抗真菌多肽——捷安肽素高产菌的选育

从新疆棉株上分离得到一株细菌ZK ,经培养物性状和生理生化鉴定 ,确定该菌为芽孢杆菌属 (Bacillussp.)菌 ,其代谢产物为一种抗病原真菌的肽类物质———捷安肽素 .以此株菌作为出发菌株 ,进行紫外线、微波和亚硝基胍诱变 ,诱变处理后获得高产突变株Mv2 8,在摇瓶试验中 ,该变异株产捷安肽素活性比出发菌株提高 31.6 % .图 5表 5参 12     

水源水生物预处理反应器微生物学特征

处理微污染水源水的生物陶粒反应器中，细菌的数量分布具有一定的区域化特征，上层生物陶粒的细菌数量较中、下层生物陶粒的细菌数量分别高１～２个数量级。从生物陶粒反应器中分离出７２株细菌，其中最多的是假单胞菌属，占４４．６％，其次为克雷伯氏菌属细菌，占２ｌ．６％。另外还分离到芽孢杆菌属、不动细菌属、黄单胞菌属和邻单胞菌金的细菌。除芽孢杆菌属外，其它各属细菌生反应器中的分布特征是上层多，下层少。     

硅酸盐细菌解钾兼拮抗活性菌株的筛选

从紫色土壤中分离筛选出具有解钾拮抗双重活性的硅酸盐细菌CS1和CS29菌株。接菌处理，其水溶性钾分别增加75％和65％，转化率达0．82％和0．72％。两株菌对革兰氏阳性的蜡样芽孢杆菌，金黄色葡萄球菌，藤黄八叠球菌等和革兰氏阴性的大肠杆菌均有较强的抑菌活性。筛选菌株中91．2％具有解钾活性，但拮抗活性菌株只占总数的11．6％，表明二性状之间无相关关系。表4参7     

碱性β—聚糖酶产生菌选育及产酶条件优化

从碱性土样中分离到数十株产碱性β－聚糖酶类的细菌经摇瓶反复筛选后,得到一株碱性β－聚产产量较高的耐碱细菌经初步鉴定,属短小芽孢杆菌,其纤维素酶作用的最适ＰＨ为７．６,最适θ为６０℃,木聚糖酶的作用最适ＰＨＪ为９．０,最适θ为５５℃,该菌的最适生长ＰＨ为８．０,最适产酶θ为２８－３２℃,木聚糖与山梨糖分别是木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的良好诱导物,以麸皮为碳源,产酶的最适浓度为５％,添加尿素和（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ     

3株高温蛋白酶产生菌的分离与鉴定

从云南温泉的污泥样品中分离到3株产蛋白酶的高温菌SB11、SB31和SC5,通过其形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列比对分析等,初步鉴定这3株菌都属于土芽孢杆菌属(Geobacillus),其最适生长温度为60℃,最适pH为6.三者的蛋白酶活力分别可达35.6、26.1和26.6UmL-1,最适酶反应温度都在70℃以上,其中菌株SB31的蛋白酶其最适酶反应温度高达80℃,远高于一般动植物来源的蛋白酶.图4表1参11     

一株产胞外多糖的山药内生细菌Lysinibacillus fusiformis S-1的分离和鉴定

微生物的胞外多糖是重要的生物资源,为获得新型的具有药用价值的胞外多糖产生菌,从山药、地瓜、马铃薯和胡萝卜的根茎组织中分离、筛选到11株能产胞外多糖的植物内生菌,利用苯酚–硫酸法对这11株菌的多糖产量进行了定量分析.对多糖产量最高的S-1菌株,检测其在发酵过程中菌体生长、胞外多糖生成以及发酵过程的pH变化,绘制其胞外多糖发酵代谢曲线.通过形态观察、培养特性观察、生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列分析对该菌株进行了鉴定.结果显示,S-1菌株在产糖培养基中可以产生1.50 g/L的胞外多糖,在11株菌中产量最高.16S rDNA序列分析显示该菌属于赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus),且与纺锤形赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(L.fusiformis)亲缘最近.综合其形态特征、培养特性和生理生化实验结果,将S-1菌株鉴定为纺锤形赖氨酸芽孢杆菌.该菌在胞外多糖产生菌中少有报道,为胞外多糖的进一步研究提供了菌种资源.     

