Grassy field margins and arthropod diversity: a case study on ground beetles and spiders in eastern Austria (Coleoptera: Carabidae; Arachnida: Aranei, Opiliones)

In 1983, the species composition and diversity of carabids, spiders and harvestmen was investigated by pitfall traps in a grassy field margin and in an adjacent, biologically farmed wheat field at Obere Lobau, Vienna, Austria.The carabid fauna of both habitats was diverse; it showed a high degree of similarity, the abundant species in both habitats being represented by typical field species. Only Metophonus spp. predominantly lived in the margin. Numerous species of different habitat origin occurred in the margin at low abundances indicating transitional stay rather than permanent populations.In contrast, the spider fauna showed a low degree of similarity, with few agrobiotic species strongly dominating field fauna. In the field margin, a rich spider fauna containing rare elements indicates the general importance of grassy margins for nature conservation. The apparently low faunal exchange of spiders between the two habitat types is discussed. Harvestmen occurred mainly in the field margin; only two thermophilic species invaded the field.Seasonal fluctuations in the trapping numbers of Bembidion lampros, Platynus dorsalis and Brachinus explodens are interpreted as indicating migrations between field margin and field. Poecilus cupreus and certain other field species, however, apparently spend their entire life cycle in the field. The possible function of field margins for restoration of carabid losses due to impacts of intensive cultivation is discussed.It is concluded that both grassy field margins and sustainable farming methods, in particular biological farming, are necessary to maintain a diverse predatory arthropod fauna in agroecosystems.     

油气田开发后期含油污水资源化处理现状与对策

以江苏油田某个典型的老油区为例，分析油田开发后期污水处理工艺现状、困境与对策，该油田将污水处理后作为驱油介质，实现污水资源化处理，保证污水零排放，并为新油田开发提供可借鉴的经验。     

高压静电水处理技术的研究现状及其展望

高压静电场水处理技术是近几十年发展起来的、当今水处理领域中的一门高新技术。在此介绍了国内外高压静电场水处理机理和应用研究现状,并对今后高压静电场水处理技术研究提出几点展望。随着对高压静电场水处理机理研究的不断加强和完善。以及对高压静电水处理技术与其它水处理技术的联合水处理工艺研究的突破。高压静电场水处理技术有望成为一种极具应用前景的高效水处理技术。     

乙氧氟草醚在模拟稻田-鱼塘生态系统中残留动态的研究

在野外稻田-鱼塘模拟系统研究了乙氧氟草醚以规定剂量72g/hm2施用于田间后的残留分布及消解动态?结果表明,施药后4h该药在稻田表水和鱼沟中的浓度分别为29.4和19.6μg/L,在稻田土?鱼塘水和塘泥中的最大浓度分别为0.752,0.006和0.156mg/L?且在各介质中消解迅速,在田表水?塘水?田土中的半衰期分别为4.5,48.8h和7.2d?说明该药对水生生物虽有较高毒性,但在规定使用剂量下,其在稻田及邻近鱼塘中的残留浓度与毒性已降到对其中的水生生物不再有危害的水平?因此可认为该农药在稻田使用对水生生物无实际危害作用?      

用亚椭圆形毛料提高盒形件成形的研究

在盒形件拉伸成形过程中,毛料展开是冲压工作的重要课题。此文根据数学理论,用亚椭圆方法建立数学模型来摸拟盒形件毛料尺寸展开外形,是提高一次成形、减少压延次数的有效方法。     

重庆市典型变电站站场外工频电磁场实测分析

对重庆市110kV、220kV典型变电站站场外的工频电磁场进行实测并归纳总结了测量结果,根据测量得到的实际数据,得出变电站站场外工频电磁场的分布规律及变化趋势,表明变电站站场外工频电磁场均能满足相关规定要求,工频电磁场随主变容量的增大而呈增大趋势,随与主变距离的增加而减小,同时,户内变电站对工频电磁场的影响也比户外变电站要小。     

Magnetic compass orientation of migratory birds in the presence of a 1.315 MHz oscillating field

