不同类型生物结皮对坡面产流特征的影响

生物结皮是黄土高原地区坡面水土流失不可忽略的影响因素,目前生物结皮对坡面产流特征的影响仍不明确.在陕北神木县六道沟小流域通过径流小区放水试验,以裸地为对照,研究了浅色藻结皮、深色藻结皮、混合结皮(藻+藓)以及藓结皮4 种类型生物结皮对坡面产流特征的影响.结果表明:① 浅色藻结皮、深色藻结皮和混合结皮较裸地显著降低了初始产流时间,三者的初始产流时间较裸地分别减少89.0%、96.2%和96.0%;而藓结皮则较裸地显著增加了初始产流时间.② 浅色藻结皮和混合结皮较裸地显著延长了退水持续时间,其退水持续时间分别是裸地小区的2.28和2.13倍;而深色藻结皮的退水持续时间与裸地差异不显著.③ 深色藻结皮和藓结皮的径流流速较裸地分别降低了29.1%和67.3%;藓结皮的径流流速显著低于其他生物结皮小区;各生物结皮小区的径流深与裸地均无显著差异;浅色藻结皮的径流深显著高于深色藻结皮.④ 不同类型的生物结皮较裸地明显改变了坡面产流过程和径流量;浅色藻结皮小区的径流系数显著高于裸地,深色藻结皮和混合结皮小区的径流系数较裸地差异不显著;浅色藻结皮小区的径流系数是深色藻结皮小区的2.44 倍,差异显著;放水时段内,藓结皮小区没有径流流出.以上结果表明,生物结皮是坡面产流特征的重要影响因素,影响程度与生物结皮的发育阶段和生物组成有关.     

沼泽红假单胞菌在蓝藻基质中的生长潜势和碳氮磷利用

为同步高效利用废弃蓝藻和产出活性光合细菌,研究了蓝藻基质中沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonaspalustris）的生长潜势和碳氮磷转化规律.结果表明,温度30℃,光照2000lx,蓝藻浓度>0.87g/L,即可促进R.palustris PUF1生长;蓝藻浓度3g/L,培养108h,PUF1OD₆₅₀虽低于ATYP培养基,但细菌叶绿素a（Bchl a）浓度与ATYP基质相当,表明蓝藻基质可能促进了PUF1光合色素的合成.在细菌对数期后期补加小分子有机酸显著促进蓝藻基质中PUF1再生长,252,444h OD₆₅₀分别是培养108h的191.75%和269.24%,Bchl a分别是108h的206.68%和276.17%.444h蓝藻基质中OD₆₅₀和Bchl a分别是ATYP基质中的130.88%和160.62%,表明长期培养条件下应用天然蓝藻基质更适宜活性PUF1培育.通过分析干物质和藻液中的碳氮磷含量和浓度发现,蓝藻基质中可供给PUF1直接利用的溶解性碳氮磷浓度不平衡,表现为氮充足,碳少量,磷限制.提高蓝藻基质中生物可利用碳浓度对强化光合细菌生长和碳氮磷利用具有重要意义.     

沼泽红假单胞菌在蓝藻基质中的生长潜势和碳氮磷利用

为同步高效利用废弃蓝藻和产出活性光合细菌,研究了蓝藻基质中沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonaspalustris）的生长潜势和碳氮磷转化规律.结果表明,温度30℃,光照2000lx,蓝藻浓度>0.87g/L,即可促进R.palustris PUF1生长;蓝藻浓度3g/L,培养108h,PUF1OD₆₅₀虽低于ATYP培养基,但细菌叶绿素a（Bchl a）浓度与ATYP基质相当,表明蓝藻基质可能促进了PUF1光合色素的合成.在细菌对数期后期补加小分子有机酸显著促进蓝藻基质中PUF1再生长,252,444h OD₆₅₀分别是培养108h的191.75%和269.24%,Bchl a分别是108h的206.68%和276.17%.444h蓝藻基质中OD₆₅₀和Bchl a分别是ATYP基质中的130.88%和160.62%,表明长期培养条件下应用天然蓝藻基质更适宜活性PUF1培育.通过分析干物质和藻液中的碳氮磷含量和浓度发现,蓝藻基质中可供给PUF1直接利用的溶解性碳氮磷浓度不平衡,表现为氮充足,碳少量,磷限制.提高蓝藻基质中生物可利用碳浓度对强化光合细菌生长和碳氮磷利用具有重要意义.     

