黄孢原毛平革菌吸附铅离子机理的研究

通过电子显微镜观察和X-射线光电子能谱测定等分析手段研究了黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium)对Pb^2 生物吸附的机理。实验结果表明，该菌种对Pb^2 的吸附过程是一个以表面络合反应为主要机理的物理化学吸附过程，同时也存在着离子交换机理，但它并非主要机理。     

硫酸铁氧化物的表征及其对重金属吸附作用的研究

根据酸性矿山废水污染河流的特征，着重研究了硫酸铁溶液中和沉淀生成的无定形氧化铁颗粒的表面特性及其对重金属离子的吸附作用，并以硝酸铁溶液中和沉淀生成的无定形氧化铁颗粒作对比，同时应用表面络合反应关系求取了该颗粒的表面络合反应的基本特征参数，最后采用简化的表面络合模式计算了该氧化铁颗粒表面与重金属离子，如Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｃｄ＾２＋和Ｐｂ＾２＋结合的表面络合形成条件稳定常数。     

烟气单质汞氧化去除过程络合反应机理

湿法氧化去除烟气Hg⁰过程中产物Hg²⁺易发生络合反应,络合产物可能改变氧化体系形成新反应机制,这一现象尚未被认识研究.为获得Hg²⁺络合物生成及其对烟气脱汞影响机理,研究了配体阳离子、配体浓度、反应pH值、反应温度和摩尔比等对Hg²⁺络合反应的影响和氧化去除烟气Hg⁰的络合反应机理.结果表明MgCl₂、KCl、NiCl₂和BaCl₂配体均能与HgCl₂形成络合物,而CuCl₂和SnCl₄则不能生成络合物.络合物生成量随配体浓度的增加先升高然后趋于平衡;络合反应在酸性环境下发生且不受pH值变化影响;碱性环境下络合反应不能进行;反应温度基本不影响络合反应效应;增加配体浓度可提高络合物产量,不同配体络合效应不同,但最大吸光度基本相同,为（4.20±0.03）A.配体对络合反应有响应区间,低于区间下限值时不能形成络合物,高于上限制值时络合物产量不随配体浓度而变化.HgCl₂络合反应累积稳定常数β₄=10^15.07;[HgCl₄]^2-可螯合Hg（aq）和O₂（aq）使其与ClO^-和Hg₂Cl₂反应,形成氧化-络合氧化反应新机理.     

污染水体重金属形态分布的化学平衡模式

研究了湘江霞湾江段重金属污染区内镉、铅和铜的形态分布化学平衡模式,该模式体系包括12种金属和12种配体,涉及134个络合反应、42个沉淀反应和2个混合固体沉淀、5个氧化-还原反应、3种金属在颗粒物上的吸附反应。模拟研究了重金属沉淀的边界和区域,实验测定了该江段河水与重金属的络合容量和络合物的条件稳定常数作为有机配体的计算参数,考察了该江段悬浮沉积物对重金属吸附的表面络合常数作为吸附反应的输入参数。计算得到了该江段不同站位镉、铅和铜的形态分布,其结果与形态分析实测和水质分析结果基本一致。     

含铬废渣的综合利用途径研究

铬渣的综合治理对保护生态环境具有重要意义，本文从铬渣的污染方式和解毒机理出发，分析了铬渣的综合处理方法，并针对我国菱美矿资源丰富的特点，提出用铬渣与轻烧氧化镁合成有实用价值的高级镁质耐火材料，该工艺具有处理铬渣能力大，解毒效果好、工艺操作简单的特点。     

介孔钛硅分子筛的表面化学特征及除铅机制研究

以表面活性剂在水溶液中形成的液晶相为模板剂，考察了钛含量对制备介孔钛硅分子筛性质的影响；应用表面络合反应关系式计算了介孔钛硅分子筛表面络合反应的基本特征参数。研究了溶液ｐＨ值、温度等对Ｐｂ＾２＋离子在介孔钛硅分子筛表面吸附的影响；并就Ｐｂ＾２＋离子在介孔钛硅分子筛表面的吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附机理进行了探讨。     