The radical pair model of magnetoreception predicts that magnetic compass orientation can be disrupted by high frequency magnetic fields in the Megahertz range. European robins, Erithacus rubecula, were tested under monochromatic 565 nm green light in 1.315 MHz fields of 0.48 T during spring and autumn migration, with 1.315 MHz being the frequency that matches the energetic splitting induced by the local geomagnetic field. The birds responses depended on the alignment of the oscillating field with respect to the static geomagnetic field: when the 1.315 MHz field was aligned parallel with the field lines, birds significantly preferred northerly directions in spring and southerly directions in autumn. These preferences reflect normal migratory orientation, with the variance slightly increased compared to control tests in the geomagnetic field alone or to tests in a 7.0 MHz field. However, in the 1.315 MHz field aligned at a 24° angle to the field lines, the birds were disoriented in both seasons, indicating that the high frequency field interfered with magnetoreception. These finding are in agreement with theoretical predictions and support the assumption of a radical-pair mechanism underlying the processes mediating magnetic compass information in birds.     

陆上油气田勘探开发规划环境影响评价指标体系构建研究

目前陆上油气田勘探开发规划的环境影响评价工作处于探索起步阶段,特别是国内尚未形成一套完善的环境目标和评价指标体系。本文以甘肃庆阳地区某油区"十二五"发展规划的环境影响评价为例,论述了陆上油气田勘探开发规划环境影响评价的基本原则、技术路线,重点对评价指标体系的构建进行了研究,旨在技术上推动陆上油气田勘探开发行业的规划环境影响评价工作。     

陕西地震现场应急技术系统在汶川地震中的应用

"十五"期间,国家在31个省(直辖市、自治区)建立了全国一体化的地震应急与救援指挥技术体系,其中包括地震现场应急技术系统.在四川汶川8.0级大地震中,陕西省地震局现场应急技术系统重点完成现场通信保障、协助现场考察等工作任务.通过对现场工作的总结分析,旨在把汶川8.0级地震现场工作中应急技术系统一些好的做法继续发扬,对在实际工作中发现的问题,提出一些改进参考建议,以便日后现场应急系统能更好地为大震现场工作服务.     

Pesticide transport in field soils

Pesticide contamination of water supplies has become a national issue. However, it is very challenging to quantitatively describe pesticide transport in field settings. The objective of this study was to quantify pesticide transport processes in field soils through modeling and field experiments. A transfer function model was modified to describe pesticide transport in the field. The model can be used to characterize the stochastic convective transport process with input chemical concentration changing with time, non-uniform soil water content distributions, adsorption, and degradation. A field experiment was conducted to assess the fate and mobility of two commonly used herbicides, dicamba and picloram. The herbicides were applied at two application rates to four plots (two replicates). The general transfer function was useful in fitting all the herbicide data within the different plots and depths, and was also utilized to predict herbicide concentration distributions with time and depth. The predicted results had reasonably good agreement with the field experimental data. For all comparisons, the predicted results matched the trend of the concentration distributions extremely well. By considering spatial and temporal variabilities, and other factors of the field soils, the modified transfer function proved to be a comprehensive and useful tool to model pesticide transport processes in field settings.     

电除尘器二维电场——模型与特性

对于圆柱形或星形电极造成的板式电除尘器二维电场,用模拟电荷法和镜象法求解其静电场。方法原则上也适用于三维情形。其中提出了一种由单极到多极静电场的合理、简便的迭加方法。以静电场结果为迭代初值,应用差分法(美国南方研究所方法)解电晕电场。其中提出非圆形电极当量直径的确定原则。在计算机程序中变动不同的参数值,可以得到反映电场特性的很多数据。电晕电场的计算结果与应用改进型探针装置的测量结果基本符合。     

阜山金矿区构造应力场及其转化的恢复

本文估算了阜山金矿区成岩成矿期构造差应力值 ,获得近 2km2 内主压应力和差异应力的空间分布规律 ,结果表明矿体部位往往对应于应力应变强烈变化区段 ,而并非极高值或极低值处。通过应变测量和磁组构分析 ,得到阜山金矿成岩期和成矿期构造应变场特征 ,指出阜山金矿构造应力场在成矿期经历了由NW向挤压转为NE向挤压转化的特征 ,这次转化对该区成矿意义重大     

