representative station on the foothill located on the lower plateau during episodic situations. To assess the contribution of long-range transport, backward air mass trajectories were computed each day of measurements at 820 hPa. The lowest ozone mean was linked to Atlantic Ocean air masses, and the highest to air masses from Central Europe.     

Consistency of Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides Standards at Tropospherically Relevant Mixing Ratios

Abstract

The absolute accuracy and long‐term precision of atmospheric measurements hinge on the quality of the instrumentation and calibration standards. To assess the consistency of the ozone (O₃) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) standards maintained at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), these standards were compared through the gas‐phase titration of O3 with nitric oxide (NO). NO and O₃ were monitored using chemiluminescence and UV absorption, respectively. Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) was monitored directly by laser‐induced fluorescence and indirectly by catalytic conversion to NO, followed by chemiluminescence. The observed equivalent loss of both NO and O₃ and the formation of NO₂ in these experiments was within 1% on average over the range of 40–200 nmol mol^?1 of NO in excess O3, indicating that these instruments, when calibrated with the NIST O₃ and NO standards and the NO₂ permeation calibration system, are consistent to within 1% at tropospherically relevant mixing ratios of O₃. Experiments conducted at higher initial NO mixing ratios or in excess NO are not in as good agreement. The largest discrepancies are associated with the chemiluminescence measurements. These results indicate the presence of systematic biases under these specific conditions. Prospects for improving these experiments are discussed.     

Ozone Predictions in Atlanta,Georgia: Analysis of the 1999 Ozone Season

ABSTRACT

Ozone prediction has become an important activity in many U.S. ozone nonattainment areas. In this study, we describe the ozone prediction program in the Atlanta metropolitan area and analyze the performance of this program during the 1999 ozone-forecasting season. From May to September, a team of 10 air quality regulators, meteorologists, and atmospheric scientists made a daily prediction of the next-day maximum 8-hr average ozone concentration. The daily forecast was made aided by two linear regression models, a 3-dimensional air quality model, and the no-skill ozone persistence model. The team's performance is compared with the numerical models using several numerical indicators. Our analysis indicated that (1) the team correctly predicted next-day peak ozone concentrations 84% of the time, (2) the two linear regression models had a better performance than a 3-dimensional air quality model, (3) persistence was a strong predictor of ozone concentrations with a performance of 78%, and (4) about half of the team's wrong predictions could be prevented with improved meteorological predictions.     

Comparison of Ozone Temporal Scales for Large Urban,Small Urban,and Rural Areas in Georgia

Abstract

Ground‐level ozone (O₃) time series are characterized by the sum of several distinct temporal scales: long‐term, seasonal, synoptic, diurnal (daily), and intraday variation. In this study, the authors use a Kolmorogov‐Zurbenko filter to separate the 1981–2001 O₃ time‐series from many sites in and around Georgia into these various components. The authors compare the temporal components to examine differences between small and large metropolitan areas and between urban and rural areas. They then focus on the synoptic component to define a predominant transport region or airshed for each site.     

Prediction of the Vertical Profile of Ozone Based on Ground-Level Ozone Observations and Cloud Cover

Abstract

A number of statistical techniques have been used to develop models to predict high-elevation ozone (O₃) concentrations for each discrete hour of day as a function of elevation based on ground-level O₃ observations. The analyses evaluated the effect of exclusion/inclusion of cloud cover as a variable. It was found that a simple model, using the current maximum ground-level O₃ concentration and no effect of cloud cover provided a reasonable prediction of the vertical profile of O₃, based on data analyzed from O₃ sites located in North Carolina and Tennessee. The simple model provided an approach that estimates the concentration of O₃ as a function of elevation (up to 1800 m) based on the statistical results with a ±13.5 ppb prediction error, an R² of 0.56, and an index of agreement, d ₁, of 0.66. The inclusion of cloud cover resulted in a slight improvement in the model over the simple regression model. The developed models, which consist of two matrices of 24 equations (one for each hour of day for clear to partly cloudy conditions and one for cloudy conditions), can be used to estimate the vertical O₃ profile based on the inputs of the current day’s 1-hr maximum ground-level O₃ concentration and the level of cloud cover.     

