油漆污染环境怎么办(上)

我们在生产与日常生活中接触到的各种设备和生活用具,多是由金属、木材等材料制成的。这些材料受大气中水分、气体、微生物及紫外线等各种因素的侵蚀,使其逐渐受到毁坏。为此,人们就在这些物件上涂上一层涂料(旧称油漆)才能延长其使用期限。涂料除了能起保护作用外,还能起装饰、标志及各种特殊作用。随着生产的发展,保护环境、防止污染作为社会问题提出后,涂料工业的发展就与环境保护紧紧联在一起了。涂料种类繁多,按结构大致可分为溶剂涂料、水性涂料、高固体分涂料与粉末涂料等。溶剂型涂料是由成膜物质加上颜色填料与有机溶剂制成。涂料中常用的有机溶剂有松香水、     

三丁基锡与海洋环境

三丁基锡化合物为金属化合物中少数毒性较大的有机化合物之一。1985年以来,世界各国广泛生产和使用,其产量已居金属有机化合物生产的第四位。三丁基锡化合物大多被用作农药,并被用来生产船底及鱼网防污涂料,以防止藤壶、藻类、贝类在船底     

涂料行业清洁生产实践

严峻的环境和能源问题严重限制了我国涂料行业的进一步发展。以某涂料生产企业为例,分析了涂料行业的生产特点及清洁生产潜力。针对该企业存在的问题,提出了可行的清洁生产方案共21项,可有效地减少涂料生产带来的环境污染,对我国涂料行业的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

需重点审核的有毒有害物质名录(第一批)

序号物质类别物质来源"1医药废物医用药品的生产制作。"2染料、涂料废物油墨、染料、颜料、油漆、真漆、罩光漆的生产配制和使用。"3有机树脂类废物树脂、胶乳、增塑剂、胶水/胶合剂的生产、配制和使用。"4表面处理废物金属和塑料表面处理。"5含铍废物稀有金属冶炼及铍化合物生产。"6含铬废物化工(铬化合物)生产;皮革加工(鞣革);金属、塑料电镀;酸性媒介染料染色;颜料生产与使用;金属铬冶炼(修合金);表面钝化(电解锰等)。"7含铜废物有色金属采选和冶炼;金属、塑料电镀;铜化合物生产"8含锌废物有色金属采选及冶炼;金属、塑料电镀;颜料、油漆…     

云母钛珠光颜料的应用研究

介绍了一种不使用有机溶剂获得云母钛珠光颜料、水性金属效果云母钛珠光浆、珠光涂料的环保型制备工艺和性能.采用液相沉积法获得了不同厚度的纳米TiO2薄膜包覆层而显示银白、金、红、紫、蓝、绿等各种色彩的系列珠光云母颜料;应用珠光云母颜料与分散剂等水性助剂混合,获得了水性金属效果云母钛珠光浆的制备工艺;应用云母钛珠光浆与乳液配合,获得了云母钛珠光涂料的制备工艺.制备的云母钛珠光涂料系列多彩,白度高、反射率大、珠光效果好,硬度、附着力、耐候性等指标优异.     

洞库金属油罐防腐蚀研究

总结了洞库金属油罐防腐施工经验,介绍了在焊接工艺、防腐施工工艺、罐底板加强防腐、涂料防腐等方面的具体实施方法.通过建立整体自动喷砂除锈和喷涂工艺,制订洞库金属油罐防腐涂料配套表和防腐质量控制规程,对重点部位进行加强防腐等手段,以改善洞库金属油罐的防腐施工环境,延长油罐的防腐维修周期.     

可剥性气相防锈涂料在海洋环境中的防锈实验研究

研制了一种可剥性气相防锈涂料,主要以乙烯基高分子树脂和环氧树脂为成膜物质,另还有复合型油溶性气相缓蚀剂、稳定剂、增韧剂、抗氧剂和混合有机溶剂等。该涂料能够在常温下快速成膜,所形成的涂层具有优良的柔韧性能、耐冲击强度、气相防锈性能和可大面积地进行剥离性能。针对4种不同的海洋环境进行了实际的防锈性能实验,结果表明该涂料短期内可以在海洋环境下对金属进行防锈。     

利用碱厂碱泥生产内墙涂料的研究

在以苛化法制炼碱的制碱企业，每年要生产大量的碱泥。文中从碱泥性质入手，介绍了利用碱泥生产内墙涂料的有关碱泥预处理、化学配方及涂料性能等几个方面的内容。利用碱泥生产内墙涂料具有成本低、工艺简单、性能好等优点，为碱泥的处理、利用开辟了新途径。     

应当重视解决涂料生产与涂装造成的空气污染

涂料生产与涂装所致空气污染多属于局部污染 ,少数涂料生产与应用涂料的工厂过于集中地区也可形成地区性污染。1　涂料生产与涂装所产生的大气污染物涂料一般是由固化剂、颜料、溶剂和助剂等四部分构成的 ,涂覆于物体后 ,在大气中常温放置状态下干燥硬化 ,溶剂、固化剂和助剂等挥发性有机化合物 VOC( Volatile Or-ganic Com pound) (如二甲苯、丙酮、苯酚等 )挥发到空气中产生空气污染。溶剂型工业涂料的溶剂含量一般超过涂料质量的 40 % ,使用时还要加部分溶剂调整粘度 ,涂料施工后全部有机溶剂释放到空气中。氨基醇酸 (聚酯 )和氨基丙…     