碱性β-聚糖酶产生菌选育及产酶条件优化

从碱性土样中分离到数十株产碱性β聚糖酶类的细菌,经摇瓶反复筛选后,得到一株碱性β聚糖酶产量较高的耐碱性细菌．经初步鉴定,属短小芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｐｕｍｉｌｕｓ）．其纤维素酶作用的最适ｐＨ为７．６,最适θ为６０℃,木聚糖酶的作用最适ｐＨ为９．０,最适θ为５５℃．该菌的最适生长ｐＨ为８．０,最适产酶θ为２８～３２℃．木聚糖与山梨糖分别是木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的良好诱导物．以麸皮为碳源,产酶的最适浓度为５％．添加尿素和（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４为氮源可提高纤维素酶酶活２倍,木聚糖酶酶活１倍．发酵周期为６０ｈ,纤维素酶酶活最高可达１．２１ＩＵｍＬ－１,木聚糖酶酶活可达４３ＩＵｍＬ－１．     

云南,西藏热泉中主要微生物类群及其金成矿作用的研究

从地质微生物生态学的角度研究和阐述了云南和西藏热泉中主要微生物类群及其金成矿作用．发现了热泉中存在的嗜热好氧菌优势菌属为并孢杆菌（Racillus），放线菌中的优势菌属为链霉菌（Streptomyces），真菌中优势菌属为曲霉（Aspergillus），厌氧菌中优势菌为硫酸盐还原菌的脱硫肠状菌属（Desulfotomaculum）和核状芽孢杆菌属（Clostridium），对吸附聚金、沉淀金的功能菌进行的研究发现．嗜热细菌对溶解金有明显的吸附聚金作用，表明原溶液金大多富集于细胞体；并以芽孢杆菌属K12－1菌株等进行了吸附聚金条件试验．     

航天器AIT厂房环境中嗜极微生物的筛选与鉴定

航天器组装、集成与测试厂房(AIT厂房)是航天器携带微生物的重要环境来源之一.在深空探测过程中,来自航天器AIT厂房环境中的嗜极微生物可能会对地外星球环境造成正向污染.通过低温(4℃)、一定强度的紫外辐射(Ultraviolet,UVC波段)等筛选条件,应用细菌16S rRNA序列分析,对我国某AIT厂房环境中的耐冷微生物和耐辐射微生物进行筛选与分离鉴定.从AIT厂房环境中共筛选出16株嗜极微生物,包括9株耐辐射微生物和7株耐冷微生物.耐辐射微生物分别属于7个属,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和微球菌属(Micrococcus)各2株,土地芽孢杆菌属(Terribacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、考克氏菌属(Kocuria)、奇球菌属(Deinococcus)和甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)各1株.耐冷微生物分别属于6个属,其中马赛菌属(Massilia)2株,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)各1株.本研究表明AIT厂房内存在一定数量的耐冷和耐辐射微生物,其发现对于我国深空探测任务中继续开展行星保护重点微生物的识别,并针对性地开发空间微生物防控技术和制定操作规范均具有重要意义.(图4表5参31)     

具有抑菌促生作用的植物内生细菌的筛选

从168株分离自茄科作物体内的对黄瓜枯萎病菌或番茄青枯病菌有拮抗作用的细菌中，筛选出19株对辣椒疫病菌有较好拮抗作用的菌株，其中2号、13号、20号、TL6、TMS2、TB2和QEL17个菌株对以上3种病原菌都有一定的拮抗作用．从拮抗辣椒疫病菌的菌株中筛选出20号、22号、TL6、TB1、TB2和EPL8共6株对番茄有较好促生作用，对辣椒采后果实疫病有一定控制效果，且能进入番茄和辣椒体内的菌株．试验结果表明，防病作用最佳的TB2菌株菌液喷雾处理后接种病菌，4～10d防治辣椒采后果实疫病的效果达55．56％～100％；促生作用最佳的TB1菌株可使番茄苗鲜重增长105．84％，干重增长66．25％．经鉴定，6株有抑菌、促生的内生细菌均为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp．)，其中EPL8和22号菌株鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(B．subtilis)．表5参8     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.