改良河岸带土壤对Cu2+吸附的环境影响机制

通过添加质量比1%的生物炭（空心莲子草制备）、生物炭负载两性黏土两种材料改良川东北地区嘉陵江、渠江和涪江沿岸土壤,探索环境因素对改良土壤吸附Cu2+的影响。结果表明：当各改良河岸土样pH值为5、离子强度为0.05 mol/L、温度40℃时对Cu2+的吸附量达到最高,最大吸附量（q m）为85.38 mmol/kg～257.54 mmol/kg;Cu2+的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程;土壤改良效果表现为涪江>渠江>嘉陵江;土样CEC和比表面积是影响Cu2+吸附能力的主要因素。     

两性磁化炭添加比例对河流沿岸土吸附Cu2+的影响

将两性(十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱)修饰磁化炭分别以质量分数0、1%和2%加入嘉陵江流域(川渝段)内苍溪(CX)、南部(NB)、嘉陵(JL)和合川(HC)沿岸土中,考察各混合土样对Cu^2+的等温吸附和热力学特征。结果表明:混合土样对Cu^2+的最大吸附量为58.36 mmol/kg~366.85 mmol/kg,添加等量两性磁化炭时各混合土样对Cu^2+吸附量表现为JL>NB>CX>HC的趋势,且添加比越高吸附能力越强。各混合土样对Cu^2+的吸附为自发、吸热和熵增的反应过程,对Cu^2+的吸附量与温度和pH值均呈正相关关系。当离子强度为0.1 mol/L时,各混合土样(除HC外)对Cu^2+的吸附量最大。     

落叶中DOM和NDOM对紫色土中Cu迁移的影响

以黄葛榕落叶中可溶性有机质(DOM)和不可溶性有机质(NDOM)为研究对象,分析用DOM、NDOM和DOM+NDOM改良碱性(Al-P)、中性(Ne-P)和酸性紫色土(Ac-P)后,土中Cu的形态变化。结果表明：随着老化时间的增加,各改良紫色土中离子交换态Cu含量均明显降低,碳酸盐结合态Cu含量基本保持不变,铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态Cu含量均逐渐增加。老化后,供试改良紫色土中Cu表现为有机结合态≈铁锰氧化物结合态＞碳酸盐结合态＞离子交换态的趋势,Cu迁移能力整体降低,降低幅度为44.22%~68.99%。     

入侵植物凋落物浸提液对紫色土吸附金霉素的影响

用3种入侵植物的地上(O)和地下(U)凋落物浸提液(Le)对紫色土进行修饰,采用批处理法研究各Le修饰土样对金霉素(CTC)的等温吸附特征,分析pH值、离子强度和温度对CTC吸附的影响。结果表明：各Le修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附等温线最适用于Freundlich模型描述;当pH值为2,离子强度为0.1 mol/L和试验温度40 ℃时,一年蓬(Conyzaannumus)Le修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附效果最佳,最大吸附量为1.68 mmol/kg~7.94 mmol/kg;当Le修饰比例为100%时,OLe和ULe修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附量均达到最大,且OLe修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附效果相比ULe更佳。     

两性修饰红薯渣对紫色土吸附Cu2+的影响

采用十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱对红薯渣（R）做两性修饰，修饰比例分别为0、100%和200%，将得到的3种两性修饰红薯渣（R、100BS-R和200BS-R）以1%质量分数加入紫色土（PS）中，制成PS（对照）、PSR、PS100BS-R和PS200BS-R 4种混合土样。用批量处理法探究各供试土样对Cu2+的吸附等温特征，并考察温度、pH值和离子浓度对Cu2+吸附的影响。结果表明：各混合土样对Cu2+的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型，最大吸附量为99.46 mmol/kg~136.53 mmol/kg，Cu2+吸附量呈现PS200BS-R>PS100BS-R>PSR>PS的趋势。温度和pH值升高均有利于Cu2+被吸附，当离子浓度为01 mol/L时吸附效果最佳。     

