俄国生态洁净型地热电站提高地热载体处理系统运行可靠性技术

介绍俄罗斯堪察加电力公司（OAO“Kaмчатскзнерго”）根据汽、水两相流体流动特性研制“调整型节流”门的工作原理结构，试验台及试验研究结果。“节流”门在地热电站汽、水分离器上应用，排水稳定，消除了改前使用的自动调节装置，机械移动元件被地热介质产生的盐渍垢卡住失灵弊端，提高了处理地热载体设备及其系统运行的稳定和可靠性。     

俄国现代地热电站的建设特点：环境洁净的地热发电系统

介绍俄国首座“标准组件”（集装箱）式现代地热电站建设特点;堪察 加半岛（Ｋａｍｃｈａｔｋａ上穆特诺夫斯基（Ｍｕｔａｏｖｓｋｙ）地热电站的建造和投运。     

低温供热堆选址阶段的环境影响评价与分析

根据低温供热堆选址阶段环境影响评价的要求,结合工程具体设计方案,对低温供热堆在正常运行和事故工况下可能造成的环境影响进行分析、预测与评价,以作为审管当局决策的重要依据。低温供热堆在正常运行状态时,放射性气载流出物在大气中迁移和扩散及对公众的辐射剂量估算采用的是IAEA安全系列19号报告中给出的筛选模式(稀释模式);事故工况下保守考虑全堆熔事故作为选址假想事故,采用USNRC RG1.4中给出的最大可信事故(30d)的大气扩散因子计算方法,估算假想事故各时段的大气扩散因子。正常运行工况下,在半径1km的环形区域内烟囱排放和蒸发池排放叠加的最大个人有效剂量为7.84×10^-6 Sv/a,小于本工程对公众的剂量约束值0.03mSv/a;事故工况下,两厂址所致公众个人(成人)在整个事故持续时间内厂址边界处(150m)最大个人有效剂量为5.66mSv,甲状腺当量剂量为7.43mSv,均小于《小型压水堆核动力厂安全审评原则(试行)》要求。低温供热堆在正常运行和事故工况下,对周围环境和公众的影响均满足参考的相关标准要求,是可以接受的。     

烧污泥也能供热

众所周知，供热企业一般都是以煤炭作为燃料从事城市热电联产、集中供热的，而在合肥却有这么一家供热企业与众不同，企业的大炉子不仅烧煤还烧污泥，为城市污水处理厂解决掉棘手的污泥难题，这究竟是怎么回事？     

新型固硫节煤剂在供热锅炉系统中的应用

长庆油田矿区服务事业部各生活小区锅炉90%的能源用于小区采暖供热,锅炉供热能耗大,效率低。为降低供热能耗,2012年1月对庆城基地锅炉系统中的SZL14--1.0/95/70型号锅炉使用固硫节煤剂的应用效果进行了现场试验对比。试验证明:通过添加新型固硫节煤剂能改善炉膛燃烧氛围、促进燃烧完全,降低炉渣含碳量,提高热效率7%,节煤率12%。同时,固硫效果明显,烟尘排放CO、SO2明显减少。     

湿式除尘器在供热生产中的应用

本文介绍了湿式除尘器的工作原理及在供热生产中的应用。     

俄国现代地热电站的建设特点

介绍俄国首座"标准组件"(集装箱)式现代地热电站建设特点;堪察加半岛(Kamchatka上穆特诺夫斯基(Muutaosky)地热电站的建造和投运。     

俄国现代地热电站的建设特点──环境洁净的地热发电系统

介绍俄国首座“标准组件”（集装箱）式现代地热电站建设特点;堪察加半岛（Ｋａｍｃｈａｔｋａ上穆特诺夫斯基（Ｍｕｔａｏｖｓｋｙ）地热电站的建造和投运。     

以节能促增效 以环保促发展——国电内蒙古东胜热电有限公司节能减排侧记

国电内蒙古东胜热电有限公司位于鄂尔多斯市东胜区,现有两台330MW空冷供热机组,担负着向蒙西电网发电、向东胜区供热的任务。公司始终以建设安全、经济、环保、高效的一流综合利用型发电企业为目标。公司先后投人2800万元进行了#1、#2炉四台吸风机和两台热网循环泵高压变频器改造、热网循环泵高压变频器改造,厂用电率降低了0.75%,年节约电费550万元;进行了#2锅炉低NOx燃烧器改造,锅炉     

云南旅游循环经济发展中的地热能利用技术——以邦腊掌旅游区为例

丰富的地热能资源、相对成熟的地热能利用技术为云南旅游循环经济的发展提供了得天独厚的条件。地热利用技术对降低旅游产业能耗、改善局部环境质量、推进旅游循环经济发展具有积极意义。旅游区(点)建设中应在能源系统、体验系统、制冷系统和其它系统中充分利用地热发电、制冷、温室、养殖、烘干及地源热泵技术。     

承德市隆化县茅荆坝地热资源的开发利用

承德市隆化县茅荆坝地热资源丰富，受断裂构造控制，属隐伏基岩裂隙、松散岩孔隙型热储，水温最高可达90℃，地温可达30～40℃，水量充足，水中含有多种医用保健化学成分，但在开发利用中存在着项目单一、利用率不高、资源浪费等问题。地热综合利用和地热梯级利用的开发利用模式，即多目的利用、按不同温度逐级利用，加强科学管理，采取限量打井，限制开采。     