Long-Term Field Characterization of Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance and Modified Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance Samplers in Urban and Rural New York State Locations

Abstract

Long-term field comparisons of continuous and integrated filter measurements of mass concentrations of par-ticulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) were performed at rural and urban sites in New York State. Two versions of the continuous tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) mass monitor are deployed at each site, in addition to Federal Reference Method filter samplers. Data are grouped into monthly averages to retain and demonstrate seasonal differences. Strong seasonal dependence is observed—the TEOM monitors with the heated sensors are biased systematically low with respect to the Federal Reference Method measurements during the cold season. For the rural site, the average bias for the sample equilibration system (SES)-equipped and standard TEOM monitors is 14 and 24%, respectively. At this location, the TEOM monitor measurements were biased low for all 34 months. For the urban site, the average bias for the SES and standard TEOM monitors is 8 and 18%, respectively. At this location, the TEOM monitor measurements are as likely to be biased high as low during the warm-season months. The hour averaged data from the two versions of the TEOM monitor are also compared, and also indicate that the SES-equipped version of the TEOM monitor captures 7-11% more PM_2.5 mass at these locations.     

Surface ozone exposures measured at clean locations around the world

For assessing the effects of air pollution on vegetation, some researchers have used control chambers as the basis of comparison between crops and trees grown in contemporary polluted rural locations and those grown in a clean environment. There has been some concern whether the arbitrary ozone level of 0.025 ppm and below, often used in charcoal-filtration chambers to simulate the natural background concentration of ozone, is appropriate. Because of the many complex and man-made factors that influence ozone levels, it is difficult to determine natural background. To identify a range of ozone exposures that occur at 'clean' sites, we have calculated ozone exposures observed at a number of 'clean' monitoring sites located in the United States and Canada. We do not claim that these sites are totally free from human influence, but rather than the ozone concentrations observed at these 'clean' sites may be appropriate for use by vegetation researchers in control chambers as pragmatic and defensible surrogates for natural background. For comparison, we have also calculated ozone exposures observed at four 'clean' remote sites in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and at two remote sites (Whiteface Mountain, NY and Hohenpeissenberg, FRG) that are considered to be more polluted. Exposure indices relevant for describing the relationship between ozone and vegetation effects were applied. For studying the effects of ozone on vegetation, the higher concentrations are of interest. The sigmoidally-weighted index appeared to best separate those sites that experienced frequent high concentration exposures from those that experienced few high concentrations. Although there was a consistent seasonal pattern for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geophysical Monitoring for Climate Change (GMCC) sites indicating a winter/spring maximum, this was not the case for the other remote sites. Some sites in the continental United States and southern Canada experienced ozone exposures in the range between those values experienced at the South Pole and Mauna Loa NOAA GMCC sites. The 7-month average of the daily 7 h average ozone concentration at 'clean' sites located in the continental United States and southern Canada ranged from 0.028 to 0.050 ppm. Our analysis indicates that seasonal 7 h average values of 0.025 ppm and below, used by some vegetation researchers as a reference point, may be too low and that estimates of crop losses and tree damage in many locations may have been too high. Our analysis indicates that a more appropriate reference point in North America might be between 0.030 and 0.045 ppm. We have observed that the subtle effects of changing distribution patterns of hourly average ozone concentrations may be obscured with the use of exposure indices such as the monthly average. Future assessments of the effects associated with ground-level ozone should involve the use of exposure indices sensitive to changes in the distribution patterns of hourly average ozone concentrations.     

Ozone assessment in the southern part of the Alps

In this paper ozone measurements carried out at six alpine and prealpine sites, located in the Italian region of Central Alps are shown. The stations are placed at altitudes between 800 and 1900 m a.s.l., far away from local sources of pollution. Ozone concentrations appear to be quite uniform, with summer mean values varying from 40 to 47 ppb and winter ones from 19 to 35 ppb. The number of hours exceeding the 75 and 100 ppb WHO thresholds and the AOT40 (Average Over Threshold 40 ppb of ozone) are evaluated for the growing season. The temporal variability of weekly ozone cycle at alpine stations provides useful informations to assess an emission control strategy.     

江苏省农村地表水环境现状及治理对策

简要分析了江苏省农村地表水环境现状及其成因，对目前的处理对策作了介绍，并指出今后治理的发展方向。