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1.
Martina Nagy Mirjam Knörnschild Linus Günther Frieder Mayer 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(6):891-901
Recent evidence suggests that tropical bats may frequently depart from the predominant mammalian male-biased dispersal pattern. So far, two emballonurid bat species that are closely related to our study species (Grey sac-winged bat, Balantiopteryx plicata) have been found to exhibit exceptional female-biased dispersal that is in accordance with father–daughter inbreeding avoidance. In contrast, using a combination of long-term behavioral observations of banded bats and DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial d-loop, our results suggest that B. plicata is the first Neotropical emballonurid with female philopatry and frequent male dispersal. However, just like in the other emballonurids, the age of females at first conception fell below the tenure of males. Thus, philopatric B. plicata females might face a father–daughter inbreeding risk if mating with males from their roosts. Such risk could be circumvented if mating occurs outside the nursing roost, e.g., in male mating aggregations. In contrast to other Neotropical emballonurid bats, the Grey sac-winged bat forms colonies with a greatly male-biased sex ratio (only 5 and 21 % females). Males of such colonies showed high roost fidelity and the sex ratio did not change throughout the year and for up to many years, suggesting an important role in mating. We conclude that studying the diverse mating and dispersal patterns of Neotropical emballonurids shows great potential to enlarge our understanding on how the proposed ultimate causes (i.e., avoidance of inbreeding and local competition between kin) affect the evolution of sex-biased dispersal. 相似文献
2.
Ole-Gunnar Støen Andreas Zedrosser Per Wegge Jon E. Swenson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,61(1):1-8
Reproductive suppression through behavioral or physiological means is common in group-living and cooperative breeding mammals, but to our knowledge it has not been shown in wild large carnivores other than those with a clear form of social organization. Brown bear (Ursus arctos) females form matrilinear assemblages with related females using a common and largely exclusive area. Behavioral reproductive suppression might develop due to a hierarchical system among females within a matrilinear assemblage or due to inbreeding avoidance, because male brown bears can overlap with their daughters. We tested whether natal dispersal influenced the age of primiparity. We predicted that emigrant females, geographically removed from maternal or paternal influence, would reproduce earlier than philopatric females. The average age of primiparity was 4.3 years in females that dispersed outside their mother’s home range (n=8) and 5.2 years in philopatric females (n=10). Only the overlap with the mother’s home range, and not body size, body mass, growth, local population density, or overlap with the father’s home range, had a significant influence on the age of primiparity. The ultimate role of reproductive suppression for brown bears is likely to avoid inbreeding or to minimize resource competition. Due to the low risk of inbreeding and frequent exposure of young females to unrelated males, we conclude that resource competition within female hierarchies causes reproductive suppression in young females. 相似文献
3.
Christine R. Maher 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(6):857-868
Solitary species show several patterns of space use and relatedness. Individuals may associate randomly or may live near female
or male kin, often as a result of natal philopatry or dispersal patterns. Although usually described as solitary or asocial,
woodchucks (Marmota monax) are behaviorally flexible marmots that exhibit greater sociality in some populations than others. I examined relationships
between kinship, geographic distance, and home range overlap, as well as dispersal and philopatry, to determine the extent
to which kin associated spatially. I used a combination of microsatellite DNA analysis, long-term behavioral observations,
and radiotelemetry to test predictions that females, but not males, would associate with kin. Indeed, woodchucks lived closer
and shared a greater proportion of their home range with more closely related animals. Overlap of females' and males' home
ranges was positively correlated with kinship, and male–female dyads shared more area with closer kin. Most juveniles delayed
dispersal beyond their first summer. Females often remained philopatric and settled near their natal range. Although males
often dispersed as yearlings, some males also established territories within or immediately adjacent to their natal home ranges.
A combination of factors can explain these spatial patterns, including high population density associated with the study site's
location within a suburban environment, high dispersal costs, and abundant food. Thus, despite their asocial and solitary
reputation, woodchucks displayed spatial patterns seen in other, more social species of ground-dwelling sciurids. 相似文献
4.
Palestina Guevara-Fiore Gunilla Rosenqvist Penelope J. Watt 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(10):1601-1607
Significant empirical evidence has demonstrated the importance of discriminative mate choice as a mechanism to avoid inbreeding.