利用碱厂碱泥生产内墙涂料的研究

在以苛化法制烧碱的制碱企业，每年要产生大量的碱泥。文中从碱泥性质入手，介绍了利用碱泥生产内墙涂料的有关碱泥预处理、化学配方及涂料性能等几个方面的内容。利用碱泥生产内墙涂料具有成本低、工艺简单、性能好等优点，为碱泥的处理、利用开辟了新途径     

森林与径流关系——一致性和复杂性

@论文综述国外近一个世纪以来在配对集水区研究方面所取得的结论,从水的自然属性出发,从森林变化对径流(年径流量、洪峰与枯水径流)的影响,径流响应的干扰临界值及水文恢复各方面探讨森林变化与径流关系的一致性与复杂性。森林变化与径流关系的一致性主要表现在由较长时间尺度表达的年径流量上。绝大多数的配对集水区的试验研究表明,采伐森林就会增加年径流量,而在荒地上造林就会减少年径流量。而由较短时间尺度表达的洪峰径流与枯水流量则呈现较大的复杂性和难预估性。综述表明,对径流特别是洪峰与枯水径流的定义及分析方法的不同也是造成森林与径流关系复杂性的重要原因。森林与径流关系的复杂性要求人们在研究及应用其关系时就必须有系统观,必须考虑植被、径流与其它过程(土壤变化、气候变化等)的相互作用。论文还认为尽管配对集水区试验作为一种研究方法为研究者提供了许多可靠的结论,但由于许多研究者只把集水区看作是“黑箱”Q从而对认识森林与径流关系的复杂性有一定的局限性。未来的研究应把配对集水区的试验与其它对过程的研究技术(同位素、GIS等技术)结合起来。     

机动车尾气与雾霾天气

从雾和霾形成的原因以及与机动车尾气的关系等方面的论述,阐述了机动车尾气对人体健康的危害,提出了对机动车尾气的预防、治理办法。     

立体种植与水土保持

与自然相协调的立体种植，迁用于护堤、护岸、渠道衬砌和城市绿化，具有良好的保持水土作用，将其与生态开发相结合，会带来巨大的经济和社会效益。     

真菌和细菌对染料的吸附脱色及再生能力的研究

进行了真菌和细菌共培养对染料的吸附脱色和吸附脱色能力再生的研究。结果表明，青霉菌G－1首先对偶氮染料S－119、蒽醌染料艳紫KN－B（C．I．Reactive violet 22）水溶液中染料进行快速吸附去除，菌丝对同种染料的吸附速度随菌丝培养液中葡萄糖浓度的增加而加快，吸附染料的G－1菌丝在与细菌的共培养中完成对染料的脱色降解，脱色速度受培养液中葡萄和氮源浓度影响较大，从吸附速率和完全脱色时间综合评价，以葡萄糖浓度为5g/L、酒石酸铵为20mmol/L的培养基中培养的菌丝对染料的吸附脱色效果最好，吸附在菌丝上的艳紫KN－B脱色后菌丝吸附脱色能力得到再生，菌丝对100mg/L的艳紫KN－B染料水溶液可重复处理4次。青霉菌G－1对酸性染料废水处理3h，色度去除率为75．9％，吸附染料的菌丝在与细菌共培养中完成对染料的脱色，对试验所用染料废水，菌丝的处理能力获得1次再生。     

油气集输联合站火灾爆炸危险分析与事故后果模拟

以某联合站为例,根据油气集输联合站站场功能,将联合站划分为油气处理、储运及污水处理3个单元,对各单元发生火灾爆炸事故的可能条件进行分析,并利用DNV公司的SAFETI软件对事故后果进行模拟计算,根据事故影响范围数据,提出相应的安全措施。     

Homology and phylogeny and their automated inference

The analysis of the ever-increasing amount of biological and biomedical data can be pushed forward by comparing the data within and among species. For example, an integrative analysis of data from the genome sequencing projects for various species traces the evolution of the genomes and identifies conserved and innovative parts. Here, I review the foundations and advantages of this "historical" approach and evaluate recent attempts at automating such analyses. Biological data is comparable if a common origin exists (homology), as is the case for members of a gene family originating via duplication of an ancestral gene. If the family has relatives in other species, we can assume that the ancestral gene was present in the ancestral species from which all the other species evolved. In particular, describing the relationships among the duplicated biological sequences found in the various species is often possible by a phylogeny, which is more informative than homology statements. Detecting and elaborating on common origins may answer how certain biological sequences developed, and predict what sequences are in a particular species and what their function is. Such knowledge transfer from sequences in one species to the homologous sequences of the other is based on the principle of 'my closest relative looks and behaves like I do', often referred to as 'guilt by association'. To enable knowledge transfer on a large scale, several automated 'phylogenomics pipelines' have been developed in recent years, and seven of these will be described and compared. Overall, the examples in this review demonstrate that homology and phylogeny analyses, done on a large (and automated) scale, can give insights into function in biology and biomedicine.     

