引草入田,发展新疆的草地农业

引草入田，发展新疆的草地农业王博，于振田，安瑞麟（新疆畜牧科学院草原研究所乌鲁木齐８３００００）我国农业面临着进入以调整结构、提高效益为主要特征的新阶段“’，而技术进步则是迈上新台阶最重要的手段。引草入田，发展新疆的草地农业应是推进农业产业技术进步的...     

新疆草地生态价值及其可持续开发利用初探

草地是新疆农业自然资源的重要组成部分,是发展草地畜牧业的重要基础,通过对新疆草地特点阐述以及对草地生态价值的量化研究,本文在新疆草地开发利用现状的基础上,针对新疆14个主要草地区提出了草地开发利用的具体措施。     

加强生态建设 发展生态畜牧业——论青海省21世纪草地畜牧业可持续发展战略

文章针对青海省草地资源在维护生态环境中的功能及重要作用 ,提出加强生态建设 ,发展生态畜牧业是青海省今后发展草地畜牧业的根本方向 ,给出了生态畜牧业的基本概念 ,阐明了生态、社会和经济共荣的结合点为 :天然草地、人工草地 ;畜群的合理结构、饲草饲料加工与半舍饲和舍饲的发展模式 ;加强退化草地的恢复与重建 ;完善畜产品深加工和草业产业化体系等 ,促进青海省生态良性循环     

新疆草地退化及其治理

草地退化是新疆草地面临的突出问题。在分析新疆草地生态环境退化现状的基础上，提出了治理对策，指出只有合理的开发利用草地资源，才能使新疆的草地资源优势真正转化为经济优势，实现新疆畜牧业的可持续发展。     

新疆荒漠草地自然保护区草地类型特点与分布

从保护荒漠类草地生态系统、科学研究、生产利用的意义出发，在调查基础上综述了“新疆荒漠类草地自然保护区”植物区系基本特征和草地类型特点。保护区境内包括有湿性荒漠类草地及低平地草甸草地二个大类，含四个亚类七个草地型。描述了各型草地分布、生产力。     

草地农业及其在干旱区草地畜牧业建设中的作用

草地是干旱、半干旱区的一种可更新的农业自然资源。草地畜牧业是人类社会生存与发展的基础产业之一。自古以来，“逐水草而居”的靠天游牧一直是草地畜牧业经济的基本经营方式。随着社会的发展，这种低投入、低产出的经营方式不仅不能满足人民群众日益增长的物质和文化生活的需要，而且对草地生态系统的破坏也越来越大。根据现代农业的发展经验，探讨了草地农业的内涵及其在干旱区草地畜牧业经济建设中的作用。     

新疆沙湾县生态农业建设与绿洲农业可持续发展探讨

新疆沙湾县国家级生态农业试点县建设实践证明,建立县级生态农业试点示范区,给新疆绿洲农业可持续发展积累了很好的发展模式和技术措施,是大力发展生态农业,促进农业生产良性循环,做好绿洲农业生态环境保护,合理利用绿洲农业资源,实现新疆绿洲农业可持续发展的最基本和必由之路。     

燕麦开发对冀北坝上农业可持续发展战略作用的研究

基于冀北坝上农牧交错区耕草地交错分布的资源特点、农牧业并存的产业特色、地理位置特殊与生态脆弱的区域特征,分析了燕麦产业开发对农业可持续发展的作用。结果表明大力开发燕麦产业对冀北坝上荒漠化治理,为该区提供优质的饲草饲料以及为人类提供绿色食品等方面发挥着巨大作用。     

新疆麻黄资源现状及其可持续利用对策

对新疆野生麻黄资源、人工种植麻黄现状进行了分析，探讨了造成麻黄资源分布面积减少和质量下降的原因。在深入分析新疆麻黄资源现状的基础上，提出了新疆麻黄资源可持续利用对策。     

CBERS-1在国土资源与环境遥感调查中的应用

利用CBBRS－1／CCD中国、巴西地球资源卫星遥感信息源，解决了长期困扰新疆遥感研究的基础信息源问题，并且多专题、多层次、多角度地进行了信息源的处理、信息提取和专题分析，编制了一系列资源环境专题图件，提供了一整套包括土地利用、水资源、森林资源、草地资源、地质矿产资源、以及土地荒漠化等在内的遥感调查数据，为新疆在新的形势下，进行土地规划、生态环境建设、区域经济发展等工作，提供了重要的科学支撑和技术保障。     

Mapping and Modeling the Biogeochemical Cycling of Turf Grasses in the United States

Turf grasses are ubiquitous in the urban landscape of the United States and are often associated with various types of environmental impacts, especially on water resources, yet there have been limited efforts to quantify their total surface and ecosystem functioning, such as their total impact on the continental water budget and potential net ecosystem exchange (NEE). In this study, relating turf grass area to an estimate of fractional impervious surface area, it was calculated that potentially 163,800 km² (± 35,850 km²) of land are cultivated with turf grasses in the continental United States, an area three times larger than that of any irrigated crop. Using the Biome-BGC ecosystem process model, the growth of warm-season and cool-season turf grasses was modeled at a number of sites across the 48 conterminous states under different management scenarios, simulating potential carbon and water fluxes as if the entire turf surface was to be managed like a well-maintained lawn. The results indicate that well-watered and fertilized turf grasses act as a carbon sink. The potential NEE that could derive from the total surface potentially under turf (up to 17 Tg C/yr with the simulated scenarios) would require up to 695 to 900 liters of water per person per day, depending on the modeled water irrigation practices, suggesting that outdoor water conservation practices such as xeriscaping and irrigation with recycled waste-water may need to be extended as many municipalities continue to face increasing pressures on freshwater.     

