Effects of simulated acid rain on cation release in soils of South China

This paper deals with the release of base cations and Al3+ at the treatment with simulated acid rain (SAR) in main soil types collected from South China. Results showed that the amounts of base cations increased obviously when the pH value of simulated acid rain was lower than 3.0 or 3.5. Compared with the leaching of K+ and Na+, the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was affected by the pH value of SAR. Only when the amounts of base cations leached from soils exceeded the cation exchange capacity, the pH value of leaching solutions decreased sharply and the amounts of released Al3+ increased. The H+ buffering mechanisms, which were affected notonly by the pH values of SAR, but also by the types and solid components of soils, were proposed for the main soils studied.     

南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究Ⅶ——盐基淋溶与缓冲机理

研究了模拟酸雨对我国南方主要土壤类型盐基离子淋溶的影响,结果表明,ＰＨ低于３．０或３．５时,盐基离子淋溶总量明显增加,但ＰＨ高于３．５时,则影响不明显。     

模拟酸雨对红壤中硅铝铁释放的影响

通过模拟酸雨对湖南红壤的淋溶实验,分析了淋溶液pH值和硅铝铁离子动力学释放规律和特点.结果表明,在一定淋溶范围时,酸雨酸度是决定红壤矿物溶解及离子释放的主要因素,且硅、铝、铁对酸雨响应存在差异.在pH<5.6的各酸度酸雨淋溶下,硅均有大量释放,铁基本无释放.pH在3.0～5.6时铝的释放量很小,只有在酸雨pH值较低时才会有大量溶出.随酸雨淋溶的进行,酸雨pH在3.0～5.6的硅铝释放能力总体呈下降趋势.pH 2.5的酸雨可使红壤矿物的风化作用加强,硅铝释放量均明显增加,铝的增幅更大,但随淋溶量增加硅铝释放能力的增长速度趋缓.实验结果还表明,红壤受酸雨影响pH值降到一定程度后,淋出液中铝浓度与其pH值及DOC都呈线性负相关,酸沉降可破坏固相有机络合铝并使其溶出,但强酸性酸雨作用下红壤溶解而释放的铝主要来自铝硅酸盐的溶解.     

模拟酸雨对浙东北红壤中盐基离子和铝的淋失影响研究

通过对浙江省东北部杭州至宁波地区两个红壤剖面的模拟酸雨淋溶实验研究表明，随着时间的延续，盐基离子的淋失浓度会在某一时期出现一个峰值。该峰值的出现与酸雨的ｐＨ值并不简单相关，Ａｌ＾３＋的淋失浓度只是在酸雨ｐＨ值＝２．５左右才显增高并在淋出液ｐＨ＝４．０时有一个阈值，经ｐＨ＝２．５－３．０模拟酸雨１０余年降水量的淋溶，红壤中淋出液的ｐＨ值下降不超过０．８。     

模拟酸雨对南方土壤硅铝释放的影响

通过模拟酸雨淋溶实验,分析了淋溶液pH值和硅铝离子释放规律和特点的关系．结果表明,模拟酸雨的酸度是决定土壤中硅铝淋溶释放量的主要因素．当pH＞3.0时释放量增幅较为缓慢,而pH＜3.0以后释放量骤增．土壤溶液中H⁺浓度的增加,使得以水解反应为主要过程的土壤矿物的风化作用加强,从而使硅铝释放量增大.     

模拟酸雨淋溶下红壤中盐基离子释放及缓冲机制研究

通过模拟酸雨淋溶实验,分析在不同酸度酸雨淋溶下红壤中盐基离子释放的规律和特点,研究红壤对酸雨的缓冲机制.结果表明:红壤对酸雨的缓冲主要可分为初级和次级2个缓冲体系,其盐基离子释放主要受H+输入量控制.当H+输入量少时,红壤对酸雨的缓冲以初级缓冲体系交换盐基离子为主;随着H+输入增多,红壤对质子的缓冲进入矿物风化阶段.酸度大的酸雨对红壤的矿物风化作用相对较大.不同酸度酸雨淋溶下,各盐基离子释放量最终趋于稳定.盐基离子对酸雨的敏感性顺序为Ca2+>Mg2+>K+>Na+.结果还表明,Ca2+与Mg2+的释放显著线性相关,n(Ca2+)/n(Mg2+)随酸雨pH和淋溶量增加而增大.强酸性酸雨淋溶下红壤矿物风化所导致的Na+释放的机理和来源可能与K+,Ca2+和Mg2+的不同.      

