不同坡度对正庚烷流淌火燃烧特性的影响

针对液体燃油储运过程中泄漏引发的火灾爆炸事故,设计并搭建流淌槽坡度可调式液体燃油流淌火燃烧试验平台,开展连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火试验。选择水平表面(0°)流淌试验作为基准,改变流淌槽的坡度(0.5°,1°和3°),研究分析不同泄漏速率下连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火的燃烧面积、燃烧速率等燃烧特征参数的变化规律。结果表明:1)连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火燃烧特征参数均随泄漏速率增加而明显增加;2)坡度对连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火燃烧特性影响显著,即使流淌槽坡度增加0.5°,其燃烧特性即发生明显改变;3)连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火的平均稳定燃烧速率随流淌槽坡度的增加反而减小。     

航空煤油流淌火蔓延特性试验研究

为保证航空燃油储运安全和机场消防安全,设计并搭建航空燃油流淌火试验平台,以航空煤油(JP4)为试验燃料,根据蠕动泵转速选取4种不同泄漏速率,开展航空煤油流淌火试验研究。试验中记录航空煤油流淌火的火焰前沿位置、燃烧面积、蔓延速率等典型特征参数,并对试验过程进行录像,分析典型特征参数的变化。结果显示,航空煤油流淌火的稳定线燃烧速率为3.71×10-5m/s,初始蔓延速率随泄漏速率的增加率约5.5 mm/s。航空煤油流淌火的典型特征参数均与泄漏速率正相关。     

大型原油储罐泄漏隔堤池火灾后果研究

为了研究储罐大孔泄漏后可能产生的隔堤局部面状液池火灾,以10万立方大型原油储罐为例,采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT和火灾模拟软件FDS计算储罐在真实泄漏场景下的液池区域,模拟发生隔堤池火的分布特征及对临罐热辐射影响。研究结果表明:储罐原油泄漏后将在隔堤内形成相对稳定面积的液池,在储罐不同方位处泄漏形成的液池面积与储罐壁距雨水收集槽长度相关;储罐正下方的隔堤池火对储罐造成的热辐射极大;风对临罐受到的池火热辐射强度影响明显,指向罐组中心方向的来风对临罐热辐射强度影响较大。     

基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法研究

为了评价油品储运过程中的流淌火灾风险,提出1种基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法。以某汽油管道为例,分析大孔泄漏、中孔泄漏、小孔泄漏３种模式下流淌火各参数的动态变化过程,计算管道周边不同位置处的个人风险值。研究结果表明:流淌火燃烧面积的最大值随泄漏速率的增加而增大,对于给定的算例条件,大孔泄漏情景下的最大燃烧半径较小孔泄漏增大了18.4倍;相较小孔泄漏,大孔泄漏下安全距离增大了6.7倍;在距离泄漏点100 m的位置,小孔泄漏、中孔泄漏和大孔泄漏条件下的辐射热流密度值分别为0.13,1.34,8.02 kW/m2;距离泄漏点34 m处时,大孔泄漏已经占总个人风险的99%;在开展风险评价时,应着重分析大孔泄漏的情景。     

乙二醇流淌火燃烧特性及围堵性能研究

为研究乙二醇流淌火燃烧蔓延特性,利用自行设计的流淌火试验平台,开展了乙二醇流淌火实体试验,研究了试验过程中火焰温度、前锋移动、火焰高度等典型参数变化规律。同时,为实现流淌火的有效蔓延控制,开发酚醛泡沫材料模拟乙二醇流淌火围堵处置,评价其围堵效能。结果表明:乙二醇流淌火燃烧速度缓慢,火焰温度低于池火温度;酚醛泡沫材料对可燃液体流淌火展现出较好耐火、阻隔作用,对液体危化品的泄漏围堵具有积极实践意义。     

基于CFD的大型储油罐区池火灾数值模拟*

为研究大型储油罐区池火灾温度、热辐射强度、流速、组分等燃烧特性参数在油罐外不同区域的变化规律，以10万m3原油储罐区为研究对象，构建罐区池火灾燃烧数学模型，运用计算流体动力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics，CFD）技术进行数值模拟研究。结果表明:整个火场温度大致呈锥形分布，火焰温度最高可达1 500 K，纵向来看，底部温度较高，上部温度逐渐降低，径向来看，中心温度较高，周围温度逐渐降低；随着距罐壁以及距罐顶距离的不断增加，热辐射强度均呈现逐渐降低的趋势，最高热辐射强度为132 kW/m2；罐顶上方区域存在火焰卷吸现象，中心位置流速最大，最高可达56 m/s，罐底区域存在火焰贴壁现象；得到燃烧产物（CO和CO2）的体积分数分布，以CO体积分数为0.001作为判断依据，推断出火焰高度为120 m。研究结果可为今后此类火灾事故的防治提供理论支撑。     