海洋环境水下电场时频特征分析

目的掌握海洋环境水下电场主要能量来源和衰减规律。方法结合理论研究环境电场幅值随时间的变化规律,重点分析水下环境电场不同频带的频谱分布,最后计算得到海洋环境水下电场不同频点的幅值在整个频带所占比重。结果海洋环境水下电场随海水电导率和海水运动强度的减弱,幅值降低,能量主要集中在0.01~1 Hz的低频以及工频处,在一定的空间范围内海洋环境水下电场的一致性较强。结论实验结果与理论分析结果具有一定的吻合度。     

吉林前郭水田土壤有机碳垂向分布规律和储量研究

以吉林省前郭水田区为研究对象,空间尺度代替时间尺度方法,采用开发时间4～55 a共7个不同年限的土壤实测数据,研究1 m水田剖面土壤有机碳含量(SOC)的垂向分布规律,探讨近20年来水田土壤碳源、汇,估算了前郭水田土壤有机碳库储量,并结合吉林西部第二次土壤普查数据,进行不同土地利用类型土壤SOC的差异特征对比分析.结果表明,水田SOC自上而下逐层递减,随着开发年限的增加总体呈增长趋势,表土层(0～30 cm)有机碳储量(1 820.79 t)占1 m深土壤总有机碳储量(3 885.05 t)的46.87%,不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)差异很大,从大到小依次为水田、旱田、盐碱地,水田开发是一个SOC积累的碳汇过程,有利于实现有机碳由表土层向底土层的转移.     

Nitrogen interception in floodwater of rice field in Taihu region of China

A field experiment located in Taihu Lake Basin of China was conducted,by application of urea or a mixture of urea with manure, to elucidate the interception of nitrogen(N)export in a typical rice field through"zero-drainage water management"combined with sound irrigation,rainfall forecasting and field drying,N concentrations in floodwater rapidly declined before the first event of field drying after three split fertilizations,and subsequently tended to retum to the background level.Before the first field drying,total particulate nitrogen(TPN)was the predominant N form in floodwater of plots with no N input,dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)on plots that received urea only,and dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)on plots treated with the mixture of urea and manure.Thereafter TPN became the major form.No N export was found from the rice field,but total nitrogen(TN)of 15.8 kg/hm~2 was remained,mainly due to soil N sorption.The results recommended the zero-drainage water management for full-scale areas for minimizing N export.     

污灌区农田土壤环境质量评价

分别利用主成分分析法和内梅罗污染指数法对取自鞍山的6种不同类型农田(弃耕地、旱田、菜田、大棚、污灌稻田和清灌稻田)的土壤环境质量进行评价.结果表明,农田种植和灌溉方式的不同会在区域农田土壤污染物含量和土壤环境质量上表现出较明显的差异性.6种类型农田中,弃耕地的土壤环境质量最好,以下依次是菜田、旱田、清灌稻田和大棚,污灌稻田的土壤环境质量最差.利用内梅罗污染指数法和主成分分析法对6种类型农田土壤的评价结果基本一致,除菜田和旱田的排序结果略有不同外,对其他4种类型农田土壤环境质量的评价结果完全一致.主成分分析法可以用于土壤环境质量评价和土壤污染物的定量化识别.      

