Individual characteristics,work perceptions,and affective reactions influences on differentiated absence criteria

The present study provides support for the utility of studying absence as a multi-dimensional criterion. Survey responses were collected from 194 bus drivers and paired with categorized archival absences. Seven absence indices were created and linked with three categories of predictors: (1) affective reactions to the work environment; (2) work-related perceptions; and (3) individual resource characteristis. The relationships between the multiple absence criteria and the three sets of predictors were examined both separately and combined using part canonical, and canonical correlation analyses. Affective responses fully mediated the influence of work perceptions on absence, and partially mediated the influence of individual resource variables. Redundancy coefficients and a rotated structure matrix were employed to identify two significant dimensions labeled, nonwork obligations and stress reactions, that linked the combined predictor sets with the set of absence measures. Together these dimensions accounted for 15 per cent of the variance in absence, with predictors differing in their explanatory power. Implications for the management of employee absence programs were discussed.     

Changes in fall prevention training for apprentice carpenters based on a comprehensive needs assessment

Problem

Falls from heights in residential construction are common, especially among inexperienced workers.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive needs assessment to determine gaps in the school-based apprentice carpenters' fall prevention training. A team of carpenter instructors and researchers revised the fall prevention training to fill these gaps. Apprentice evaluation and feedback guided ongoing curricular improvements.

Results

Most apprentice carpenters performed work tasks at heights prior to training and fall protection techniques were not commonly used at residential construction sites. Priorities of the revised school-based training included safe ladder habits, truss setting, scaffold use, guarding floor openings, and using personal fall arrest systems. New apprentices were targeted to ensure training prior to exposure at the workplace. We used adult learning principles to emphasize hands-on experiences. A framed portion of a residential construction site was fabricated to practice fall protection behaviors in a realistic setting. The revised curriculum has been delivered consistently and apprentice feedback has been very favorable.

Conclusions

Integration of needs assessment results was invaluable in revising the school-based carpenters apprentice fall prevention curriculum. Working closely with the instructors to tailor learning experiences has provided preliminary positive results.

Impact on Industry

The fall safety of the residential construction industry continues to lag behind commercial construction and industrial settings. The National Occupational Research Agenda includes a Strategic Goal to strengthen and extend the reach of quality training and education in the construction industry via mechanisms such as construction safety and health training needs assessments. This study demonstrates how a structured process can be used to identify and remedy gaps and improve training effectiveness. We encourage others to take steps to assess and increase the impact of training efforts directed at all residential construction professionals; including both union and non-union workers. The implications are even greater in the non-union sector where most U.S. residential work is done.     

Dispositional and contextual determinants of organizational citizenship behavior

This study of 402 professional and administrative employees of a VA hospital addressed the question of whether certain dispositional factors (Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Equity Sensitivity) could account for the relationship between contextual work attitudes and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Findings indicate this not to be the case. Fairness/satisfaction had independent effects on OCB. Additionally, Conscientiousness predicted some forms of OCB. Neither Agreeableness nor Equity Sensitivity affected OCB. Implications are noted for further inquiry into OCB.     

个体生理状态及体表微气候监测系统研究

本文对能够反映人体健康状况的生理特征和人体舒适感的体表微气候的指标进行了分析,探讨了将传感器技术、信息传输和显示技术应用于个体防护服装进行健康与安全监护的路径与方法,设计了应用于人体生理状态和体表微气候监测的信息采集、传输、显示和记录系统,研制了可以用于防护服装的智能化生理指征和微气候监测系统,赋予个体防护服对着装者生理状况和着装微环境进行监测的功能。同时也对系统的结构与功能进行了分析和介绍,以便为个体防护服装的智能化监测提供借鉴与参考。     

人员特性对火灾安全疏散过程的影响分析

在建筑火灾人员疏散中,人员特性对疏散过程有重要影响。本文利用FDS＋Evac疏散模型对人员构成和疏散反应对人员疏散时间的影响进行了模拟计算。结果表明,忽略或简化人员构成会造成模拟计算结果与实际情况有偏差。疏散反应时间和人员数量都会对疏散时间产生影响,反应时间很长时,疏散时间与待疏散人员数量关系不大;而当反应时间较小时,人员数量成为影响疏散时间的一个主要因素,因此在对建筑物进行防火安全评估及性能化防火设计时,必须正确估计建筑物中的人员数量。     

Individual demographic differences and job satisfaction

Empirical research and theoretical literature support the notion that demographic differences among employees are associated with job satisfaction. However, the evidence is inconsistent, and little is known about the stability of many of the reported relationships. A meta-analysis was conducted involving 21 independent studies and over 10,000 employees to discern selected population relationships. Results indicated that, with the exception of age and organizational tenure, associations do not differ significantly from zero. Large amounts of variance around each mean correlation, however, warranted a moderator analysis. Results indicated that the strength and pattern of associations differ by organizational type. Theoretical propositions and implications for future research in the area of demographic moderators are discussed.     