唐山沿海地区地热资源开发利用及前景

唐山南部沿海地区地热资源十分丰富,近年来,地下热水的开发利用得到了初步的发展,但存在项目单一、利用率不高、资源浪费严重等问题。其开发利用应结合地区区位优势以及地热资源的特点,针对用途分层开采,梯级开发,综合利用,加强温泉旅游的拓展,合理、有序、科学地利用地下热水,更好地保护地热资源。     

WATER SUPPLY DILEMMAS OF GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE IMPERIAL VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA1

Abstract: There are four known geothermal resource areas in the Imperial Valley that have a combined potential of over 4,000 megawatts of electrical energy for 25 years. Water resources available to support geothermal enerfy development are imprted Colorado River water, agricultural waste waters, Salton Sea water, and groundwater. In addtion, geothermal power plants can produce their own cooling water from steam condensate. Nevertheless, the relatively high water requirements of geothermal facilities along with a series of real and potential constraints may cause water supply dilemmas involving both the acquistion and use of cooling water. Important constraints are institutional policies, water supply costs, technical problems, and impacts upon the Salton Sea. These constranits and related dilemmas are examined in light of relevanty information on the valley's water resources, geothermal resources and energy technologies, cooling water requrements, and water supply options.     

秦皇岛地热能梯级利用状况与前景分析

在对秦皇岛地热能资源现状和开发利用调查的基础上,对秦皇岛地区的地热资源分布特征进行了分类,通过对相应的地热资源利用现状进行调查,掌握了地热能利用的现状以及存在的种种问题和不足。为了更加合理高效地利用地热能资源,进行开发利用前景分析,制定了地热能综合梯级利用的规划建议。     

Grey relational analysis of an integrated cascade utilization system of geothermal water

With the drastic decrease in fossil resources and rapid deterioration of the global environment, the utilization of geothermal resources has been strongly advocated. The combination of heat, power, and cold utility generation is commonly used to increase the utilization efficiency of geothermal resources. In this study, an integrated cascade utilization system of waste geothermal water (ICUWGW) from a flash geothermal power plant in China is established to increase the utilization efficiency of geothermal water. The waste geothermal water leaving the power plant is proposed for further use in cascade for two-stage LiBr/H₂O absorption cooling, agricultural product drying, and residential bathing. Twelve candidate temperature schemes showing different inlet and outlet temperatures of every subsystem are proposed for the ICUWGW. Several criteria are selected for the evaluation and screening of the candidate schemes. Grey relational analysis incorporating analytic hierarchy process is conducted to screen the optimal temperature scheme for the ICUWGW to meet the comprehensive criteria of thermodynamics and economics. Results show that the optimal scheme features significant improvement in energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and equivalent electricity generation efficiency compared with those of the current geothermal power plant. The investment payback time of the additional subsystems for cooling, drying, and bathing is 1.85 years. Exergy analysis is also conducted to determine the further optimization potential of the optimal ICUWGW. Sensitivity analysis of electricity price on the performance of the optimal ICUWGW is also performed.     

秦皇岛地区地热资源开发利用中出现的问题与对策

秦皇岛地区地热资源丰富,地下热水被广泛开发利用。地下热水开发利用过程中出现的环境问题,表现在高矿化热水上涌引起的土壤盐碱化和局部地区水温逐年下降。为解决这些环境问题,必须加强管理,制订合理的地下水开采方案;改进落后的成井工艺,由专业队伍施工水井,采取必要措施切断冷热水的水力联系;在高矿化热水井附近打回灌井,阻止土壤盐碱化。     

我国地热资源的开发战略

总结了我国地热资源的利用和管理状况,提出了"政策统一、市场运作、合理利用、可持续发展"的地热资源开发战略,并对战略内容进行了具体阐述.     

秦皇岛地区地热资源开发利用方向

在研究大量地热地质资料的基础上,发现秦皇岛地区存在以断裂构造活动为主要特征的地下热水,区内地下热水的赋存受区域构造、断裂活动、盖层等因素的影响。根据地热资源分布及热储特征,提出秦皇岛地区地热资源开发利用可优先考虑的方向:抚宁县温泉堡、北戴河机场、卢龙县刘田各庄乡赵官庄、黄金海岸及北戴河新城七里海团组。     

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TRANSITION

At a time when future sources of energy are under close scrutiny, both in terms of availability and suitability, geothermal energy ranks among the candidates for inclusion in any appraisal of alternative forms of supply. The use of geothermal energy for the production of electricity and for supplying domestic and industrial heat is a comparatively recent phenomenon, and its application remains closely constrained by favourable geological conditions. Yet exploration in several countries shows that geothermal energy may emerge as an important adjunct to total energy supply in many localities. McNitt outlines some of the economic and technological parameters of this energy source. Small scale geothermal power stations are more economic and less capital intensive than conventional plants, which make them of particular interest for developing countries with small electricity systems and competing demands on limited capital resources. The principal capital expenditures in the development of geothermal sources include exploration, steam production, installation of generating plant and the cost of effluent disposal. The wider use of low grade geothermal heat is also examined, in addition to the environmental problems occurring to the development of geothermal energy. The scope for technical co-operation in the development of geothermal energy is substantial, and it is likely that this source of energy will undergo more intensive development on the local scale in the future.