模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤酸化及K，Na，Ca，Mg溶出的影响

在油菜大田栽培的自然生态环境条件下,通过喷淋和土柱淋溶试验,研究不同pH模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤K,Na,Ca和Mg等盐基离子溶出的影响. 结果表明:酸雨喷淋和淋溶后油菜大田土壤和淋滤液的pH明显高于酸雨pH;酸雨pH<3.5时,土壤pH主要受酸雨酸度控制,酸雨胁迫起主要作用;酸雨pH>3.5时,土壤pH主要由土壤盐基量制约,缓冲起主要作用;随着喷淋次数和淋溶量的增加,通过缓冲作用可使油菜大田土壤生态环境有所恢复并趋向一致. K,Na,Ca和Mg的溶出量随酸雨pH,淋溶量和淋溶时间的增加而减小,随油菜群体生长量的增大而增大;4种元素中,Ca溶出量最大且变化最明显,相比之下酸雨对油菜大田中K,Na,Mg的释放影响较微弱.      

模拟酸雨影响下红壤中硼的释放特征

为了探明酸雨对红壤中硼释放的影响,了解土壤缺硼机制,采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨作用下红壤中硼的释放特征.结果表明,酸雨加速了红壤中硼的淋溶损失.酸雨作用下红壤中硼的释放随淋溶量的变化具有初期阶段减小,中期阶段显著增大和后期阶段又减小的阶段性特点.模拟酸雨的pH值越低,硼的释放量越高.酸雨对硼释放的这种促进作用,一般表现为中期阶段的影响要大于初期和后期阶段的影响.淋出液中硼含量的动态变化与pH值的变化成负相关关系.供试土壤不同,硼的释放强度和释放特征存在一定的差异性,硼的释放强度和特点明显受土壤硼的背景值和土壤对酸缓冲能力的影响.     

重庆电厂炉前煤及飞灰中As元素在有机酸作用下的淋滤行为

采用模拟酸雨手段，突出有机酸对Ａｓ元素的淋出作用。分别配置ｐＨ＝４．４７的硝酸、乙酸及硝酸与乙酸的混酸三种淋滤液，对重庆电厂炉前煤及飞灰中的Ａｓ元素进行４０ｈ的淋滤实验，以探讨有机酸淋滤条件下Ａｓ元素的淋出行为。结果表明：有机酸淋滤液对炉前煤及飞灰中的Ａｓ元素具有较强的淋出作用，有机酸中Ｈ＾＋的缓冲释放作用是导致Ａｓ元素较强淋出率的主要因素。     

Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO3- fertilization effect was discovered.     

模拟酸雨对红壤中铬释放的影响研究

采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨淋溶下4种红壤铬的释放特征与规律.结果表明:经过相当于9 150和10 650 mm降水量的淋溶后,与对照(pH为5.6)相比,pH为4.5的酸雨使红壤铬的累积释放量提高4.03%～88.54%,pH为3.5的酸雨使其提高6.75%～308.42%;不同红壤铬的释放量随淋溶量的变化规律较为相似,总体上表现为释放量随淋溶量的增加而缓慢上升.酸雨对红壤铬释放的促进作用一方面是由于酸雨提高了Cr(OH)₃的溶解度;另一方面是由于H+对Cr3+的竞争吸附作用、酸雨所导致的土壤溶液中离子强度增加及酸雨对土壤胶体(主要是铝和铁的氧化物及氢氧化物)的溶蚀作用而降低了Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附量.      

