评定环境工程中标方案的AHP模型及应用

建立了评定环境工程中标方案的层次分析模型（以下简称ＡＨＰ）。对定性因素按１￣９标度构造判断矩阵；对定量因素则采用一定的数学变换，将量化值转化为判断矩阵。ＡＨＰ方法已成功地应用于某废水治理工程项目的评标工作。     

基于层次分析法的屠宰废水处理技术性能评估

对废水处理技术性能的综合评估是提高废水处理效率的主要途径,同时也能提高处理技术的经济性。采用层次分析法(AHP)对屠宰废水的处理技术进行优选。利用实验室中试实测COD、TN和TP的去除率,并结合专家咨询法对判断矩阵进行赋值。以3套组合工艺作为方案层,综合效益作为目标层,经济效益、技术性能、管理效益作为准则层建立层次模型和判断矩阵。通过判断矩阵中各因素标度与权重,优选了屠宰废水最佳处理方案为上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)/序批式活性污泥法(SBR)组合工艺。AHP为屠宰废水处理技术产业化过程中的性能评估提供了科学依据。     

基于灰色层次分析法的渗滤液浓缩液回灌填埋体评价

为科学合理地选择渗滤液浓缩液回灌的最优填埋体,采用灰色层次分析法对回灌填埋体进行了综合评价。首先构建灰色层次分析法的层次结构模型及评价指标,并根据层次分析法计算各评价指标权重,然后基于灰色关联理论建立评价指标关联系数矩阵,最后根据各评价指标权重及其关联系数矩阵建立综合评价矩阵。采用建立的综合评价方法对垃圾年份分别为1 a、5 a和15 a的回灌填埋体进行了综合评价。结果表明,垃圾年份为15 a的回灌填埋体与理想方案的关联度最大,为最优的回灌填埋体,其次为5 a、1 a。     

基于群决策的层次分析法构建制浆造纸减排技术评价指标体系

采用层次分析法(AHP)构建了漂白硫酸盐木浆造纸工艺减排技术的评价指标体系,利用群决策的方式确定指标层中各子因素对于准则层的层次单排序,以此降低评价过程中专家评价的主观性.专家的权重由其判断矩阵与其他专家的判断矩阵的相似度和差异度确定,并通过加权几何平均法聚合成共识矩阵.评价指标体系由定量评价和定性评价两部分组成,选取...     

层次分析法在空气污染防治措施比选中的应用

运用层次分析法对城市污染防治方案进行比较，从中选择出环境、经济、社会效益最佳的方案，对层次分析法在环境污染防治规划、决策中的应用进行探讨。     

基于层次分析法的企业污水治理评价指标体系权重确定

确定评价指标的权重是进行工业园区企业污水治理绩效评价的重要前提。以太湖流域工业园区企业为对象,从环境保护效益、资源利用效益和循环利用效益等3个方面构建了12个指标的园区企业污水治理绩效评估指标体系,进而采用层次分析法确定了该评价体系各指标权重值。计算结果表明,建立的4个判断矩阵一致性比例(CR)均小于0.1,具有较好的一致性,层次单排序结果均满足一致性检验的要求;各指标的层次总排序顺序与工业园区企业污水的实际情况较为相符。因此,用层次分析法计算出的污水治理绩效评价指标的权重值比较准确、可信,可为下一步进行企业污水治理绩效评价提供技术支持。     

应用多属性决策分析法筛选污染场地土壤修复技术

通过层次分析法计算修复技术评价指标的权重,然后分别采用逼近理想解和灰色综合评价2种模型得到备选修复技术排序。基于该决策方法,开发了修复技术筛选决策支持系统,将该系统应用于某有机污染场地土壤修复技术的筛选。研究结果显示,结合层次分析方法的逼近理想解法和灰色评价均可实现对该场地的备选修复技术较好的排序,排序的结果一致且与场地实际应用情况相符:化学氧化土壤冲洗固化/稳定化。逼近理想解法实现简单,但对评分指标的要求比较严格,且需要借助模型的敏感性分析来加以验证,适合于备选修复技术评价结果先汇总后排序。灰色评价法引入了灰色理论用于处理数据的不确定性,适合于评价小组评价者各自评分然后在灰色评价模型中综合。将层次分析法与逼近理想解模型、灰色综合评价模型结合,应用于污染场地修复技术的筛选,既可以减少层次分析法的主观性,又可以削弱逼近理想解模型和灰色综合评价模型在应用过程中对权重的忽视。本研究为选择可行、经济、高效、环境友好的污染场地土壤修复技术提供方法依据和理论参考。     

层次分析法在城镇污水处理厂污泥处置方案选择中的应用

首先对污泥处置技术及其投资运行成本进行简要分析;然后建立城镇污水处理厂污泥处置评估技术指标体系;最后以天津市为例,采用层次分析法计算各评估技术指标的权重,对土地利用、填埋、焚烧及建材利用4种污泥处置方案进行了综合评价。结合天津市的实际情况,土地利用为最佳处置方案。     

天津市文明生态村生活垃圾处理方案优选

根据天津市文明生态村生活垃圾的特点和组成成分,以垃圾的分类收集和分类处理为前提,采用费用-效益分析法和层次分析法,对填埋、堆肥和焚烧处理方案分别进行费用-效益分析和经济、技术、环境、政策综合分析。结果表明,堆肥和焚烧的费用-效益分析得分为0.96和0.786,填埋不产生效益;堆肥、焚烧和填埋的层次分析法得分为7.74、4.28和5.45,堆肥方案的得分最高,其次为填埋,天津市文明生态村生活垃圾宜采用堆肥+填埋处理方案。     

基于GDM-AHP的模糊评价应用研究

层次分析法在定性定量研究中有着重要的作用,但是其主观性的缺点比较突出,判断者的权重对评价结果影响较大,因此在传统层次分析法的基础上,提出群组决策层次分析法（GDM-AHP）来进行有效改进。该方法根据决策者之间判断结果的相似度,进行聚类分析,来确定不同决策者的权重,再利用模糊综合评价法来进行最终决策,并以实例演算了整个过程。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.