新型铈钨钛复合氧化物催化还原脱硝机理

利用水热共沉淀法制备了铈钨钛复合氧化物催化剂,考察了H₂O₂络合修饰对其催化脱硝转化频率（TOF）的影响;并借助傅里叶原位红外光谱仪研究了H₂O₂络合修饰后铈钨钛复合氧化物的催化脱硝机理.结果表明：H₂O₂络合修饰可增强铈钨钛复合氧化物表面Brønsted酸位强度,提高其表面NH₃低温吸附和中低温NH₃-SCR脱硝性能,400℃时其NO_x催化脱除频率TOF高达0.658s^-1;NH₃和NO_x在H₂O₂络合修饰后铈钨钛复合氧化物表面存在竞争吸附,其表面催化脱硝反应主要为吸附态NH₃、NH₂和NH₄⁺与气态NO+O₂的反应,其低温NH₃-SCR反应机理遵循Eley-Rideal（E-R）机理.     

络合铜废水预处理技术探讨

采用H2O2／Fe^2 构成的氧化体系对络合废水进行破络后，再采用常规的物理化学处理方法进行处理，达到将络合重金属离子去除及降低CODcr的目的。实验分析了影响H202／Fe^2 氧化体系破络反应的各种因素：H202投加量、FeSO4投加量、pH值、氧化反应时间，最后总结出该反应的最佳条件：H2O2／CODcr＝2．0、FeSO4投加量10g／1、pH＝3、反应时间lh。实验中的络合铜废水是源于某线路板厂家电镀沉铜车间排放的含EDTA络合铜的废水。     

硝酸盐对铁屑修复铬污染地下水的影响研究

文章模拟地下水环境,研究不同铁屑投加量、初始pH、反应温度、反应时间对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率的影响,探讨铁屑去除单一铬和硝酸盐时的反应速率常数;不同铁屑投加量条件下,研究了硝酸盐和铬共存时对铁屑除铬的影响,并对其影响机理做简要分析。结果表明:单一铬存在时,铁屑的最佳投加量为15 g/L,最佳pH为3~4,温度对铁屑除铬效率的影响不大;铁屑对单一硝酸盐组分的去除率不理想;硝酸盐与铬共存时,铁屑除铬的最佳投加量为10 g/L,硝酸盐的共存可以显著提高铁屑的腐蚀速度,从而提高除铬效率。     

用铬天青S和非离子表面活性剂分光光度法测定天然水中的铝

表面活性剂存在时铬天青S与铝生成深色铬合物。反应的高灵敏度和对比度以及对干扰离子进行掩蔽的可能性,使得由于表面活性剂的作用而产生的改性铬天青S成为分光光度法测定痕量铝很有前途的试剂。通常含铝几至十几微克/升的天然水(大气水、冰水、河水等)有可能是采用改性铬天青S进行成功分析的对象。与其它元素相比,铝在水圈中的分布规律研究得还不够,主要原因是没有简便、灵敏、可靠测定铝的方法。作为分光光度法试剂的铬天青S的某些特性,选择作为表面活性剂的理由、铬天青S同表面活性剂相互作用的机理以及铝同铬天青S——表面活性剂形成三元铬合物的机理等在文献中已有叙述。本研究的目的是使采用铬天青S和表面活性剂测定微量铬的方法更加完善,并使该方法在水化学分析中得到实际应用。实验部分试剂和溶液     

新型生物吸附剂去除水中六价铬的研究

以Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｐ．Ｇｘ４－１发酵培养得到的细菌胞外聚合物作吸附剂，研究其对水中重金属Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）的吸附，吸附剂对Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）吸附的最佳ｐＨ初值为０．５～２．０。Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）的吸附分三个阶段：５ｍｉｎ达７５％的快速吸附阶段；１０～４０ｍｉｎ达表现一级反应动力学吸附阶段；５０ｍｉｎ以的趋于平衡，吸附过程符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ和Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温方程。     

Bio-immobilization and recovery of chromium using a denitrifying biofilm system: Identification of reaction zone, binding forms and end products

