共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 296 毫秒
1.
《再生资源与循环经济》2018,(11)
玉米秸秆中纤维素含量丰富,具有较高的利用价值。但玉米秸秆存在降解困难的问题,筛选高效的玉米秸秆降解菌成为解决该问题的关键。通过富集培养、刚果红纤维素平板初筛和纤维素酶活力测定复筛的方法,从农田土壤中分离筛选出纤维素降解菌6株,其中菌株编号为L-4的秸秆降解菌的纤维素酶活力最高,为23.59 U/g,28℃条件下玉米秸秆15 d的降解率为23.32%。 相似文献
2.
《再生资源与循环经济》2019,(8)
厌氧发酵产沼气是秸秆资源化利用的重要途径。秸秆原料种类及预处理对厌氧发酵效果影响明显。以黑龙江克东地区的玉米秸秆为原料,采用物理粉粹方式进行预处理。结果表明,经粉碎和浸润后的玉米秸秆的物理性质变化较大,自然堆密度由原来的0.061 4 t/m~3增加到0.336 t/m~3;粒径小于2 cm的秸秆颗粒约占总量的80%;秸秆的吸水性能及切割效果,为工程项目原料预处理设备选型提供借鉴。 相似文献
3.
以玉米秸秆为原料制备生物炭吸附剂,研究了生物炭对水中苯胺的吸附性能。表征结果显示:制备的生物炭的比表面积为449.7 m2/g,体积平均粒径为103μm,主要以小粒径存在;制备的生物炭表面以碱性含氧官能团为主,含量为1.31 mmol/g。实验结果表明:在溶液p H 3、生物炭加入量10 g/L、吸附温度313 K、吸附时间3.0h的最佳反应条件下处理初始苯胺质量浓度为400 mg/L的苯胺溶液,苯胺去除率为94.0%,吸附量为37 mg/g;生物炭对苯胺的吸附过程符合拟二级动力学方程,吸附等温线满足Freundlich等温吸附方程;生物炭对苯胺的吸附是自发、吸热的过程;吸附过程中存在着水分子从生物炭表面的解吸。 相似文献
4.
5.
6.
以杂色云芝菌(Coriolus versicolor)发酵所产漆酶为催化剂,对溴酚蓝溶液进行脱色处理。探讨了反应温度、反应体系pH、反应时间、酶加入量、溴酚蓝质量浓度及金属离子和小分子介质的添加等因素对溴酚蓝溶液脱色率的影响。实验结果表明:在反应温度为40℃、反应体系pH为4.5、反应时间为240 min、酶加入量为60U/L、溴酚蓝质量浓度为40 mg/L的条件下,溴酚蓝溶液的脱色率达到94.5%;小分子物质2,2′-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻吡咯啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)或金属离子的添加对溴酚蓝溶液的脱色效果没有明显的促进作用。 相似文献
7.
以玉米淀粉为载体,采用液相还原法制备纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉,并用于溶液中Pb2+的去除。采用SEM技术对吸附材料进行了表征。考察了溶液pH、纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉加入量、初始Pb2+质量浓度、反应时间等因素对Pb2+吸附效果的影响。表征结果显示,纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉球体间主要呈链状连接,不仅保持了纳米零价铁的特性,且颗粒的团聚现象明显减少。实验结果表明,在溶液pH 7.0、纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉加入量0.8 g/L、初始Pb2+质量浓度50 mg/L、反应时间60 min的条件下,纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉对Pb2+具有较好的吸附效果,Pb2+去除率为93.17%、吸附量为47.27 mg/g。 相似文献
8.
9.
10.
将小麦秸秆改性后制备改性秸秆固定化微生物,用于处理钻井泥浆。考察了改性时间、改性剂浓度、改性剂配比对秸秆吸附微生物效果的影响,以及改性秸秆固定化微生物对钻井泥浆的处理效果。实验结果表明:在改性时间为60 min、氢氧化钠溶液浓度为0.1 mol/L、过氧化氢溶液浓度为1.0 mol/L、氢氧化钠溶液与过氧化氢溶液体积比为3∶1的最佳改性条件下,改性秸秆的BET比表面积增大了36.27%,Langmuir比表面积增加了37.63%,微生物吸附量增加了200.77%;在钻井泥浆处理量为1 000 g、改性秸秆固定化微生物加入量为2 g、土壤加入量为1 000 g、处理时间为15 d的条件下,钻井泥浆COD、可溶性盐、石油烃的去除率分别为84.9%,71.6%,90.1%。 相似文献
11.
Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil. 相似文献
12.
George Ice Liz Dent Josh Robben Pete Cafferata Jeff Light Brian Sugden Terry Cundy 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2004,4(1):143-169
The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region. 相似文献
13.
Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Kopáček Jiří StuchlÍk Evžen Veselý Josef Schaumburg Jochen Anderson Iris C. Fott Jan Hejzlar Josef Vrba Jaroslav 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2002,2(2):91-114
Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m-2 yr-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO4
-2, NO3
-, and NH4
+ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO4
-2 and NO3
- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca2+ + Mg2+ (17±7 mol L-1) and H+ (4±6 mol L-1), and an increase in HCO3
-(10±10 mol L-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L-1), Ca2+ + Mg2+ (9±6 mol L-1), and H+ (6±5 mol L-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO4
-2 and NO3
- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance. 相似文献
14.
Stuchlík E. Appleby P. Bitušík P. Curtis C. Fott J. Kopáček J. Pražáková M. Rose N. Strunecký O. Wright R. F. 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2002,2(2):127-138
Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition. 相似文献
15.
The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water. 相似文献
16.
C. L. Swanson R. L. Shogren G. F. Fanta S. H. Imam 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1993,1(2):155-166
Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned. 相似文献
17.
During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH4
+ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH4
+ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH4
+ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO2 productionand net NH4
+ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of 15NH4
+caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized 15NH4
+ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH4
+immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths. 相似文献
18.
19.
Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents. 相似文献
20.
Nyberg Lars Lundström Ulla Söderberg Ulf Danielsson Rolf van Hees Patrick 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2001,1(1-2):241-263
In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio. 相似文献