Two experiences on education and training in dry-cleaners

The aim of the study was to evaluate which training method was more useful for employers of small enterprises concerning occupational health and safety.Therefore, we decided to involve the dry-cleaner employers' associations of our town in a project of educational meetings with the employers, before making repressive inspections.In 1989, 43 dry-cleaners were then inspected and the data obtained about occupational risks were discussed in these meetings, in order to explain to the employers meaning and necessity of adopting the correct preventive measures provided for by the law. A second inspection was carried out some months later, in 1990, to check the effectiveness of the meetings. In 19 out of 43 dry-cleaners (44%) the lack in risk prevention, discovered in 1989, was not, or only in part, eliminated. Therefore, we thought to act towards the remaining dry-cleaner employers in a different way: (a) on the basis of the previous inspections, we produced a handbook easy to understand and rich in information about occupational risks in dry-cleaning and how to avoid them; (b) in 1992 our educational staff executed training inspections in 67 other dry-cleaners, together with employers and workers. They distributed the handbooks and, at the same time, gave some practical example of solution for safety problems. In 1993, in 25 (randomly selected) out of the 67 dry-cleaners, a inspection was carried out to check on: adoption of correct environmental prevention measures, correct utilization of personal protective equipment, execution of correct medical surveillance. Law violations were proportionally much lower (e.g., omitted or inadequate forced air DRAWING = 36%) than those found in the first inspection of 1989 (e.g., omitted or inadequate forced air DRAWING = 86%).Although other causes could interfere, it is possible that this result is connected to the last training method, that is more time-consuming but awakens the employers of small enterprises to the risks for health and safety and to act accordingly.     

大型LNG储罐区个人风险及泄漏后果定量分析

总结分析了目前用于定量预测LNG储罐区个人风险和泄漏后果的主要计算模型,对LNG储罐区的个人风险及泄漏后果进行了定量评估。绘制了LNG储罐区的个人风险等值线以及泄漏可能造成的事故后果图,深入分析了LNG储罐的个人风险对周边用地规划的影响以及泄漏模式、灾害模式、多米诺效应的阈值距离对LNG储罐泄漏事故的影响。结果表明:LNG储罐区的个人风险等值线将LNG储罐区周围划分了两个区域——1×10-6/年的个人风险等值线区域和3×10-7/年的个人风险等值线区域;同一泄漏模式下发生不同的灾害模式所造成的影响范围不同,不同泄漏模式下同一灾害模式所造成的事故影响范围也不同;不同事故场景下多米诺效应的阈值距离不同。为大型LNG储罐区的选址及其周边的土地利用规划提供了参考,有利于LNG罐区的管理和事故预防。     

安全工程师人才培养模式的改革与实践

在国务院学位委员会与教育部把安全科学与工程学科上升为一级学科,国家大力开展"卓越工程师"人才培养,国家安全生产监督管理总局对安全技术的人才培养提升到了一个更高的高度背景下,对安全工程师的人才培养模式和实践教学体系以及教学方式、教学内容进行了改革和实践应用。系统设计了"安全工程师角色扮演"的培养模式,构建了以"设计制作为主线"的实践教学体系,并在安全工程专业中进行了实践,在提高学生的工程意识和实践创新能力、实现人才培养目标方面,取得一定成效。     

高腰作训鞋的开发研究

1前言 2001年，我军成功装备99低腰作训鞋，完善了作训鞋的伪装、防护、耐穿用等诸多功能，深受基层部队的欢迎。同时，这对部队现行装备的高腰解放鞋也提出了新要求。部队反映高腰解放鞋存在着不耐穿、易褪色、样式陈旧、防护功能少等弊端，很难满足我军驻边防海岛、山地丛林部队执勤和训练的战术要求。     