甲苯池火灾热辐射数值模拟

文中用CFD技术对甲苯池火灾进行数值模拟,首先对甲苯火焰进行数值计算,得到在稳定的横向风条件下,甲苯燃烧的峰温、产物组分、瞬时速度等火焰特征参数以及其空间分布情况：火焰温度的最高点在对称面y=0上,最高温度为1778K,火焰倾斜角度为26°（与竖直方向夹角）,火焰高为22.5m。然后应用CFD软件F luent对池火灾进行热辐射模拟,模拟结果表明：对于锰钢材料、内径为20m甲苯储罐,稳态有风池火灾情况下,相邻两储罐之间安全距离在上风向为59m,下风向为72m。由于描述燃烧过程和湍流情况的数学物理模型还不太完善、对大气状况的简化等原因,结果偏保守,文中对此进行了分析讨论。此项研究为CFD技术研究碳氢化合物火灾的一个尝试。     

变坡度条件下正丁醇定常流淌火非稳态燃烧行为研究*

为探究流淌火在变坡度地面的蔓延特性，丰富火灾研究理论，推进流淌火预防和风险评估的发展，采用1套自制矩形小尺度油槽系统，研究正丁醇变坡度、变泄漏速率情况下溢油定常流淌火的蔓延特性。结果表明:当泄漏速率相同时，坡度越大，正丁醇的加速过程越明显，当坡度从1°上升到4°，正丁醇扩散速率增大了40.8%；不同坡度下，正丁醇的平均火焰高度随泄漏速率的变化均呈现“上升-下降-稳定”趋势；流淌火蔓延过程中脉动方式分为2种:“跳跃-爬行”和“跳跃-爬行-回缩”；当泄漏速率较小时，流淌火蔓延过程中的脉动频率随油槽坡度的增大而增大，当泄漏速率较大时，脉动频率不再随油槽坡度的改变而发生明显趋势变化。     

基于锥形量热仪的计算机显示器燃烧特性分析

利用锥形量热仪对计算机显示器材料进行小尺寸燃烧性能试验研究,通过改变锥形量热仪的热辐射强度模拟中、小规模火灾。分析火灾中显示器样品的热释放速率(HRR)、质量损失速率、CO产生率和比消光系数。试验发现当热辐射强度为35 kW/m2时,计算机显示器的热释放速率比其在热辐射强度为75 kW/m2时多一个加速增长阶段,主要原因是在此热辐射强度下,材料热解速度缓慢,表面炭层厚度逐渐增厚,热量积聚后,材料热解速度增大,热释放速率加速达到第二个峰值;显示器材料在2种热辐射强度下的质量损失速率分3个阶段,炭层的包覆作用对其质量燃烧速率影响较小;显示器材料在燃烧过程中CO产生率、比消光系数和质量燃烧速率成线性递增关系。试验结果可反映显示器在真实火灾中的燃烧特性。     

高原与平原地区油池火燃烧特性对比试验研究

为研究高原环境液体燃烧时火焰特性参数与平原地区的差异,在拉萨和合肥进行了汽油油池火燃烧试验.结果表明,在燃料类型和油盘尺寸相同的条件下,两地汽油和柴油的质量燃烧速率之比等于大气压力之比,且高原地区的汽油火火焰比平原地区细长. 随着高度的增加,高原地区羽流中心温升的下降幅度减小,且幅度小于平原地区. 相同燃烧速率下,高原地区小尺寸油盘的油池火高度和中心温度大于平原地区,McCaffrey羽流温升公式不适用于计算低压环境下小功率火源.研究表明,由于氧气含量和压力的不同,高原地区燃料的燃烧特性与平原呈现不一样的规律.进一步研究环境压力对燃料燃烧特性的影响规律,可为研究高原火灾发展规律及火灾防治技术提供理论指导.     

The study of burning behaviors and quantitative risk assessment for 0# diesel oil pool fires

The liquid fuel safety issues on fuel storage, transportation and processing have gained most attention because of the high fire risk. In this paper, some 0# diesel pool fire experiments with different diameters (0.2–1 m) were conducted with initial fuel thicknesses of 2 cm and 4 cm, respectively, to obtain liquid fuel combustion characteristics. Some key parameters including mass burning rate, flame height and the flame radiative heat flux, associated with fire risk, were investigated and determined. Subsequently, a detail quantitative risk assessment framework for 0# diesel pool fire is proposed based on the 0# diesel burning characteristics. In the framework, the probability of personal dead and the facility failure are calculated by the vulnerability models, respectively. In the end, 10 special tank fire scenarios were selected to show the whole risk calculation process. The tank diameter and the distance to pool fires were paid more attention in the cases. The safety distances in the cases are provided for the persons and nearby facilities, respectively. The paper enriches the basic experimental data and the provided framework is useful to the management of 0# diesel tank areas.     