Incestuous mating can be avoided by recognition of kin. The guppy, Poecilia reticulata, is a livebearer with a polygamous mating system and active female choice. Despite potential inbreeding costs in the guppy,
Viken et al. (Ethology 112:716–723, 2006) and Pitcher et al. (Genetica 134:137–146, 2008) have found that females do not discriminate between sibs and unrelated males. However, populations experiencing different
inbreeding histories can have different levels of inbreeding avoidance, and it is possible that the lack of inbreeding avoidance
observed in guppies is a consequence of using outbred fish only. Here we tested the preference of female guppies with different
inbreeding coefficients, for olfactory cues of males that were either unrelated but had the same inbreeding coefficient, or
were related (i.e. brother) with the same inbreeding coefficient. We found no evidence that female guppies preferred unrelated males with the
same inbreeding coefficient. Moreover, inbreeding level did not influence female preference for unrelated males, suggesting
that inbreeding history in a population has no influence on female discrimination of unrelated males in guppies. 相似文献
5.
Immigration pattern and success in red squirrels 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary We studied the characteristics of immigrants and the effects of immigration on reproductive activity and spacing behaviour in red squirrels living in high-quality woodlands. Male immigration peaked in spring, female immigration in autumn. There was no sex bias in dispersal distance of local recruits or in the proportion of male/female immigrants, but more subadults than adults immigrated on the study plots. Hence, hypotheses explaining sex-biased dispersal were irrelevant in explaining immigration patterns in our study populations. Immigrant females were not in breeding condition, nor had they produced a litter prior to immigration. Hence breeding dispersal did not occur. Red squirrels are promiscuous, and females defend intrasexual territories while males have overlapping home ranges with a dominance hierarchy (Wauters et al. 1990; Wauters and Dhondt 1992). Site fidelity is very important to reproductive success and most parents still have a high residual reproductive value after having produced a litter. Under such circumstances, the resident fitness hypothesis (RFH; Anderson 1989) predicts that parents can benefit by forcing emigration of offspring if the latter are likely to find nearby vacancies. The settlement pattern of successful immigrants, which had a higher probability of becoming established when they had high body mass and when they were settling in plots with reduced intrasexual competition, agreed with the RFH and with the proximate dispersal mechanism suggested by Gliwicz (1992), that dispersal tendency in both sexes depends on the degree of intrasexual competition under local conditions. The fact that close inbreeding was never observed could indicate that random immigration of both sexes, within the social environment of a partly territorial, relatively long-lived species, has evolved not only to reduce competition for resources between parents and offspring but also as an inbreeding avoidance mechanism.
Correspondence to: L. Wauters 相似文献
6.
Kay E. Holekamp 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1984,16(1):21-30
Summary Dispersal from the natal site was documented in two populations of Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) living at different altitudes in the Sierra Nevada of North America. Distance dispersed and age at dispersal were monitored by a combination of observation, trapping, radio telemetry, and examination of road kills. Dispersal was sexually dimorphic in both populations (Tables 1 and 2). All surviving males emigrated before they were 55 weeks of age, with most dispersing midway through the juvenile summer (Fig. 1). By contrast, most females remained within the boundaries of their mothers' home range (Fig. 2 and 3). Those very few females that did emigrate moved distances from their natal burrows similar to those travelled by dispersing males (200–450 m; Table 2), but females tended to disperse at a slightly older age. Significant differences between the study populations were found in distances moved by juveniles of both sexes (Fig. 2). Body weights of juvenile male dispersers were significantly greater than were those of juvenile males of equivilent ages that had not yet dispersed (Fig. 4). The results were considered in light of Shields' (1982) discussion of dispersal and inbreeding. I concluded that if dispersal is related to reproductive success, then dispersal distances selected for use in tests of evolutionary hypotheses should be measured just prior to the subject animals' first reproduction. Finally, although not tested in the present study, the evolutionary hypothesis most consistent with my data suggests that dispersal in S. beldingi may function to minimize nuclear family incest. 相似文献
7.