模拟酸雨对土壤活性铝释出影响研究

采用室内动态淋溶方法研究了模拟酸兩对浙江省主要酸性土壤活性铝释出的影响。结果认为:酸雨对强酸性土壤活性铝的释出有一定的促进作用;当土壤酸化至pH为4.3时,才会导致活性铝迅速大量释出;促使土壤开始迅速大量释出活性铝的酸雨“临界淋溶量”与其酸度变化呈负相关,两者增减的倍比值基本相同。可利用此相关关系,对酸雨促进土壤活性铝释出的潜在影响进行定量化预测。     

土壤风化速率的实验测定

利用模拟淋溶实验测定了中国几种土壤（砖红壤，赤红壤，红壤，黄棕壤和紫色土）的风化速率，并研究了土壤pH值和降水量对土壤风化速度的影响，结果表明，土壤的风化速度在pH≥4时随pH值的下降而显著增加，但是当pH值低于4时，风化速率却急剧下降，造成这种现象的原因可能是在低pH值时盐基阳离子和铝离子大量溶出，过高的产物浓度限制了风化反应的进行。土壤的风化速度与淋溶速率之间近似成线性关系。用淋溶液pH值和淋溶液量两个因素对实验结果进行了校正。     

模拟酸雨作用下红壤镉释放的研究

采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨影响下4种红壤镉的释放特征.结果表明,酸雨加速了红壤中镉的淋溶损失,其对红壤镉释放的影响表现在两个方面,在同一酸度的淋溶液作用下,镉释放量一般随淋溶量的增加而增加;在同样强度的淋溶量下,淋溶液的pH值越低,镉的释放量越大.镉累积释放量与淋溶量的关系可用一元二次方程描述.酸雨增加了水体中镉的负荷,从而加重了镉对环境的危害.     

酸雨对旱地红壤磷素释放的影响研究

为了探明酸雨对红壤磷素释放的诱导效应 ,采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法 ,研究了酸雨作用下旱地红壤磷素释放的特征与规律 .结果表明 ,从长期的淋溶效果来看 ,酸雨可促进红壤磷的释放 ,且酸雨pH值越低 ,磷累积释放量越大 ;磷释放的动态变化在不同土壤之间存在一定的差异 .红壤磷素的释放强度主要取决于土壤有效磷含量 ,而与阳离子交换量关系不大 .磷释放量与钙释放量相关性很弱 ,与铝释放量呈较强的正相关性 ,与铁释放量呈显著的正相关性 .酸雨对红壤磷释放的促进作用主要是由于酸雨对铁铝化合物尤其是铁化合物的溶蚀作用所至 .     

模拟酸雨对钝化剂修复镉污染土壤效果研究

采用土柱试验和盆栽试验方法,研究模拟酸雨淋溶和水淋溶1a期间,海泡石、生物炭和有机肥对四川(SC)和湖南(HN)镉(Cd)污染农田土壤稳定效果及小白菜富集Cd的影响.结果表明:与水淋溶相比,酸雨淋溶降低SC和HN土壤淋出液pH值,增加淋出液电导率(EC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和Cd含量,其中SC和HN土壤淋出液Cd含量增加幅度分别为48.85%~77.16%和50.92%~73.44%;而且酸雨淋溶降低两种土壤有机碳(SOC)含量,增加土壤Cd有效态含量(CaCl₂-Cd)和溶出量(TCLP-Cd),促进土壤Cd由残渣态向酸溶态转化,SC和HN土壤残渣态Cd含量平均降低3.61%和2.81%.无论是水淋溶还是酸雨淋溶,海泡石和生物炭均能显著降低两种土壤CaCl₂-Cd和TCLP-Cd含量(P<0.05),但有机肥仅对HN土壤Cd的固定效果显著.与水淋溶相比,酸雨淋溶后抑制小白菜的生长,促进小白菜对Cd的富集.添加海泡石和生物炭后两种土壤的小白菜产量显著增加(P<0.05),且小白菜可食部位Cd含量平均降低58.85%和43.08%.酸雨淋溶后SC土壤加海泡石和生物炭处理,小白菜可食部位Cd含量均满足国家安全食用标准(GB2762-2017) (Cd≤0.2mg/kg),HN土壤仅海泡石处理的小白菜可食部位Cd含量满足国家安全食用标准.本研究表明酸雨淋溶影响钝化剂对Cd的固定效果,进行污染土壤原位修复时要关注酸雨的影响,根据污染土壤性质选择合适的钝化剂.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO₃- fertilization effect was discovered.     