鄂南棕红壤区不同植茶年限茶园CH4通量特征

于2014年3月—2015年12月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了鄂南棕红壤丘陵区茶园和樟树林地土壤CH_4通量,研究了不同植茶年限茶园及临近林地土壤CH_4通量特征.结果表明,不同植茶年限对茶园土壤CH_4通量有显著影响,中、低龄茶园土壤CH_4以排放为主,植茶20 a和植茶8 a茶园土壤CH_4累积排放量分别为0.26和0.27 kg·hm~(-2),高龄茶园和对照林地土壤CH_4以吸收为主,植茶50 a茶园和林地土壤CH_4累积吸收量分别为0.39和1.95 kg·hm~(-2).降雨促进了鄂南棕红壤丘陵区茶园和林地土壤CH_4排放,除了植茶8 a茶园外,高、中龄茶园和樟树林地土壤CH_4通量均与7 d累积降雨量呈显著的正相关关系.施肥造成了茶园土壤CH_4排放量增加,同时土壤中矿质氮类型对该地区茶园和林地土壤CH_4通量有不同影响,CH_4排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量呈显著正相关关系,而与铵态氮含量相关关系不显著.研究表明,降雨量是影响鄂南红壤丘陵区茶园和林地土壤甲烷通量的主要因素;随着茶园种植年限的延长,土壤CH_4排放通量呈降低的趋势,高龄茶园土壤为大气CH_4汇.     

外磁场调控的聚合硫酸铁水解过程研究

基于聚合硫酸铁的UV-vis光谱学特征,利用外加电磁场对聚合硫酸铁进行磁化调控,研究了不同磁化时间和磁场强度对PFS中铁形态分布的影响.研究表明,水解过程中铁盐逐渐与羟基结合,存在由低聚态向相对较高聚态转化的趋势.整体来看,在一定范围内增加磁化时间和磁场强度可以有效促进絮凝剂的水解,但是在多工艺参数调控中,提升磁场强度能够获得更为明显的效果.通过上述研究表明,借助UV-vis光谱学特征变化的分析,可有效判断PFS在水解过程中的水解进程及转化.在相同磁场强度下,磁化4~6min时,由低聚态向高聚态转化速率更快.而在控制磁化时间相同的情况下,增大磁场强度相应水解产物的转化速率也会提高1.9%~12.3%.该研究为设计适当的磁场强度获得更好的磁絮凝效果以及PFS絮凝工艺的调控提供更为科学有效的理论指导.     

台风“山神”过境期间南海西北部海南岛附近海区台风浪空间特征数值模拟研究

采用Takahashi和Fujita.t公式嵌套计算气压场,采用Veno Takeo台风理想模型与ECMWF背景风场合成台风风场,以合成风场作为第三代海浪模型SWAN的驱动场,对台风"山神"过境期间产生的台风浪进行模拟。经对比SWAN可以很好地模拟"山神"期间海浪空间分布特征。根据模拟结果,本文给出"山神"期间台风浪波高、波龄以及波浪方向谱的分布特征,初步探索了"山神"过境期间台风浪的有关要素的空间分布特征。     

Botanical composition, soil and forage quality under different management regimes in Russian grasslands

Little is known on how management of Russian native grasslands affects botanical composition, soil and forage properties. Three fields were sampled in the V.V. Alekhin Central-Chernozem Biosphere State Reserve in the Kursk region of Russia: a native grassland (not cultivated for at least 300 years), a grazed/hay field with 4 years of annual harvest followed by 1 year of rest (periodically-cut grazed/hay field), and a yearly-cut grazed/hay field. Soil samples were collected from the top 10 cm and analyzed. Plant species were identified at the sampling sites and this plant material was used to determine total elemental analysis of forage, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and lignin concentrations. Above-ground live and dead plant material and roots were analyzed for C, N and lignin. Soil sample analysis showed that fields were comparable in terms of soil chemical and physical properties. SOC and N contents were not statistically different in the native and yearly grazed/hay fields. Soil bulk density significantly increased as a result of utilization, from 0.80±0.09 Mg m⁻³ for the native grassland to 0.97±0.06 Mg m⁻³ for the yearly grazed/hay field. A total of 107 different plant species were recorded at the three fields. There were changes in plant composition among the fields. The native grassland field had the least number of plant species (41) followed by the yearly-cut grazed/hay field (68), and the periodically-cut grazed/hay field (87). There was a greater proportion of grass species (20%) in the native grassland field. Dead plant biomass and roots from the grazed/hay fields were higher in N and lignin concentrations. Forage mineral concentration was highest in the periodically-cut hay field. No significant differences were observed in terms of forage properties.