温室条件下UV-B辐射对蓝藻结皮生长和超微结构的影响

UV-B辐射是野外蓝藻结皮经常面临的一种环境胁迫因子.报道了温室条件下UV-B辐射对蓝藻结皮形态、生理和超微结构特征的影响.在本研究中,首先通过接种具鞘微鞘藻和爪哇伪枝藻形成初始蓝藻结皮,接着以初始蓝藻结皮为材料进行3种辐射处理:光合有效辐射、UV-B辐射+光合有效辐射和N-乙酰半胱氨酸+UV-B辐射+光合有效辐射.在...     

水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠毒理效应研究进展

蓝藻暴发引发的水华造成了严重的生态灾难和健康危害,蓝藻水华污染因其已成为全球性的环境问题而受到关注。蓝藻产生的藻毒素具有潜在致癌作用,与多种消化道肿瘤的发病率升高相关,其毒理学效应及其健康危害性更是学术界研究和关注的热点。水华蓝藻细胞提取物较之纯藻毒素的毒理学效应有很大不同,研究水华蓝藻细胞提取物对哺乳动物的毒理学效应能为蓝藻水华的健康风险评估提供一定的理论依据。水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠产生的毒理学效应,如脏器细胞凋亡和对各脏器抗氧化酶防御系统的损害;水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠遗传毒性和促癌或致癌作用研究是目前研究的热点和难点问题。     

Off-flavor compounds from decaying cyanobacterial blooms of Lake Taihu

The effect of cyanobacterial bloom decay on water quality and the complete degradation of cyanobacterial blooms in a short period were examined by an enclosure experiment in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu,China.Water quality parameters as well as taste and odor compounds during the breakdown of cyanobacterial blooms were measured.Results showed that the decay of cyanobacterial blooms caused anoxic water conditions,decreased pH,and increased nutrient loading to the lake water.The highest concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS),dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS),and β-cyclocitral were observed in the anoxic water,at 62331.8,12413.3,and 1374.9 ng/L,respectively.2-Methylisoborneol was dominant during the live growth phase of cyanobacterial blooms,whereas DMS and DMTS were dominant during the decomposition phase.Dissolved oxygen,pH,and chlorophyll a were negatively correlated with DMS,DMTS,and β-cyclocitral,whereas total phosphorus,total nitrogen,and ammonium (NH4+-N) were positively correlated with DMS,DMTS,β-cyclocitral,and β-ionone.The experimental results suggested that preventing the anaerobic decomposition of cyanobacterial blooms is an important strategy against the recurrence of a malodor crisis in Lake Taihu.     

蓝藻水华粗提物对小鼠肝脏HSP70,GRP78表达的影响

为研究在活体条件下自然水环境中蓝藻水华对生物体的毒性效应,将小鼠连续7d经灌胃暴露于不同浓度的蓝藻水华粗提物,通过western-blotting法测定小鼠肝组织中热应激蛋白HSP70、与内质网应激相关的GRP78、CHOP以及caspaser-12蛋白表达水平.结果显示,随着暴露浓度的提高,在最高浓度组,HSP70,GRP78的表达水平显著提高,但未见CHOP和caspaser-12表达的明显改变.研究结果表明,蓝藻水华粗提物使小鼠肝组织处于内质网应激状态.     

Variation of cyanobacteria with different environmental conditions in Nansi Lake, China

Nansi Lake is located on the east line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. A comprehensive study was carried out to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in the lake from June 2008 to May 2011 based on monthly sample monitoring from five stations. The effect of environmental factors on cyanobacterial abundance was also evaluated. The cyanobacterial community contained 15 genera and 23 species. The cyanobacterial abundance of each monitoring station ranged from 0 to 1.53× 10⁷ cells/L with an average of 1.45×10⁶ cells/L, which accounted for 11.66% of the total phytoplankton abundance. The dominant species of cyanobacteria were Pseudanabaena (32.94%) and Merismopedia (19.85%), not the bloom-forming algae such as Microcystis and Anabaena. In addition, the cyanobacterial community structure and water quality variables changed substantially over the survey period. Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested that temperature and phosphorus were important environmental factors that affected cyanobacteria. Temperature was the most important factor affecting cyanobacterial abundance. The effect of phosphorus on cyanobacterial abundance was more notable in warm periods than in periods with low temperature.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in Batticaloa Lagoon