Release behavior of copper and zinc from sandy soils

The concentrations and chemical forms of copper(Cu) and zinc(Zn) in surface soils directly influence the movement of Cu and Zn. In this study, thirteen sandy soil samples with a wide range of total Cu and Zn concentrations were collected for evaluating the relationships between Cu and Zn release and extraction time, ratio of soil to water, pH and electro;yte types. The results indicated that Cu released in batch extraction that represents long-term leaching was mainly from exchangeable, and carbonate bound Cu fractions, and Zn released in the batch extraction was mainly from its carbonate bound fraction. However, the Cu and Zn leached from the soils using the column leaching that represents short-term leaching were mainly from their exchangeable fractions. Soil column leaching at different pH values indicated that the amounts of leached Zn and Cu were greatly affected by pH. The Cu and Zn release experiments with varying extraction times and ratio of soil to water suggest that long-term water-logging in the soils after rain may increase contact time of the soils with water and the release of Cu and Zn to water from the soils, and total amounts of Cu or Zn released from the soils increase, but the Cu or Zn concentration in the surface runoff decrease with increasing rainfall intensity. The increased Ca concentration in soil solution increased stability of organic matter-mineral complexes and might decrease the dissolution of organic matter, and thus decreased the release of Cu-binding component of organic matter. However, high concentration of Na in the soil solution increased the dispersion of the organic matter-mineral complexes and increased dissolution of organic matter and the release of Cu from the soils.     

模拟氮沉降对高硫沉降地区森林土壤酸化的贡献

以重庆铁山坪马尾松林下典型的酸化土壤为研究对象,按照40 kg·(hm²·a)^-1的N剂量分别喷洒NH₄NO₃和NaNO₃以模拟氮沉降翻倍的情景,对其影响下的土壤溶液pH值和主要阴阳离子浓度进行了为期1 a的野外观测.结果表明,与未经处理的对照相比,喷洒NH₄NO₃的土壤溶液的pH值有所下降,而NaNO₃则导致pH值略有上升.同时,喷洒NH₄NO₃和NaNO₃均导致盐基阳离子（Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺）和Al³⁺浓度的明显上升,其中Al³⁺与盐基阳离子（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和K⁺之和)的摩尔比值由对照的0.5左右升高到接近甚至超过1.0.盐基阳离子的加速淋溶和有毒Al³⁺的活化,表明氮沉降已加剧了土壤酸化.此外,氮输入的增加还引起了NO^-₃淋溶的大幅增加,土壤出现氮饱和现象.相对而言,NH⁺₄的酸化和富营养化效应均强于同当量的NO^-₃,表明中国氮沉降控制不应忽视NH₃的排放削减.     

模拟酸雨对不同土层酸度和K+淋失规律的影响

在江西表土施用KCl肥料后,用室内模拟酸雨的土柱实验,研究酸雨对不同土层酸度及K⁺淋失的影响.其结果表明,不同土层淋出液pH值的变化先下降后上升,但起始pH值存在明显差异,pH2.5酸雨在A层和AB层淋溶的中后期又下降;淋出液电导变化有一个峰值,其出现在淋溶的起始阶段,表明土壤中养分迅速向下迁移.K+的淋失与降雨的酸度有关,pH2.5酸雨会加速K⁺在土体内向下迁移,在A层土壤中K⁺的释放可分为2个阶段:快速释放过程和中速释放过程;至于pH4.5酸雨淋溶下,K⁺淋失分为快速释放过程和慢速释放过程.