超临界水氧化法处理造纸黑液

采用自制的超临界水氧化反应装置,对造纸工业排放的黑液进行处理。考察了反应温度、反应压力、反应时间、过氧量(初始反应时所加氧气的量与废水完全氧化所需氧气的理论量的比,%)等对黑液中COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,处理黑液的最佳反应条件为:反应温度500℃,压力26M Pa,过氧量500%,反应时间120s。在此最佳条件下处理COD为85 000m g/L的造纸黑液,COD去除率可达99.9%。     

Fenton氧化法处理石化含油废水生化出水

采用Fenton氧化法处理石化含油废水生化出水,通过正交实验和单因素实验优化了反应工艺条件。正交实验得到各因素对COD去除率的影响大小顺序为:溶液初始pHH_2O_2投加量n(H_2O_2)∶n(Fe~(2+))反应温度。实验最佳工艺条件为:初始溶液pH 4.0,H_2O_2投加量3.00 mL/L,n(H_2O_2)∶n(Fe~(2+))=10,反应温度35℃,反应时间60 min。在此最佳工艺条件下COD可降至60.33 mg/L,COD去除率达61.33%。在最佳工艺条件下,分别采用超声(US)-Fenton氧化和紫外光(UV)-Fenton氧化技术处理含油废水生化出水,COD去除率分别达76.77%和80.23%。但单一Fenton氧化、US-Fenton氧化和UV-Fenton氧化工艺对NH_3-N的去除效果均并不明显。     

Fenton试剂催化氧化法处理模拟酸性红B染料废水

采用Fenton试剂催化氧化处理用酸性红B配制的模拟偶氮染料废水,考察了影响处理效果的主要因素,并探讨了酸性红B降解的动力学.实验结果表明,Fenton试剂催化氧化处理酸性红B废水的最佳工艺条件为:H2O2加入量49.0 mmol/L,Fe2+加入量2.0 mmol/L,反应温度25℃,初始废水pH 3～6.在此最佳工艺条件下反应5min时,酸性红B去除率为99.8％,COD去除率为62.3％;反应60 min后,酸性红B去除率为99.9％,COD去除率为80.0％.Fenton试剂催化氧化降解酸性红B的反应符合二级反应动力学规律.     

臭氧氧化-三维电极电解联用技术深度处理造纸废水

采用臭氧氧化-三维电极电解联用技术深度处理造纸废水,通过单因素及正交实验法确定了最优工艺条件,并探讨了反应的动力学和机理。实验结果表明:废水处理的最优工艺条件为电极间距1.5 cm、电流密度9mA/cm~2、臭氧曝气量15 mL/min、活性炭填充量22 g/L、反应时间60 min,该工艺条件下,废水的COD去除率达93.70%;臭氧氧化-三维电极电解联用技术对废水中COD的去除过程符合一级反应动力学方程;臭氧氧化和三维电极电解间存在协同效应。     

造纸工业废水净化新工艺

采用酸化-吸附-氧化-絮凝联合净化工艺处理造纸黑液,使处理后的废水色度、COD等指标达到国家排放标准.最佳工艺条件为酸化pH 3.5～4.5,粉煤灰吸附液固比3∶1,高铁酸钾最佳用量40～50 mg/L,常温常压下操作.     

催化臭氧氧化法处理维生素C生产废水

采用催化臭氧氧化工艺处理维生素C生产废水.考察了不同工艺条件对废水COD、色度、Ca2+去除率的影响.实验结果表明,催化剂为TiO2(20％,质量分数,下同)-SiO2(80％),反应温度75℃,水力停留时间30min的最佳工艺条件下,处理后出水的COD、色度和ρ(Ca2+)分别为63.9 mg/L、0倍和49.4 mg/L,COD、色度和Ca2+去除率分别为78％、100％和95％.出水水质指标满足GB8986-1996《污水综合排放标准》.     

液膜分离法处理石灰法草浆纸厂废水

用乳状液膜法处理石灰法草浆纸厂废水,选择膜体系为T152-煤油-TOA-H2SO4.研究了膜体系的组成和工艺条件对COD去除率的影响.在试验条件下经一级处理COD去除率可达44%.采用低电压破乳,破乳后油相可重复使用.该方法具有处理成本低、无二次污染的优点.     

酸析法和碱析法处理草浆造纸黑液的效果对比

对比了酸析法和碱析法对碱法草浆造纸黑液中木质素的去除效果，并分析了聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂对酸析和碱析后木质素的絮凝效果。实验结果表明:酸析法和碱析法都能有效析出造纸黑液中的木质素，酸析法对色度的去除效果要优于碱析法;当造纸黑液pH为3时，COD去除率达到72.0%，色度去除率为97.7%;当造纸黑液pH为13时，COD去除率达到55.0%，色度去除率为22.3%;PAC对于酸析后木质素有较好的絮凝效果，当废水温度为55℃、PAC加入量为45mL/L时，COD去除率可以达到79.5%，色度去除率为98.5%;PAC絮凝剂对于碱析后的造纸黑液色度的去除效果较差。     

零价铁活化过硫酸钠深度处理电镀添加剂生产废水

采用零价铁(ZVI)活化过硫酸钠(PS)产生·SO_4~-,以·SO_4~-为氧化剂深度处理电镀添加剂生产废水。考察了废水p H、n(ZVI)∶n(PS)、c(S_2O_8~(2-))和反应温度对废水COD去除率的影响。实验得出废水处理的最佳工艺条件:废水p H为5.0,n(ZVI)∶n(PS)=1.00,c(S_2O_8~(2-))=15 mmol/L,反应温度为50℃。在此最佳工艺条件下反应60 min,COD去除率达到76.8%,出水COD约为42 mg/L,满足GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级标准要求。     

湿式空气氧化法处理高浓度含硫废水的研究

本文探讨了湿式空气氧化法处理高浓度含硫废水的过程,通过预实验和正交实验确定了最佳工艺条件,并讨论了其反应过程动力学。其结果表明,该湿式氧化过程为一复杂的连串反应,但就 Na_2S 和 COD 浓度而言,反应速度均为一级反应。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩，馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理，再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下，处理后出水pH6～9，COD 302mg／L，BOD5 108mg／L，SS30mg／L，色度36倍，水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.