The necessity to understand the relationship between cyanobacterial species abundance and water quality variations in coastal lagoons is crucial to develop strategies to prevent further cyanobacterial proliferation. This paper evaluates the relationship between water quality variations on the distribution of cyanobacteria during a 12-month period in Batticaloa Lagoon (Sri Lanka) using Redundancy analysis and Pearson correlations. Drastic variations in pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total phosphorus (TP) levels were reported, but not turbidity and NO₃⁻. This brackish waterbody is hypereutrophic (TP levels > 0.1 mg/L). The cyanobacterial community contained 13 genera and 22 species. NO₃⁻, TP and turbidity levels positively influenced cyanobacterial abundance during all seasons indicating that nutrient (largely phosphorus) and sediment entry control is highly crucial along with periodic monitoring of cyanobacterial growth.     

蓝藻胞外聚合物对供水管网水质的影响

针对游离态蓝藻胞外聚合物（EPS）在常规水处理工艺中不易去除、残留蓝藻EPS极易进入供水管网的特性,研究了蓝藻EPS对供水管网水质变化及生物稳定性的影响.针对管道使用时限分析了不同管道内部产生附膜条件下,蓝藻EPS对供水管网中余氯、浑浊度、生物稳定性、有机组分等主要水质指标变化规律的影响.结果表明,蓝藻EPS加快了管网余氯衰减速度,导致管网水质浑浊度在12~24h后即超出生活饮用水卫生标准上限,并使管网水质生物稳定性降低,BDOC在72h内增加37.2~39.5%,AOC增加365~393%,总活菌数升高18~20倍.阐明了蓝藻水华爆发时期净水厂出厂水残留蓝藻EPS在管网余氯存在前提下,仍然能够作为微生物营养基质和代谢能量,而促进管道内细菌生长繁殖,增加微生物代谢活性,刺激微生物胞外有机组分分泌释放,导致管网水质二次污染.     

蓝藻胞外聚合物对供水管网水质的影响

针对游离态蓝藻胞外聚合物（EPS）在常规水处理工艺中不易去除、残留蓝藻EPS极易进入供水管网的特性,研究了蓝藻EPS对供水管网水质变化及生物稳定性的影响.针对管道使用时限分析了不同管道内部产生附膜条件下,蓝藻EPS对供水管网中余氯、浑浊度、生物稳定性、有机组分等主要水质指标变化规律的影响.结果表明,蓝藻EPS加快了管网余氯衰减速度,导致管网水质浑浊度在12~24h后即超出生活饮用水卫生标准上限,并使管网水质生物稳定性降低,BDOC在72h内增加37.2~39.5%,AOC增加365~393%,总活菌数升高18~20倍.阐明了蓝藻水华爆发时期净水厂出厂水残留蓝藻EPS在管网余氯存在前提下,仍然能够作为微生物营养基质和代谢能量,而促进管道内细菌生长繁殖,增加微生物代谢活性,刺激微生物胞外有机组分分泌释放,导致管网水质二次污染.     

The mechanism of different cyanobacterial responses to glyphosate

Glyphosate, the most extensively used herbicide globally, has raised ecotoxicological concerns because it can be transported into the aquatic environment and cause adverse effects on the aquatic system. However, the functional mechanism of glyphosate on cyanobacteria are not completely disentangled. In this study, we selected six common cyanobacteria to evaluate glyphosate effects on cyanobacterial growth in monoculture experiment. Results showed that the growth of five tested cyanobacterial species were promoted under different degrees, and only Pseudanabaena was inhibited by glyphosate. In the phylogenetic tree based on gene sequences of 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), a target for glyphosate, we found that the position of Pseudanabaena is the closest to plant, which was sensitive to glyphosate, thereby explaining the inhibitory effect of Pseudanabaena following glyphosate exposure. The primary degraded metabolites or analogs did not induce cyanobacterial growth, laterally demonstrating that glyphosate was used as a source of phosphorus to accelerate cyanobacterial growth because phosphorus levels increased in the medium of glyphosate treatment. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the influence of glyphosate on the composition of aquatic microbiota and explains the mechanism of cyanobacterial response to glyphosate.     