M. J. Freake 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,43(4-5):339-344
Sleepy lizards are monogamous skinks which show high pair fidelity. This study reveals inter- and intrasexual differences
in homeward orientation performance in this lizard. Male and female lizards were displaced during three phases of the spring
activity period, the pre-pairing, pairing/mating, and post-pairing periods. All groups (with the exception of post-pairing
males) were significantly oriented homewards, but males were significantly better oriented towards home than females during
the pairing period. Furthermore, males were significantly better homeward oriented during the pre-pairing and pairing periods
than in the post-pairing period. Similar results were observed for rate of movement away from the release site. In sleepy
lizards, sex-based differences in homing behaviour are unlikely to be attributable to differences in the area of familiarity,
or availability of orientation mechanisms. However differences in homing motivation may explain these differences. Males may
miss mating if absent from the home range during the pre-pairing and pairing periods, while females may still be able to obtain
a mating even when absent. Females however may be more motivated than males to return to the familiar home range during the
post-pairing period to ensure efficient feeding during internal embryo development.
Received: 16 February 1998 / Accepted after revision: 28 March 1998 相似文献
8.
Ute Radespiel Zübeyde Sarikaya Elke Zimmermann Michael W. Bruford 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2001,49(6):493-502
The grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) has a dispersed social structure, within which female sleeping associations are common. These sleeping associations have been hypothesised to confer anti-predatory and thermoregulatory benefits, especially when rearing offspring. The genetic composition of these associations was determined using microsatellite markers to test predictions derived from kin selection theory. 161 (99 males, 62 females) individual M. murinus belonging to a free-living population in Ampijoroa, north-western Madagascar, were genotyped and observed over a total of 13 months distributed over the dry seasons of 3 successive years (1995-1997). Kin selection theory predicts that these female associations should consist of closely related members, and that female philopatry and male natal dispersal should characterise the dispersal pattern within this species. These predictions were confirmed by the data. Five out of six female sleeping groups consisted of one or more closely related dyads. Females that slept alone did not have close female kin in the vicinity or within the population at all. Closely related female dyads lived in significantly closer proximity than closely related male dyads and closely related male-female dyads showed intermediate proximity. In combination with the result that females possessed significantly more relatives within the population than males, these findings support the behavioural hypotheses of female philopatry and male natal dispersal. Matrilinear grouping patterns and sex-biased dispersal are therefore genetically established in a dispersed primate social organisation for the first time. The results further indicate that several generations of mouse lemurs live together within a given area, implying both an effective mechanism of kin recognition to avoid father-daughter incest and the potential for social learning to ensure individual recognition. 相似文献
9.
Michler SP Nicolaus M Ubels R van der Velde M Komdeur J Both C Tinbergen JM 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(10):1975-1986
An individual’s decision to disperse from the natal habitat can affect its future fitness prospects. Especially in species
with sex-biased dispersal, we expect the cost–benefit balance for dispersal to vary according to the social environment (e.g.,
local sex ratio and density). However, little is known about the social factors affecting dispersal decisions and about the
temporal and spatial patterns of the dispersal process. In our study, we investigated experimentally the effects of the social
environment on post-fledging dispersal of juvenile great tits by simultaneously manipulating the density and sex ratio of
fledglings within forest plots. We expected young females in the post-fledging period mainly to compete for resources related
to food and, as they are subordinate to males, we predicted higher female dispersal from male-biased plots. Juvenile males
compete for vacant territories already in late summer and autumn; thus, we predicted increased male dispersal from high density
and male-biased plots. We found that juvenile females had a higher probability to leave male-biased plots and had dispersed
further from male-biased plots in the later post-fledging phase when juvenile males start to become territorial and more aggressive.
Juvenile males were least likely to leave male-biased plots and had smallest dispersal distances from female-biased plots
early after fledging. The results suggest that the social environment differentially affected the costs and benefits of philopatry
for male and female juveniles. The local sex ratio of individuals is thus an important social trait to be considered for understanding
sex-specific dispersal processes. 相似文献
10.
Knowledge of kin interactions can be informative in explaining the processes underlying dispersal. By dispersing, relatives
can avoid kin competition for resources or mates and prevent inbreeding. We investigated sibling movements in relation to
each other and parents before and after dispersal in radio-collared juvenile flying squirrels (Pteromys volans L.). Before dispersal, most siblings moved in different areas and were not in contact while exploring the surroundings of
natal area. After dispersal, all siblings settled far away from each other, as they dispersed different distances and to random
directions compared to each other. No clear effect of litter size or presence of same-sex siblings was observed on dispersal.