基于系统动力学个体安全经验研究

安全经验作为约束员工不安全行为的非正式手段越来越受到安全管理人员的重视,该文主要围绕员工个体安全经验,运用复杂系统知识,利用系统动力学Vensim软件,建立了员工个体安全经验系统的因果关系,通过设计4组方案对比分析了员工接受安全培训的次数和员工适应岗位的时间这两个因素对员工个体安全经验和企业总安全经验的影响效果及程度,得出在员工刚入厂时不宜变换其工作岗位,一定时期后应以加强安全培训为主来提高员工的个体安全经验。预测与分析员工个体安全经验发展趋势,有助于企业安全监管部门对员工个体安全经验的提升进行规划指导,制定有关政策以保证员工个体安全经验的增长,从而达到提高员工自身防御风险的能力。     

企业应急培训探讨

应急管理是对突发事件的全过程管理。推动应急管理工作有多种方式和途径,应急培训就是其中的一项。本文拟从介绍应急管理与应急培训、阐述应急培训重要性入手就如何开展应急培训从几个环节上提出了看法,简述了应急培训工作的方法和途径,最后通过事例说明应急培训在实际工作中发挥的重要作用。     

The measurement of job characteristics: A content and contextual analytic look at scale validity

This investigation provides an examination of the validity of the Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) and the Job Characteristics Inventory (JCI). The verbal content of the two measure is examined, as are the contrasts between the verbal content of these scales and the verbal content of three popular measures of job satisfaction. The Minnesota Contextual Content Analysis program is used to examine the ideas emphasized by these research scales. Both measures of job characteristics were found to discriminate from certain measures of job satisfaction, to emphasize an instrumental and not an affective context, and to possess some internal dimensionality problems.     

The impact of feedback and self-efficacy on performance in training

This field experiment examined the main and interactive effects of self-efficacy and feedback (i.e. the use of feedback versus no feedback) on performance in a speed reading class. Results showed that the provision of feedback was beneficial to the performance of all subjects, however as subject self-efficacy increased, the beneficial effects of feedback to the subject's performance also increased. Subjects who received feedback on their performance experienced significantly greater increases in self-efficacy than subjects who received no feedback. The more positive the performance feedback received, the greater the increase in individual self-efficacy. The implications of these results for training programs are discussed.     

Occupational and sex differences in leisure needs and leisure satisfaction

A stratified sample of 210 employees in Adelaide, Australia, were interviewed. Occupational and sex differences in eleven, need-related uses of leisure time and level of leisure satisfaction were examined. Occupational differences were small but lower status occupations were less likely to report autonomy and skill utilization needs. Females were more likely to report social oriented leisure needs. Occupations did not differ in leisure satisfaction and for the sample as a whole skill-utilization was the major predictor of satisfaction. The results were interpreted as supporting the segmentation model of work and leisure but also indicating a number of ways in which work and leisure are related.     

建筑事故应激生理反应基础实验研究

拟通过事故应激和生理指标测量来定量评估建筑个体的应急素质。通过实验测量个体应激前后生理指标的变化情况,创新提出个体事故应激反应计算公式,定量计算出个体应激反应大小,并探讨其和性别及有无专业知识背景的关系。结果发现,所有4个生理指标实验后与前相比均发生非常显著的变化(P0.01),其中心率、收缩压、舒张压均升高,鼻尖皮温降低。男性的应激反应程度显著小于女性(P0.05),有安全专业知识背景的个体应激反应非常显著地小于没有安全专业知识背景的(P0.01)。研究结果还可以用来对个体的应激反应水平进行区间划分,以进行有针对性的培训和合理的岗位匹配。     

安全技术管理专业课程建设与人才培养探索

该文从现代企业对安全技术管理人才需求入手,分析了安全技术管理专业应用型人才培养的必要性,提出了我院安全技术管理专业"应用型"人才培养模式的思路,详细阐述了安全技术管理应用型人才的培养目标、培养模式和培养途径。促进教材建设和师资队伍建设,有利于教学资源的优化配置,提高教学管理水平和教学实践效果。加强实训基地建设,进一步深化实践环节教学改革,培养适应21世纪社会经济与科技发展的新型高素质人才。可为我国高等安全专业人才的培养目标提供了参考,对现代企业在安全技术管理人才选择和实践方面提供一定的借鉴作用。     

安全生产培训机构培训管理者素质要求初探

加强安全培训、提高从业人员安全素质是国务院提出的安全生产12项治本之策之一。全国各级安全生产监督管理部门根据相关规定,认定了四个等级总共近4000家安全培训机构。根据安全生产培训机构和培训管理者的现状,基于现代培训理论、安全培训的实际情况和安全培训管理者职能定位分析,提出了安全培训管理者的六项素质要求。