In-cloud scavenging and deposition of sulfates and nitrates: Case studies and parameterization

Scavenging of sulfates and nitrates—two most common ions leading the cloudwater acidity—was investigated during field studies atop a site in Mt. Mitchell (35°44′05″N, 82°17′15″W) State Park where the highest peak (2038 m MSL) of the eastern U.S. is located. Experiments were conducted during the growing seasons (15 May–30 September) of 1986 and 1987 using an instrumented meteorological tower (16.5 m tall) and a passive cloudwater collector. A cloud episode that occurred on 12 October 1987, was also comprehensively investigated. Clouds were frequently observed in which the Fraser fir and red spruce stands stayed immersed 28% and 41% of the time during the 1986 and 1987 seasons, respectively. Rate of cloudwater deposition on the forest canopy was determined using an inferential cloud deposition model. It was found by analysing nine short duration (lasting 8 h or less) and 16 long duration cloud events that the ionic concentration (SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) is inversely proportional to the rate (I_c) of cloudwater deposition (in mm h⁻¹) and can be expressed by the following relationship: [SO₄²⁻] = aI_c^−b or [NO₃⁻] = aI_c^−b. Theoretical arguments leading to these relationships are presented. The b values for predicting NO₃²⁻ concentration are found in the range of 0.14–1.24 (mean = 0.48) for short duration and 0.062–0.63 (mean = 0.27) for long duration cloud events, respectively. The corresponding b values for predicting NO₃⁻ concentrations are 0.19–1.16 (mean = 0.49) and 0.072–0.59 (mean = 0.27), respectively. When the b parameter was between 0.2 and 0.6, the correlation coefficients between measured and predicted ionic concentrations were found to exceed 0.7. The parameter a is shown to represent the maximum ionic flux for a given cloud event. The ratio of the a parameter for SO₄²⁻ to NO₃⁻ varied between 1.75 and 6.95, indicating that the SO₄²⁻ contributes to the total ionic concentration substantially more than the NO₃⁻ leading to the conclusion that the cloudwater acidity is primarily due to the presence of sulfuric acid which has been demonstrated to cause foliar injury and growth retardation in red spruce trees. The above parameterization is similar to the one that is frequently used to relate ionic concentration in precipitation to the rainfall rate. In order to understand physico-chemical processes leading to the proposed parameterization schemes, meteorological and chemical variables are comprehensively analysed for one short duration and two long duration cloud events. The concentrations of principal ions (SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, H⁺ and NH₄⁺) during the short duration cloud events were found to be much higher than those during the long duration ones, especially at colder temperatures. Such short cloud events have a potential of causing foliar narcosis in red spruce stands because of unusually acidic cloudwater to which these stands stay exposed intermittently during each growing season.     

土壤及果树中HCH和DDT残留及分布规律研究

采用索氏提取、弗罗里土固相微萃取小柱净化结合GC-ECD测定了苹果园土壤和果树样品中4种六六六(HCH)和4种滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量,并对果树的根、枝、叶中HCH和DDT的分布规律进行了研究。实验结果表明,土壤和果树样品中均有HCH和DDT检出。土壤样品中两类农药的含量分别在0.51～3.97ng/g和1.46～15.55ng/g之间,其中β-HCH是六六六残留的主体,滴滴涕类的含量以p,p'-DDT为最高,并且(DDE+DDD)/DDT<1表明近期果园中有新的DDT输入。果树样品中,HCH和DDT的残留量分别在0.22～2.01ng/g和0.38～6.08ng/g之间,都要低于相应土壤中有机氯农药的浓度。果树中总OCPs的含量在4.88～17.94ng/g之间,是土壤和大气中OCPs污染共同作用的结果。根部的OCPs的含量明显高于枝和叶,其分布规律为根>叶>枝,这主要取决于根、枝、叶各组织的结构以及农药的理化性质。     

砷的污染、检测与防治

在环境化学污染物中,砷是最常见、最严重的污染物之一.随着现代工农业生产的发展,砷对环境的污染日趋严重.为了更好地评价砷污染对环境和人体的影响,介绍了砷污染的来源、对人体的危害、标准的检测方法和目前砷污染治理的现状.     

国内外产排污系数开发现状及其启示

通过对国外产排污系数开发应用现状的系统分析,重点研究了美国产排污系数的基本特征、开发方法和途径以及遇到的障碍,结合我国产排污系数的开发现状和存在的问题,得出了对我国该领域研究的启示:建立产排污系数开发和管理的官方常设机构,定期发布最新数据;构建国家产排污系数信息管理平台;细化行业污染源分类,完善污染物种类;深入对产排污系数开发的理论体系和技术方法的研究,建立产排污系数核算方法学.指出了产排污系数不确定性评估研究将是未来重要的研究内容.