Post-fire seeding on Wyoming big sagebrush ecological sites: regression analyses of seeded nonnative and native species densities

Since the mid-1980s, sagebrush rangelands in the Great Basin of the United States have experienced more frequent and larger wildfires. These fires affect livestock forage, the sagebrush/grasses/forbs mosaic that is important for many wildlife species (e.g., the greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)), post-fire flammability and fire frequency. When a sagebrush, especially a Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis (Beetle & A. Young)), dominated area largely devoid of herbaceous perennials burns, it often transitions to an annual dominated and highly flammable plant community that thereafter excludes sagebrush and native perennials. Considerable effort is devoted to revegetating rangeland following fire, but to date there has been very little analysis of the factors that lead to the success of this revegetation. This paper utilizes a revegetation monitoring dataset to examine the densities of three key types of vegetation, specifically nonnative seeded grasses, nonnative seeded forbs, and native Wyoming big sagebrush, at several points in time following seeding. We find that unlike forbs, increasing the seeding rates for grasses does not appear to increase their density (at least for the sites and seeding rates we examined). Also, seeding Wyoming big sagebrush increases its density with time since fire. Seeding of grasses and forbs is less successful at locations that were dominated primarily by annual grasses (cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.)), and devoid of shrubs, prior to wildfire. This supports the hypothesis of a "closing window of opportunity" for seeding at locations that burned sagebrush for the first time in recent history.     

The Ability of Urban Residential Lawns to Disconnect Impervious Area from Municipal Sewer Systems1

Abstract: Runoff from urban catchments depends largely on the amount of impervious surface and the connectivity of these surfaces to the storm sewer drainage system. In residential areas, pervious lawns can be used to help manage stormwater runoff by intercepting and infiltrating runoff from impervious surfaces. The goal of this research was to develop and evaluate a simple method for estimating the reduction in stormwater runoff that results when runoff from an impervious surface (e.g., rooftop) is directed onto a pervious surface (e.g., lawn). Fifty‐two stormwater runoff reduction tests were conducted on six residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin during the summer of 2004. An infiltration‐loss model that requires inputs of steady‐state infiltration rate, abstraction (defined here as surface storage, vegetation interception and cumulative total infiltration minus steady‐state infiltration during the period prior to steady‐state), and inundated area was evaluated using experimental data. The most accurate results were obtained using the observed steady‐state infiltration rates and inundated areas for each test, combined with a constant abstraction for all tests [root mean squared (RMS) difference = 1.0 cm]. A second case utilized lawn‐averaged steady‐state infiltration rates, a regression estimate of inundated area based on flow‐path length, and lawn‐specific abstractions based on infiltration rate (RMS difference = 2.2 cm). In practice, infiltration rates will likely be determined using double‐ring infiltration measurements (RMS difference = 3.1 cm) or soil texture (RMS difference = 5.7 cm). A generalized form of the model is presented and used to estimate annual stormwater runoff volume reductions for Madison. Results indicate the usefulness of urban lawns as a stormwater management practice and could be used to improve urban runoff models that incorporate indirectly connected impervious areas.     

农户自制人工瘤胃发酵饲料的方法与饲喂技术

人工瘤胃发酵饲料新工艺,是1989年四川省重大科研项目所取得的成果,已正式通过专家鉴定。为了便于广大农户特别是养殖专业户自制人工瘤胃发酵饲料,广泛用于饲喂各种畜禽以充分利用丰富的秸秆资源,节约精料和提高经济效益,特将此项技术的制作原理、饲料营养成分及饲喂效果,饲料制作方法及饲喂技术进行详细介绍,供推广使用。     

WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL BY VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ON WESTERN RANGELANDS1

Increasing water for onsite and offsite uses can be a viable objective for management of certain western rangelands. One approach utilizes water harvesting techniques to increase surface runoff by preventing or slowing infiltration of rain. An attractive alternative, where applicable, is to replace vegetation that uses much water with plants that use less so that more water percolates through the soil to streams and ground water. Most sites are too dry to increase water yield in this way; probably less than 1 percent of the western rangelands can be managed for this purpose. However, where annual precipitation exceeds about 450 mm (18 inches) and deep-rooted shrubs can be replaced by shallow-rooted grasses, there is potential to increase streamflows and to improve forage for livestock. Little or no increase can be expected by eradication of low-density brush and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Potentials for improving water yield are reviewed and summarized by vegetation types.     