基于FLACS CFD的不同气油比油气混输管道泄漏火灾后果对比

不同气油比的油气混输管道泄漏后果危害形式和风险差异的准确判断对于管道泄漏应急处置至关重要。以中国西部某油田集输管道为研究对象,针对不同气油比管道泄漏的火灾危害进行了对比分析,构建了FLACS CFD模型,并研究了油气混输管道原油泄漏形成池火的火灾特征和影响范围,以及天然气泄漏形成喷射火的高温分布和影响规律。研究结果表明:应急处置应考虑不同气油比下池火与喷射火危害的差异。在油气混输管线泄漏10 min形成稳定火焰的场景中,气油比低于100 m3/t时,原油池火为火灾危险的主要影响因素;气油比高于200 m3/t时,天然气喷射火为主要影响因素;气油比超过250 m3/t,高温覆盖距离不再明显增加;40 m为此场景下混输油气泄漏喷射火致死距离上限,120 m为温度影响上限。     

An experimental and modeling study of continuous liquid fuel spill fires on water

The spread of burning fuel spilled from oil product containers during offshore storage and transportation may cause large damage and trigger further accidents. Some analytical models already exist to predict the spread and burning behavior of liquid fuel spill fires, however, few experimental studies have been conducted to verify the model results. In this paper, continuous n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted in a rectangular trench covered with water. The burning area, fuel spread rate, and thermal flux with different discharge flow rates and ignition delay times were investigated by both experimental and modeling means. The spill fire burning area, with 5 typical phases during burning, has a quasi-steady value which is directly proportional to the discharge rate but irrelevant to the ignition delay times. The steady burning rate, as the ratio of discharge rate over burning area, was estimated. A spread model was modified to simulate the spread of continuous liquid fuel spill fires in a one-dimensional channel, based on the balance between gravity and viscous forces. A cuboid solid flame model was used to compute the thermal flux from spill fires. The burning fuel spread and the heat flux calculated by the models agree with the experimental results.     

An experimental study on the burning rate of a continuously released n-heptane spill fire on an open water surface

Spill fires are common during oil product storage and transportation after a loss of containment. Since the burning fuel is moving and the fuel depth is quite shallow, the burning rate in a spill fire is different from that of a pool fire with a static burning zone. Unlike pool fires, which have been studied for decades and have well-established correlations for burning rate, research on spill fires is inadequate. In this paper, continuously released n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted on open water surfaces with varying fuel discharge rates. The pool diameters were measured, and the spill fire burning rates were estimated based on a dynamic balance between fuel supply and combustion. The burning rates in n-heptane pool fires from the literature were reviewed and compared with the estimated burning rates in spill fires of the same dimension. The spill fire burning rate was found to be close to that in a pool fire during the initial burning phase but lower than that in a bulk burning pool fire and that in a “fuel-level-controlled” pool fire. The distinction between the burning rates of spill fires and pool fires is explained by the heat balance analysis of the fuel layer. A model for the spill fire burning rate was proposed accordingly. The results calculated with the presented model are closer to the measured data than those calculated with pool fire models.     

水面LNG液池扩展模型的分析与对比研究

为了评价在开阔水面上的液化天然气（LNG）火灾和蒸气云爆炸灾害后果，分析了LNG水面扩展动态过程；对比分析了Fay模型、FERC模型和计算流体力学软件FLACS的计算结果，探讨了LNG液池面积随时间的动态变化过程，分析了泄漏量、泄漏速率等参数对LNG液池扩展半径的影响；根据液池扩展模型的计算结果，确定了LNG液池的最大面积，并以此分析了LNG流淌火灾的辐射危害。研究结果表明:对于相同的泄漏条件，3种方法模拟的泄漏LNG水面扩展动态过程相似，一般情况下，FLACS模型，FERC模型和Fay模型所计算的最大液池半径依次增大;由于FERC模型与FLACS软件的模拟结果接近且偏于保守，故此在一般的工程应用时，采用FERC模型即可方便快捷地获得较为准确的结果。     

LNG加气站槽车卸车直供过程泄漏后果分析*

为研究LNG加气站槽车直接供液过程泄漏后果严重程度,采用HAZOP辨识槽车供液和储罐供液典型泄漏场景,基于PHAST分析不同泄漏场景下LNG液池半径、蒸汽云扩散距离及积聚时长、爆炸超压和池火热辐射影响范围,定量评价槽车供液可能造成的事故后果扩大程度。结果表明:槽车供液泄漏事故的LNG液池最大半径、蒸汽云最大扩散距离、爆炸超压最大影响半径和池火热辐射最大半径,分别为储罐供液的5.7,1.7,2.3,7.9倍;槽车在无人值守条件下泄漏形成的LNG液池最大半径和蒸汽云积聚时长,分别为有人值守下的1.85,56倍;日供液量较大加气站不宜采用槽车直接为汽车供液模式,而应采用先卸车入罐、再储罐供液的模式;应落实槽车卸车轮班值守制度,并与周边社区建立有效的应急联动方案。