Chromium is an important resource in strategic metals. Different from most studies focusing on the bio-reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], this study aims to achieve the immobilization and recovery of chromium using a sequencing batch biofilm reactor. Results showed that Cr(VI) removal efficiency remained more than 99%, and 97% of reduced Cr(III) was immobilized in the biofilm. Immobilization zone, chromium forms and extracellular polymeric substances composition changes were combined to reveal the mechanism of Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization. The chromium distribution in biofilm demonstrated that intercellular layer was the main active zone with an immobilization amount of 891.70±126.32 mg/g-VSS. The reduced products analysis confirmed that trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] chelated with carboxyl, amino and other functional groups and immobilized in the form of organic Cr(III). The digestion method realized a chromium recovery efficiency of 74.59%. This study provides an alternative method for the bioremediation and resources recovery in chromium polluted wastewater.     

Cr(VI)对活性污泥硝化活性的抑制及在污泥中的分布特点

重金属铬(Cr(VI))是废水中常见的、困扰很多污水生物处理系统运行效果的污染物.本文通过静态试验和静态冲击试验,研究了Cr(VI)在活性污泥系统中的分布特点和对硝化效率、活性等的影响,并进行了模型分析.结果表明,活性污泥对Cr的吸附很快,但吸附量有限,Cr(VI)投加浓度为1、5、10和30 mg · L^-1的溶液中,Cr的12 h-吸附量分别为0.79、1.98、3.19和5.78 mg · g^-1.Cr(VI)投加到活性污泥混合液中后形态分为溶解态、可洗脱和不可洗脱态,可洗脱的Cr能够向不可洗脱态转变.Cr(VI)对活性污泥硝化活性的抑制程度随着Cr(VI)浓度的增大而提高.静态试验中,1、3、5、10和30 mg · L^-1 Cr(VI)对氨氮平均降解速率的抑制率分别为5.25%、9.80%、10.41%、17.54%和21.38%.Cr(VI)对微生物的抑制作用大小是:氨氧化菌 >亚硝酸盐氧化菌 >异养菌.模型分析发现,Cr(VI)对氨氧化菌和异养菌比耗氧速率的抑制符合Haldane动力学模型,属于非竞争性抑制.冲击试验表明Cr对硝化等的抑制主要是不可洗脱的Cr造成的,抑制效果的出现具有滞后性.     

周期换向电絮凝法用于处理含铬废水研究

以铁作为极板,采用周期换向电絮凝法处理含铬废水,考察了初始pH值,电流密度,处理时间,初始质量浓度及周期换向时间等因素的影响.结果表明,在初始pH值为8.0~9.0,电流密度为16.37A/m2,处理时间为3.0min,初始浓度为40mg/l时,总铬和六价铬的去除效果理想,去除率均在99.5%以上;10~15min的换向周期在一定程度上解决了极板钝化问题,可降低10%~20%的能耗.实验结果表明周期换向电絮凝法处理含铬废水效果好,且可降低能耗.     

Electrochemical reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of sodium alginate and its application in water purification

Chromium (Cr) is used in many manufacturing processes, and its release into natural waters is a major environmental problem today. Low concentrations of Cr(VI) are toxic to human health and living organisms due to the carcinogenic and mutagenic nature of this mineral. This work examined the conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) via electrochemical reduction using gold electrode in an acidic sodium alginate (SA) solution and subsequent removal of the produced Cr(III)-SA by the polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF) technique. A solution of SA in nitric acid was used both as an electrolytic medium during the voltammetric measurements and bulk electrolysis and as an extracting agent during the PEUF technique. The electroanalysis of Cr(VI) was performed by linear sweep voltammetry in the presence of acidic SA solution to study its voltammetric behavior as a function of the Cr(VI) concentration, pH, presence of Cr(III), SA concentration and scan rate. In addition, the quantitative reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was studied through the bulk electrolysis technique.The results showed efficient reduction with well-defined peaks at approximately 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl, using a gold working electrode. As the pH increased, the reduction signal strongly decreased until its disappearance. The optimum SA concentration was 10 mmol/L, and it was observed that the presence of Cr(III) did not interfere in the Cr(VI) electroanalysis. Through the quantitative reduction by bulk electrolysis in the presence of acidic SA solution, it was possible to reduce all Cr(VI) to Cr(III) followed by its removal via PEUF.     

