我国有机氯污染物污染现状及监控对策

各类有机氯污染物在我国的污染非常普遍,主要以六六六,滴滴涕,多氯联苯为主。文章阐述了在20世纪80年代初期禁用这些有机氯污染物后,在我国的含量变化,分析了引起含量差异的原因。阐明了这类污染物在大范围内的分布趋势,提出了这类污染物的监控方法,分析影响这些污染物的降解,运移的因素。     

毛细管色谱-多离子检测质谱法测定土壤中2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁(2,3,7,8-TCDD)

环境中的多氯二苯并二(口恶)(口英)(PCDD_s)和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDF_s)是当今最受重视的污染物之一,其中PCDD_s有75个异构体而PCDF_s有135个异构体,它们的毒性大小显著地依赖于氯原子的取代数和取代位置,由于这类污染物的低溶解度和高的辛醇/水分配系数,主要分布在土壤(85％)和沉积物(14％)中,只有1％进入空气、水和生物体.在自然环境中这类污染物代谢降解速度缓慢,从而增加了环境污染的复杂性.而鉴别这类污染物就成为一个主要研究课题.     

毛细管色谱-多离子检测质谱法测定土壤中2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁(2,3,7,8-TCDD)

环境中的多氯二苯并二(口恶)(口英)(PCDD_s)和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDF_s)是当今最受重视的污染物之一,其中PCDD_s有75个异构体而PCDF_s有135个异构体,它们的毒性大小显著地依赖于氯原子的取代数和取代位置,由于这类污染物的低溶解度和高的辛醇/水分配系数,主要分布在土壤(85％)和沉积物(14％)中,只有1％进入空气、水和生物体.在自然环境中这类污染物代谢降解速度缓慢,从而增加了环境污染的复杂性.而鉴别这类污染物就成为一个主要研究课题.     

有毒难降解有机污染物治理方法的研究进展

简介了有人降解有机污染物在环境中的迁移行为，论述了这类污染和折治理方法和技术，并对一化法在治理这类污染筘的研究进展进行了较详细的评述。     

单甲脒等有机污染物多介质环境的动态模型

在稳态模型的基础上，研究了有机污染物在多介质环境的动态模型，并针对单甲脒，单甲脒盐酸盐，ＤＤＴ和ＤＭＰ等４种有机污染物作了计算，结果表明，这类模型对于研究有机污染物在多介质环境中随时间变化的行为是有效的。     

二氧化钛紫外光催化降解有机废气研究进展

挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)是近年来逐渐被人们所重视的大气污染物之一,对这类大气污染物的控制尚缺少经济有效的技术手段。现在比较广泛采用的治理技术如吸收法、吸附法、冷凝法和燃烧法等都普遍存在投资运行费用高、容易引起二次污染等问题。而二氧化钛(TiO)2紫外光催化技术是近年来兴起的污染治理技术,具有费用低、净化效率高,无二次污染等特点。文章在综述TiO2催化原理、催化剂制备和结构表征等的基础上,重点介绍了这类催化剂在含氯、芳香烃类、醛酮类、含氮硫恶臭类等有机废气污染治理中的应用,并简要探讨了TiO2紫外光催化技术的发展前景。     

长江南京段水、悬浮物及沉积物中多氯有毒有机污染物

对长江南京段水、悬浮物及沉积物中多氯有毒有机污染物进行了分析测定,由色谱/质谱测得的结果表明,水和沉积物中多氯有机污染物的浓度较低,低于欧洲主要河流中的含量水平.悬浮物中这类污染物总含量较高,为56.45～62.35μg/kg,而水中总含量仅为14.61～15.83ng/L.由于长江中污染物被充分稀释与混匀,各采样点的水和悬浮物中该类污染物的浓度变化不大,两相间具有较好的相关性.但各采样点的沉积物中多氯有机污染物含量差异甚大,表明悬浮物的沉积极不均一.沉积物中主要污染物是六氯苯（HCB）和它的代谢产物五氯苯（PeCB）以及滴滴涕（DDT）的代谢产物,其他多氯有机污染物含量很低.     

