HPLC-高分辨飞行时间质谱测定水中多种微囊藻毒素

水样经HLB小柱富集、净化后，采用高效液相色谱-四极杆-高分辨飞行时间质谱同时测定水样中MC-LA、MC-LF、〖JP3〗MC-LR、MC-LW、MC-LY、MC-RR、MC-YR、MC-WR等8种微囊藻毒素。试验表明，8种微囊藻毒素在0500 μg/L～〖JP〗100 μg/L范围内线性良好，方法检出限为0001 μg/L～0005 μg/L，自来水空白样品3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为725%～998%，5次测定结果的RSD为19%～112%。将该方法用于测定珠海本地水产养殖鱼塘和小型水库的水样，结果均未检出     

液相色谱法测定环境空气中酞酸酯类

制作了半挥发性有机物中流量采样装置,使用超细玻璃纤维滤膜采样,反相液相色谱法测定环境空气中酞酸酯类,并对样品净化方式、目标化合物在气相和颗粒物上的分布规律及采样器的捕集效率进行了试验.方法在0.50 mg/L～50.0 mg/L之间线性关系良好,当浓缩体积为1.0 mL、采样体积为144 m3时,目标化合物的检出限为0.4×10-3 μg/m3～6.0×10-3 μg/m3;当采样体积为6 m3时,检出限为0.008 μg/m3～0.145 μg/m3.     

固相萃取-LC-MS/MS测定土壤中多溴联苯醚

采用快速溶剂萃取-固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）测定土壤中8种多溴联苯醚类（PBDEs）化合物,通过优化试验条件,使方法在100 μg/L～1 000 μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为085 μg/kg～125 μg/kg。不同土壤样品的8种多溴联苯醚回收率为68.6%～127%,4次测定结果的RSD为4.8%～27.6%。将该方法用于测定电子废物拆解点周边的土壤样品,结果BDE-209测定值为未检出～168 μg/kg,BDE-183为未检出～560 μg/kg,其余6种BDEs均为未检出。     

NBS氧化流动注射化学发光法在土壤腐殖酸含量测定中的应用

在碱性条件下,NBS直接氧化腐殖酸产生强烈的化学发光信号,结合流动注射技术,建立了测定土壤腐殖酸含量的流动注射化学发光分析法并详细研究了影响化学发光信号强度的各种因素。方法的测定线性范围为1.0×10-7-1.0×10-3g/ml,检出限(3σ)为3×10-8g/ml。对5.0×10-5g/ml的腐殖酸进行11次平行测定,相对标准偏差为1.8%。将该法用于实际土壤样品分析,结果令人满意。     

UPLC-QTOF-MS法测定水中多种全氟有机酸

采用固相萃取处理水样,超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法（UPLC-QTOF-MS）测定水样中14种全氟有机酸。通过优化试验条件,使方法在100 μg/L～100 μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为087 μg/L～480 μg/L。空白水样的加标回收率为808%～113%,测定结果的RSD≤37%。将该方法用于测定厦门市某大学周边水样,结果14种全氟有机酸均为未检出。     

示波极谱法测定大气总悬浮微粒中微量锌

在乙二胺 (en)介质中 (p H1 1 .5～ 1 2 .3 ) ,Zn(en) 2 +3在单扫描示波极谱仪上于 -1 .42 V(vs.SCE)处产生一灵敏的络合物吸附波 ,锌含量在 0 .0 0 6～ 0 .3 5 μg/ml范围内 ,浓度与峰电流呈线性关系。检测限为 0 .0 0 3 μg/ml。加标回收率为92 %～ 1 0 3 % ,相对标准偏差小于 4.1 %。该方法准确、简便、选择性好 ,可用于 TSP中微量锌的测定。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定水中氯苯类化合物

采用毛细管气相色谱法同时分离测定水中11种氯苯类化合物.用DB-23毛细管柱分离,电子捕获检测器检测,方法线性关系良好,水中氯苯类的最低检出限分别为:二氯苯0.74 μg/L～0.89 μg/L,三氯苯0.17 μg/L～0.21 μg/L,四氯苯0.07 μg/L～0.11 μg/L,五氯苯0.04 μg/L、六氯苯0.02 μg/L,加标回收率在83.5%～101%之间,RSD在1.4%～5.2%之间.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

原子荧光光谱法同时测定环境水体中痕量锡和锌

采用原子荧光光谱法同时测定环境水样中痕量锡和锌,优化了试验条件。锡在1.00μg/L～10.0μg/L、锌在20.0μg/L～200μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限锡为0.13μg/L,锌为1.76μg/L,锡和锌标准溶液测定的相对标准偏差分别为2.9%和4.0%,环境水样加标回收率锡为96.4%～106%,锌为92.0%～111%。     

悬浮液直接进样石墨炉原子吸收法测定湖泊底泥中的铅

试验了悬浮液直接进样平台石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定湖泊底泥中的铅。方法特征灵敏度为2 1× 10 -11g/ 0 0 0 44 (A·s) ,检测限 (3σ)为 2 5× 10 -11g ,相对标准差 (n =6 )小于 4% ,加标回收率在 90 %～ 110 %之间     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.