土壤阳离子交换量的分析结果研究

土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)是指土壤胶体所能吸附各种阳离子的总量。本文用乙酸铵交换法测定了南通狼山水厂、洪港水厂、云湖水厂采集的15个土样中CEC值,讨论了不同质地的土在分析步骤里的差异,并与同批次土样p H值和有机质值做了一定的比较。结果表明,南通三个水厂的土壤样品CEC值大多在2~10 cmol/kg范围内,保肥能力较弱,土壤CEC值与有机质含量、p H值均存在很好的线性相关性。同时探讨了测定CEC值时的注意事项。     

不同地域人发中重金属污染特征与来源解析

以某高校新生发样为研究样本,将生源地分为东北、西北、西南、华北、华南、华中、华东7个地域,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对发样中所含铬、铜、镍、铅、锌进行测定,通过非参数检验及偏相关性检验分析不同地区发样中重金属含量与性别、身体质量指数(BMI)的关系。结果显示,所采集发样中铬、铜、镍、铅、锌的含量变化范围依次为0.22~101.84、0.36~112.24、0.70~128.75、1.39~136.13、1.12~719.50μg/g;发样中重金属浓度的地区排序为东北>华东>华北>西北>华中>西南>华南。聚类分析和主成分分析结果显示,不同地区发样中重金属的来源有所差异:东北、西北、华北地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于燃煤、工业生产过程、机动车排放,方差贡献率分别为39.47%、25.78%、22.89%;华中、华东、西南、华南地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于工业生产过程、机动车排放、冶金化工过程,贡献率分别为47.76%、27.51%、18.24%。相关性检验显示,男性发样内铬、铜、镍、铅含量高于女性。其中,偏胖或偏瘦女性存在较高的铅暴露风险;40.2%的男性发锌含量低于正常值下限,24.4%的女性发锌含量低于正常值下限,且偏瘦女性发内缺锌现象显著;男、女发铜含量高于正常值上限的比例分别为91.8%、85.6%,存在不同程度的铜暴露风险。     

南京市农用地土壤中重金属形态特征分析

以南京市农用地土壤为研究对象,采用顺序提取的方法对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd做化学形态分析,了解不同元素各形态下空间赋存的含量与占比。结果表明,在农用地土壤中,上述4种金属元素所赋存的化学形态活泼性顺序为CdPbCuZn,其中Cd主要为醋酸提取态,Pb主要为可还原态,各占总量的40%以上,具有较高的生物有效性和潜在危害性;Cu与Zn主要为残渣态,占总量的60%左右,生物可利用性较低。由因子分析法可知,土壤p H值越大,Zn与Cd就越趋于向稳定的化学形态转化,土壤有机质含量越高,对Cu与Pb的络合能力就越强,可以降低其环境危害性。     

南京市大气PM2.5中重金属分布特征及化学形态分析

于2017年1、4、7、10月在南京市主城区采集了大气PM2.5样品,用BCR法对PM_(2.5)中重金属进行连续提取,采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱法进行测定,分析重金属在颗粒物中不同形态和分布特征。结果表明,PM_(2.5)中9种重金属质量比排序为:Fe Zn Pb Mn Cu Cr As Ni Cd。Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Mn、As主要分布在弱酸提取态; Ni在弱酸提取态、可氧化态和残渣态中分布较均匀,占比26%～37%;而Fe、Cr主要以残渣态存在,分布比例分别为71%和54%。PM_(2.5)中Zn的生物有效性系数 0.8,属生物可利用性元素,表明其在环境中迁移能力最强,其余8种重金属生物有效性系数为0.2～0.8。     

黄河(喇嘛湾段)沉积物中铜、铅、锌、镉的化学形态研究

建立了黄河 (清水河段 )沉积物中铜、铅、锌、镉的化学形态分析方法 ,系统地研究了它们在其有效态中的聚集能力及在各种粒径沉积物中的分布     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.