Time spent in the same nest with the mother did not differ between dispersing sons and daughters. Mother did not force dispersers
to leave the natal nest; instead, the mother often moved away from the nest before offspring. Father and offspring were not
observed to be in contact before dispersal. Dispersal direction was unaffected by the location of fathers’ home range. We
conclude that after dispersal interaction between relatives is limited in flying squirrels, but we did not find any indication
that interaction between relatives before dispersal is determining dispersal decision. Siblings’ settlement far away from
each other was already indicated by the movement within the natal home range, but, interestingly, the latter could not be
used to predict dispersal patterns of sexes. 相似文献
11.
This paper reports a field investigation of interactions between juveniles and their mothers in the Australian sleepy lizard,
Tiliqua rugosa. In their first spring season, juvenile lizards maintain home ranges largely within the home range of their mother. Juvenile
home ranges are significantly smaller than those of adult males and females, and juveniles move significantly less often and
significantly shorter distances than adults. While siblings were never found together in the spring, they showed a significant
tendency to be closer to each other than if they were randomly located in their home ranges. Juveniles and mothers were never
found together, nor was there any evidence for any positive (or negative) spatial association. Nevertheless, the extended
tolerance of home range overlap represents a greater degree of mother-offspring association than has been previously reported
for other lizards. Despite this, the level of parental care can only be described as minimal.
Received: 20 June 1997 / Accepted after revision: 29 December 1997 相似文献
12.
The ultimate and proximate causes of natal dispersal have been extensively investigated, but the behaviour of dispersers in
relation to social interactions has been largely neglected. Here, we investigated the social organisation of floating individuals
during their dispersal by analysing the behaviour of 40 radio-tagged eagle owls Bubo bubo during the wandering and stop phases of dispersal. Unexpectedly, eagle owl floaters mixed with conspecifics independently
of their sex, age, phase of dispersal, birthplace, health status and habitat features, showing an ‘underworld’ of interactions
characterised by the absence of obvious social organisation or short-term strategies. Non-breeding owls were not transient
floaters that occurred at numerous sites for short periods of time but rather had fairly stable home ranges: they attempted
to settle as soon as possible within well-defined home ranges. The spatial distribution pattern of floaters and high rates
of home range overlap support the prediction that floating individuals are not spatially segregated, challenging the expectation
that dominance by size, age and/or health status may determine the exclusive use of some portions of the dispersal area. Finally,
(1) the short distances among conspecifics and the extensive home range overlaps allowed us to discard the possibility that
neighbouring floaters represent a real cost during dispersal and (2) floater interactions showed a lack of clear mechanisms
for avoidance of kin competition among offspring or inbreeding. 相似文献
13.
Male philopatry,extra-pack copulations and inbreeding avoidance in Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Claudio Sillero-Zubiri Dada Gottelli D. W. Macdonald 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,38(5):331-340
Monogamous pairings have been regarded as the fundamental social unit in all canid species, including those living in packs.
In Ethiopian wolves, however, habitat saturation limits dispersal, which raises the question of whether they avoid inbreeding
and, if so, by what mechanism. In two study areas Ethiopian wolf packs had stable memberships. Each pack comprised two to
eight adult males, one to three adult females, including a clear-cut dominant individual of each sex, together with one to
six yearlings and up to six pups (n = 9 packs). Males remained in their natal packs, apparently throughout their lives. Some females also failed to disperse
while others dispersed in their second or third year and became floaters. Dominant females monopolized breeding, and were
succeeded either by their most dominant daughters (three cases) or by floaters (two cases). In the former case there is potential
for incest; however, 70% of 30 copulations observed were between the dominant female of one pack and a male from an adjoining
pack. In Ethiopian wolves, under conditions where dispersal is constrained and the potential for inbreeding is high, extra-pack
matings (and associated multiple paternity) result in outbreeding. We raise the possibility that extra-pair copulations may
be widespread in canid societies and that the monogamy supposedly fundamental to the family may be more sociological than
genetic.
Received: 15 October 1994/Accepted after revision: 9 December 1995 相似文献
14.