还原法修复六价铬污染土壤的研究

摘要：铬渣中含有毒性较强的六价铬化合物,其严重污染环境。本文通过实验室模拟试验,研究了硫代硫酸钠、亚硫酸钠、抗坏血酸和硫酸亚铁等还原剂对铬渣污染土壤中六价铬的解毒效果。探讨了还原剂的浓度、pH和反应时间对六价铬还原效果的影响。结果表明：亚硫酸钠浓度为1mol／L、pH9．5和反应时间为15min时对六价铬的还原效果最佳。     

二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定饮用水中的铬(六价)

根据GB/T5750.6-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法金属指标》10.1中的二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法的规定,对二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定水中铬(六价)的实验条件进行了优化。优化后铬(六价)分析方法的相对标准偏差为3.12%,精密度和回收率满足国标的要求。     

腐植酸对nZVI去除水中Cr(VI)的抑制及抑制作用的消除

以纳米级零价铁(nZVI)为主要工具修复受污染水体中的Cr(VI),考察了腐植酸(HA)对nZVI去除水中Cr(VI)的抑制作用,并初步探讨了淀粉稳定化nZVI对HA抑制作用的消除.结果表明,随着HA初始浓度由0增加大5,10,15,20,30mg/L,反应10min nZVI对Cr(VI)的去除效率分别达到91.9%,82.6%,78.6%,70.4%,70.0 %和69.4 %.可见,HA对nZVI去除Cr(VI)的影响是双方面的,一方面,HA会吸附在nZVI的表面,占据nZVI表面的活性反应部位,导致反应速率的下降;另一方面,HA表面带有大量的活性基团, 有较大的负电性,会起到一定传递电子的作用,进一步促进反应的进行.由于nZVI的比表面积较大,HA的吸附作用占据主导地位, 导致HA的加入对nZVI去除Cr(VI)反应产生明显的抑制作用. 适量淀粉(0.5g/L)的加入确实能够起到阻碍nZVI颗粒团聚和HA在nZVI颗粒表面吸附的作用,从而维持nZVI较高的反应活性,消除HA对nZVI去除Cr(VI)的抑制作用.     

Simultaneous removal of chromium and arsenate from contaminated groundwater by ferrous sulfate: Batch uptake behavior

Chromium and/or arsenate removal by Fe(II) as a function of pH, Fe(II) dosage and initial Cr(VI)/As(V) ratio were examined in batch tests. The presence of arsenate reduced the removal e ciency of chromium by Fe(II), while the presence of chromate significantly increased the removal e ciency of arsenate by Fe(II) at pH 6–8. In the absence of arsenate, chromium removal by Fe(II) increased to a maximum with increasing pH from 4 to 7 and then decreased with a further increase in pH. The increment in Fe(II) dosage resulted in an improvement in chromium removal and the improvement was more remarkable under alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions. Chromium removal by Fe(II) was reduced to a larger extent under neutral and alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions due to the presence of 10 mol/L arsenate. The presence of 20 mol/L arsenate slightly improved chromium removal by Fe(II) at pH 3.9–5.8, but had detrimental e ects at pH 6.7–9.8. Arsenate removal was improved significantly at pH 4–9 due to the presence of 10 mol/L chromate at Fe(II) dosages of 20–60 mol/L. Elevating the chromate concentration from 10 to 20 mol/L resulted in a further improvement in arsenate removal at pH 4.0–4.6 when Fe(II) was dosed at 30–60 mol/L.     

Removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated waters by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling

Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the removal of hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ)) from aqueous solutions using ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling.The results show that the reduction rate of Cr(Ⅵ) by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling was significantly faster than that by ball milling or ultrasound treatment alone,and an initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration of 166 mg/L could be decreased to 0.35 mg/L at 120 min.The decisive factors, including initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ), p H value, ultrasonic frequency and filling gas, were studied. It was found that the optimal ultrasonic frequency for ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling device was 20 k Hz, and the rate of Cr(Ⅵ)reduction as a function of filling gas followed the order: Ar air N_2 O_2. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fluorescence measurements, atomic absorption and the diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method. The Cr(Ⅵ) transformed into a precipitate that could be removed from the contaminated water, after which the water could be reused.