废水化学处理方法

利用化学反应改变废水中可溶性污染物质的物理性质和化学性质的废水处理方法,就是化学处理法。化学处理法,一般通过使目标污染物从溶解(或胶体)状态转变为不溶状态的途径,使目标污染物从水中脱离出去。这类方法,通常包括中和、混凝、化学     

焦化废水中难降解有机污染物生物降解的研究进展

对于焦化废水，目前普遍采用的常规活性污泥法处理，出水COD仍较高，主要是由于废水中含有大量的难降解有机污染物。进一步降低焦化废水出水COD的关键是去除这类难降解有机污染物。本文综述了国内外在这方面的有关研究．进一步深入探索了这些难生物降解有机物的降解特性．降解机理．最佳工艺条件．并对其发展动态进行了系统地评述。     

高水生植物毒性污染物的初步筛选

针对目前普遍认为水生植物对污染物的敏感性比动物低的观点开展研究. 查阅和筛选了ECOTOX毒性数据库里的污染物水生生物毒性数据,对美国国家水质基准（2009）里的120项优先控制污染物的毒性数据进行了分析. 参考美国的水生生物基准技术指南的数据筛选原则,初步筛选出6种具有高植物毒性的污染物,分别为1,1,1-三氯乙烷、2,4-二氯苯酚、4-硝基苯酚、邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和N-亚硝基二甲胺. 结果表明,确实存在高植物毒性的污染物,对于这类污染物,水生植物比水生动物更为敏感. 然而,由于水生植物毒性试验远远少于动物毒性试验,并且资料的积累极为欠缺,因此,需要对水生植物毒性效应的研究和应用给予足够的重视.      

偏远地区大气中持久性有机污染物研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)在偏远地区大气中的分布与迁移已经成为大气POPs研究的热点.基于被动采样技术的大尺度POPs监测网络已经应用于偏远地区大气POPs的研究之中.其研究成果显示,最近50～60年以来,大气中POPs浓度的最大峰值出现在80年代左右,而80年代之后大气中POPs的浓度日趋减小.这说明各国陆续禁用POPs之后,大气中POPs的浓度有显著降低的趋势.受温度和季节性使用的影响,大气POPs的浓度呈现明显的季节性变化特点:有机氯农药的浓度主要表现为夏季高而冬季低;多环芳烃的浓度则主要表现为冬季高而夏季低.基于POPs高挥发性和长距离大气传输的特点,POPs可以在全球范围内广泛分布,而高海拔地区由于气温较低,使其相对于低海拔地区成为了POPs的"接收器".大气POPs分布和迁移受温度、降水、气候事件的影响.而且POPs在大气与不同下垫面之间的界面交换的方向、速度和通量也主要受环境温度和POPs的挥发能力的制约.综合大气POPs迁移与气候因素、界面特点之间的关系建立了多介质、大尺度的大气POPs归趋模型.模型的建立和POPs来源的明确使大气POPs传输机制的研究逐渐深入.此外还讨论了目前大气POPs研究中存在着的一些亟待解决的问题,并提出该领域未来可能的发展趋势.     

Addressing the environmental risk of persistent organic pollutants in China

The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was adopted in 2001. This year is the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention. Until now, 22 chemicals or chemical categories have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention. The POPs Research Center was established in Tsinghua University in the same year when the Convention was adopted. In the last ten years, much work has been done by Chinese researchers to understand the environmental risk of POPs in China. This article aims to review the recent research progress of our POPs Research Center and some other Chinese researchers’ studies in addressing the environmental risk of POPs, including the priority screening and inventory study of POPs, monitoring and modeling of POPs pollution and exposure, and environmental risk assessment and modeling of POPs. Although great advances in addressing the environmental risk of POPs have been made in recent years, we are still facing quite a few problems, such as data scarcity and uncertainty in environmental risk assessment of POPs. The study on the effect of POPs mixtures is in its infancy and currently POPs are usually assessed from legal perspective by risk assessment of single chemicals. These problems should be well addressed by further efforts. Further studies should also be taken in future to study environment risk of POPs by considering aspects of coupled dynamics between climate processes and POPs. Such sound scientific, riskbased information can support decision-making aiming to effectively minimize the risk level of POPs.     