A. D. Tucker H. I. McCallum C. J. Limpus K. R. McDonald 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(2):85-90
We compared natal dispersals of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) against the prediction of male dispersal bias for a polygynous mating system. The crocodiles inhabited a linear series of
pools and we calculated the net distances from natal pools to recapture locations some 12–18 years later, at maturity. Philopatry
was assessed in terms of adult social distances. A female social distance was 0.46 pools and a male social distance was 1.0
pool. By these criteria, both sexes showed low levels of philopatry (7–12%). However, individuals of both sexes dispersed
from the natal site long before they were sexually mature. Divergence in dispersal patterns by sex occurred after the maturity
threshold, as males dispersed two to three times farther than females. Intrasexual competition by males is resolved by a size-based
hierarchy. The displacement of small males from local mating access is a probable cause of the longer dispersals undertaken
by males. Competition, rather than inbreeding avoidance, is driving dispersal in this population of freshwater crocodiles.
Received: 8 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 26 June 1998 相似文献
15.
Mikhail Goltsman Elena P. Kruchenkova Sergei Sergeev Paul J. Johnson David W. Macdonald 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,59(2):198-206
Since the Pleistocene, Arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus, on Mednyi Island in the North Pacific have been isolated in a small area with rich food resources and no other terrestrial carnivores. This situation provides an unusually simple system within which the effect of food dispersion on demography and social organisation was examined. We studied the composition, location and dispersal of 67 Arctic fox groups and mapped their major food resources (seabird colonies) during 1994–2000 on Mednyi. We compared our observations with the predictions of models of sex-ratio determination. Our observations are most consistent with the predictions of Julliard's (2000) model, where mothers are expected to produce more offspring of the most dispersing sex in low-quality habitats, and more offspring of the most philopatric sex in high-quality habitats. The polygynous foxes on Mednyi Island lived where the principal food resources were patchily distributed (present on 11% of the shoreline), and cub survival to dispersal age or reproductive adult was higher in rich (25/45) than in poor (24/79) home ranges. Furthermore, dispersal was strongly sex-biased: most females (60%) remained on their natal ranges, whereas very few males (9%) did so. Significantly more female than male cubs (54 compared with 24) emerged from dens in resource rich ranges, whereas the sex ratio on poor ranges was approximately equal (51 females and 56 males). While our observations are also to some extent consistent with the local resource enhancement (LRE) hypothesis (which predicts a bias towards the sex most likely to cooperate with parents), this does not account for the observed spatial variability. 相似文献
16.
In most birds, natal dispersal is female-biased, but the selective pressures leading to this pattern have rarely been explored
with comprehensive data on lifetime reproductive success. In territorial birds, the benefit of philopatry should be higher
for males than for females when males establish territories for which knowledge about the local environment is important.
As females may use male characteristics for mate choice, and hence indirectly for territory choice, the benefit from the direct
knowledge of the local environment may be lower for females than males. We tested this hypothesis using data from a long-term
study of group living corvids, the Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus). In this species, the socially dominant offspring delay dispersal while the sub-dominant offspring leave the family group
directly after reaching independence. Our results show that natal dispersal distance (a proxy for local knowledge) was related
to sex and dispersal timing (a proxy for “quality”): Females and early dispersers traveled further on average than males and
delayed dispersers. Furthermore, dispersal distance and timing were negatively related to the number of recruits produced
over an individual’s lifetime in males, but not in females. Hence, the results support the hypothesis that the female-biased
natal dispersal found in this and other bird species may come about through higher lifetime reproductive success of philopatric
males than females. 相似文献
17.
Subordinate males are more likely to help if unrelated to the breeding female in cooperatively breeding white-browed scrubwrens 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Subordinates in communally breeding groups of birds usually help to provision nestlings, but in some species helping-at-the-nest
is facultative. In species in which groups usually contain relatives, subordinates either always feed young or are more likely
to do so when breeding dominants are close relatives, suggesting that benefits of helping collateral kin are important. In
other species, adult group members are unrelated to each other and males may only feed young if they have gained paternity,
showing that cooperation is related to the mating system. The white-browed scrubwren, Sericornis frontalis, is a communally breeding species in which most groups consist of a simple pair or a dominant pair with a subordinate male.
Subordinate males either fed nestlings in a given nest at a rate comparable to the dominants, or did not feed them at all.