Homeowner Attitudes and Practices Towards Residential Landscape Management in Ohio, USA

This study describes the results of a survey of 432 homeowners in Ohio, USA concerning their perceptions and practices regarding management of residential landscapes. The results reveal that outdoor residential environments are extremely important to homeowners, who tend to view their yards as serving multiple functions: a place to observe nature and to socialize as well as a place of beauty and recreation. Use of a lawn care company to apply chemicals is reported by 22 % of respondents, while 40 % either apply chemicals themselves or have someone other than a lawn care company do it. Logistic regressions reveal that factors influencing a homeowner's decision to employ a lawn care company or to apply chemicals themselves include: household income (+), perceived impacts on the environment (-), whether the next door neighbor does it (+), and type of residential environment (rural -, suburban and urban +). A theme that emerges throughout the study is the perceived importance of the role of the lawn in residents' sense of social status or acceptance in the neighborhood. This perception can be viewed as a positive in ensuring that residential environments are well maintained, but also as a negative resulting in environmental degradation or presenting a barrier to creativity in the development of alternative residential environments. Specific policy implications of these findings are that efforts aimed at educating homeowners about the environmental impacts of their lawn care choices are likely to have more success if they are directed at neighborhood groups rather than individuals, show that alternatives are easy to adopt, affordable, and can produce the characteristics of lawns that homeowners seek.     

Ethics,ecology and development: Styles of ethics and styles of agriculture

This paper proposes to test the ethical acceptability of four styles of agricultural resource management: (1) contemporary industrial integrated systems agriculture, (2) modern industrial input dependent agriculture, (3) continuous traditional agriculture and (4) non-continuous (or swidden) traditional agriculture. The test of ethical acceptability is whether or not these styles of agricultural resource management embrace or are even compatible with that pattern of practical reasoning and interaction among ethical agents which we have independent theoretic grounds for preferring. The preferred sorts of practical reasoning and interaction are those which we find operating in ethical theories which are strongly committed to letting the discretion of ethical agents construct what is right for them to do. Thus the discussion distinguishes several different strengths of constructivist ethics relating them to the work of John Rawls, Immanuel Kant and Onora O'Neill. Then it argues for the theoretic preferability of one particular strength of constructivist ethic. The paper winds up by arguing that only traditional continuous agriculture embodies the preferred sort of practical reasoning and interaction among ethical agents. Further, I argue that this is the only style of agriculture which can embody such reasoning and patterns of interaction. Thus, as we consider the role of agriculture in our plans of international development, we have one reason to try to favor traditional continuous agriculture. To do otherwise would ignore the ethical superiority of the practical reasoning and patterns of interaction of traditional agriculturalists.     

Differences in resistance of three subtropical vegetation types to experimental trampling

Experimental trampling trials using a standardized methodology were undertaken in 10 replicate blocks in three vegetation types in an urban reserve in the subtropics of Australia. In each block different intensities of trampling (controls, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400 and 500 passes) were applied, and vegetation parameters were measured pre-trampling, immediately after trampling and 2 weeks later. A Fern understorey had low resistance to trampling intensity, with reductions in relative vegetation height and cover with as few as 10 passes. A Tussock grass understorey showed moderate resistance with reduction in height at 25 passes and cover at 50 passes. A Disturbed grassland dominated by lawn grasses had the highest resistance, with reductions in vegetation height at 100 passes, but cover was affected by as few as 10 passes. The resistance indices (number of passes required to reduce vegetation cover by 50%) of three vegetation types were 210, 360 and 860 passes, respectively. When these values were compared with those for 52 other vegetation types considerable variation was found within life forms, climatic zones and vegetation types indicating that the response of a specific community may not always be predictable.     

山东省循环农业发展现状及生态补偿机制探讨

在介绍生态农业补偿政策的基础上,针对山东省循环农业发展现状,对有效实施农业生态补偿问题进行了研究与探索,提出了实现农业生态补偿、促进循环农业可持续发展的模式和建议。     

Grazing effects on sustainable semiarid rangeiands in Patagonia: The state and dynamics of the soil seed bank

The composition of the germinable seed bank was studied in four vegetation states of the Festuca pallescens grasslands in semiarid Patagonia during four years. The aim of this study was to test whether above-ground vegetation states resulting from grazing exclusion or different combinations of grazing and topography are reflected in different states of the germinable seed bank. The size of the total and dicot germinable seed bank was positively related to the total cover in each state. Dicots dominated all germinable seed bank states. Carex patagonica increased its cover as well as its germinable seed bank under grazing disturbance. Grazing did not reduce the germinable seed bank of perennial grasses in uplands where the grazing pressure is lower as compared with slopes. In slopes the germinable seed bank of perennial grasses was significantly reduced by grazing. A reduction of the length of the grazing period in late spring increases the germinable seed bank of perennial grasses both in upland and slope. These results are interpreted in the frame of a model of management techniques where grazing exclusion during late spring and late summer increases the seed bank of the perennial grasses and promotes their establishment in uplands. The artificial addition of seeds of perennial grasses and the manipulation of the soil surface in order to increase "safe sites" appear as management alternatives that deserve further evaluation to improve plant reestablishment in slopes.