岩溶地区持久性有机物的研究现状

近年来,岩溶地区不同环境介质中持久性有机污染物(POPs)的研究已经成为国际上该领域的热点问题。本文对POPs在岩溶地区水环境、土壤、大气和生物中的残留状况、分布特征、影响因素、迁移机制和可能来源等方面的研究现状进行了综述,结果显示岩溶地区已普遍检测出POPs,部分地区环境介质中POPs的浓度有显著降低的趋势;同时讨论了目前国内外岩溶地区POPs研究中存在的问题,并提出该研究未来可能的发展趋势。     

Persistent organic pollutants control strategy in China

The development of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) control policy in China in the context of international concerns on POPs was reviewed. The aspects of the Chinese POPs control strategies were analyzed, and compared with those of developed counterparts(e.g. US, EU, Japan). Currently, while the legal framework on POPs management, which complies with intemational guidelines has been established, it should be improved in the areas of special POPs management, risk assessment, the precautionary principle, lifecycle management and technical support capacity. The analysis of Chinese POPs policy and suggestions for strengthening the sciencebased decision making capacity are not only useful for Chinese decision-makers, but also a case study for developing wodd and make a great contribution for the global elimination of POPs to make a toxic-free future.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)及其生态毒性的研究现状与展望

持久性有机污染物(POPs)是一类具有持久性、易于生物富集、对人和生物具有毒性的有机污染物质。POPs已成为全球关注的热点问题，它们对人和生物具有免疫毒性、内分泌毒性、生殖发育影响、致癌性以及其它一些毒性效应。因此应加强POPs生态毒性的研究。     

Potential applications of porous organic polymers as adsorbent for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with high toxicity and carcinogenicity are emitted from kinds of industries, which endanger human health and the environment. Adsorption is a promising method for the treatment of VOCs due to its low cost and high efficiency. In recent years, activated carbons, zeolites, and mesoporous materials are widely used to remove VOCs because of their high specific surface area and abundant porosity. However, the hydrophilic nature and low desorption rate of those materials limit their commercial application. Furthermore, the adsorption capacities of VOCs still need to be improved. Porous organic polymers (POPs) with extremely high porosity, structural diversity, and hydrophobic have been considered as one of the most promising candidates for VOCs adsorption. This review generalized the superiority of POPs for VOCs adsorption compared to other porous materials and summarized the studies of VOCs adsorption on different types of POPs. Moreover, the mechanism of competitive adsorption between water and VOCs on the POPs was discussed. Finally, a concise outlook for utilizing POPs for VOCs adsorption was discussed, noting areas in which further work is needed to develop the next-generation POPs for practical applications.     

我国医疗废物领域履行POPs公约对策研究

文章根据POPs公约对医疗废物管理和处置的总体要求,结合我国目前医疗废物管理和技术应用现状,结合我国医疗废物处置设施污染物排放、工程建设及运行管理状况,从医疗废物处理技术的具体应用实际需要出发对如何推进采用BAT/BEP,推进中国该领域履约进程进行了探讨,并提出了我国医疗废物领域履行POPs公约的管理和技术对策。     

Financing for innovative technologies and best practices to reduce persistent organic pollutants

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) threaten human health and the global environment. Recognizing their dangers many countries began to limit or ban POPs production, use, and release in the 1990s. Eventually the Stockholm Convention on POPs, was adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) provides financial support to developing country Parties for the implementation of the Stockholm Convention. The GEF’s POPs investment portfolio focuses on: 1) strengthening the capacity of developing country Parties to implement the Stockholm Convention; 2) establishing and supporting partnerships to develop and implement National Implementation Plans (NIPs), and 3) demonstrating and deploying best technologies and practices to reduce POPs emission, including development of safe alternatives. Since 2001 the GEF has committed US$568.8 million to POPs projects and leveraged some US$1474.5 million in co-financing from partners in the public and private sectors, bringing the total value of the GEF POPs portfolio to over US$2 billion. With GEF support, 108 developing country Parties have developed their NIPs. The GEF also financed 109 projects for the implementation of the Convention. Upon completion, these GEF POPs investments will contribute to the disposal of more than 70,000 tons of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) oil, contaminated equipments, and waste, more than 40,000 tons of obsolete POPs pesticides and associated waste, and reducing dioxin/furan and mercury emission by introducing environmentally sound technologies and best practices. This paper summarizes: 1) direct and indirect GEF investments to support the goals of the Stockholm Convention; 2) investment case studies on PCB, DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane and mirex, medical waste, obsolete POPs and engaging civil society; and 3) lessons learned in terms of GEF financing strategies, best technologies and environmental practices to address POPs.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)及其归趋研究

介绍了持久性有机污染物的定义、特性和来源 ,研究了它们的全球归趋并探讨了机理。提出了应加强国际合作来研究持久性有机污染物并指出了应重点研究的方向