Breeding groups usually formed through natal philopatry of males, so that about 80% of subordinates were closely related to
one or both members of the dominant pair. However, because of death and dispersal, 54% of subordinates were unrelated to the
resident female. Although subordinates with their mother fed nestlings in 48% of cases, they fed offspring in 75% of cases
if their mother had been replaced by an unrelated female, suggesting that their decision to help is influenced by the opportunity
to mate with the female. Supporting this conclusion, relatedness to the dominant male did not affect subordinate behaviour,
and genetic studies showed that subordinates often gained paternity if unrelated to the female. Thus, paradoxically, provisioning
nestlings is related to the opportunity for mating in a society in which there is natal philopatry and subordinates are usually
related to one or both members of the dominant pair.
Received: 25 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 1 May 1997 相似文献
18.
Female distribution affects mate searching and sexual selection in male northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mating systems and sexual selection are assumed to be affected by the distribution of critical resources. We use observations
of 312 mating aggregations to compare mate-searching success of male northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon) in two marshes in which differences in mating substrate availability resulted in more than fourfold differences in female
dispersion. Reproductive males had significantly larger home ranges where females were dispersed than where females were clumped.
The number of females encountered by males increased significantly with male home range size where females were dispersed,
and decreased significantly where females were clumped. Where females were clumped, males were more likely to encounter other
males when they located females. We found no evidence in either population that mate searching was energetically expensive
or that males with relatively more energy had larger home ranges. However, males with greater fat reserves at the start of
the season participated in more mating aggregations when females were dispersed, suggesting that fat reserves could affect
a male’s willingness to attempt mating or to persist in aggregations. When females were dispersed there was weak stabilizing
selection acting to maintain male body size (β=–0.14), but strong directional selection favoring larger (β=0.50) and fatter
(β=0.37) males. Over 7 years, the intensity of selection favoring larger males varied substantially (β=0.14–1.15), but that
variation was not related to variation in the operational sex ratio. We found no evidence of directional selection on either
body size (β=0.05) or fat reserves (β=0.10) of males when females were spatially clumped. Overall, the distribution of females
had a pronounced effect on male behavior, on the factors that affected male success in locating females, and probably on the
extent of sperm competition once females had been located.
Received: 23 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 9 August 1999 / Accepted: 18 August 1999 相似文献
19.
Social monogamy and extra-pair fertilization in an Australian lizard, Tiliqua rugosa 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
C. Michael Bull Steven J. B. Cooper Ben C. Baghurst 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):63-72
This study investigates social monogamy in the Australian sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa. At a 70-ha site near Mount Mary, South Australia, we radio tracked 55 adult female and 39 adult male lizards during their
spring activity periods. Each lizard was observed in 1–5 years. Females were observed with a single male partner on an average
of 10.8 days per year, although in 17.3% of cases, females were observed on 2 or fewer days with a male. The most intense
pairing period each year was 15 September–15 November when females were with male partners on an average of 36% of observation
days. Partnerships lasted an average of 43.3 days each year. After mating in early November, the pairs separated. Observations
of females pairing with other males were rare. Most males (82%) were also consistently monogamous, although 7 were observed
pairing with 2 females within one season. To investigate paternity, we allowed 21 gravid females to give birth to 42 offspring
in the laboratory. We determined genotypes at five polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci for the females, their male partners
and their offspring. Four litters (19%) and 6 of the offspring from those litters (14.3%) showed evidence of extra-pair fertilization
(EPF). Although the sample sizes are small, females of polygynous males were more likely to experience EPF.
Received: 22 February 1998 / Accepted after revision: 23 May 1998 相似文献
20.
José Martín Emilio Civantos Luisa Amo Pilar López 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,62(2):173-179
Evidence for parasite-mediated sexual selection has been found in many species that use visual ornaments to attract females.
However, in many animals, variation in female responses to scents of parasitized males suggests that parasitic infections
might also affect information conveyed by pheromones (i.e., chemical ornaments). Thus, pheromones might also function in parasite-mediated
sexual selection. We show here that female lizards Psammodromus algirus responded differently to femoral gland secretions of males according to the parasite load and health of these males. Scents
of healthier males elicited more tongue flicks (a chemosensory behavior) by females, suggesting that these scents were more
attractive. Chemical analyses showed that parasite load and the T-cell-mediated immune response were related to the variability
in the proportions of some lipids in secretions of males. Further trials testing the chemosensory responses of females to
chemical standards indicated that females actually discriminated the chemicals related to males’ health from other chemicals
found in secretions. We suggest that these chemical ornaments may provide reliable information on the health and degree of
parasitic infection of a male. 相似文献