水华蓝藻生物质对Cu~(2+)的吸附动力学及吸附平衡研究

文章初步研究了水华蓝藻生物质对重金属离子Cu2+的吸附特性,包括生物吸附动力学和吸附等温线。生物吸附动力学结果表明,Cu2+的生物吸附可分为两个阶段,第一个阶段能较快地达到平衡,而之后的阶段进行缓慢。透析袋处理的蓝藻生物质在不同pH(3,4,5,6)的铜离子溶液条件下,吸附效率依次为62.4%,78.1%,71.2%,60.35%,吸附最大值为7.81 mg/g。水华蓝藻生物质对Cu2+的生物吸附平衡等温线可以用Freundlich模型精确拟合。水华蓝藻生物质在处理低浓度的含Cu2+废水方面有潜力。湖泊富营养化的优势在于产生低成本的、大量的、可收集的水华,这说明自然环境中的藻类资源如蓝藻水华生物质,可能作为商业中使用的生物吸附剂。     

不同浓度蓝藻水华在好氧条件下的光合作用

为研究不同浓度蓝藻水华在曝气形成的好氧条件下的光合作用,本文按叶绿素a（Chla）浓度32.5,346.8,1413.7和14250.0μg/L设4个处理组（从低到高编号依次为I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和IV）进行实验.结果表明,各处理Chla浓度均总体呈下降趋势,但均未出现发黑或发褐现象;各处理溶氧、pH值、NH₄⁺-N浓度和最大光合作用能力F_v/F_m均有一定差异（P<0.05）.快速光响应曲线的特征参数α、ETR_max和I_k表明,处理I、Ⅱ和Ⅲ中出现较高的绿藻、硅/甲藻的光能利用效率（P<0.05）,而处理IV中所有藻类的光能利用效率较低（P<0.05）.曝气增氧可以防止高浓度蓝藻水华形成黑水团;蓝藻水华初始Chla浓度约为32.5、346.8、1413.7μg/L时,在曝气形成的好氧条件下,蓝藻水华中会出现其它藻类如绿藻、硅/甲藻的生长,即藻类群落结构朝着多样化变化,对蓝藻水华形成控制.     

蓝藻水华形成过程对氮磷转化功能细菌群的影响

为探寻蓝藻水华形成过程中细菌群落结构和氮、磷转化功能菌群的动态变化,利用细菌16S rRNA基因的高通量测序和功能基因的荧光定量PCR(qPCR)方法,分析了在蓝藻水华过程中水体细菌群落组成及功能菌群的变化情况.高通量测序结果证明了蓝藻水华形成过程中细菌群落的多样性降低,细菌群落在水华期和非水华期具有不同的结构.随着水华过程中蓝藻密度的增加,水体中Actinobacteria和Bacteroidetes相对丰度减少,而Firmicutes相对丰度增加;蓝藻水华对聚磷菌(PAOs)具有富集作用,对硝化细菌具有抑制作用,而反硝化细菌的数量在中度水华条件下显著增加. qPCR结果显示,随着蓝藻水华的持续发展,硝化和反硝化功能基因丰度下降甚至消失,表明水体中氮转化过程可能受到抑制,此过程也有利于水华过程中微囊藻快速增殖对氮的需求,对水华蓝藻的生长具有正反馈作用.     

环境DNA宏条形码技术在蓝藻群落监测中的应用

全球气候变化下的蓝藻水华大规模暴发成为重要的环境问题,对蓝藻准确、高效和实时的监测是蓝藻水华防控的关键.近年来,环境DNA（environmental DNA,eDNA）宏条形码技术开始应用于蓝藻群落监测,弥补了显微镜镜检法物种鉴定难和受主观经验影响大的缺点.eDNA宏条形码为快速和大规模蓝藻群落监测提供了可能,其应用尚处于初步探索阶段,数据处理方法尚不成熟,因此有必要从引物选择、序列聚类、注释方法和绝对定量4个层面系统综述eDNA宏条形码技术在蓝藻群落监测中的研究进展,以推进eDNA宏条形码在蓝藻群落监测中的应用.引物选择应针对目标蓝藻类群,16S rRNA基因数据库涵盖蓝藻物种范围广,是最常用的eDNA宏条形码,但16S-23S rRNA基因间隔区域（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）和功能基因在属内物种间具有较好的区分效果,为eDNA宏条形码在蓝藻物种水平注释提供可能.序列聚类一般通过设定物种间分类阈值进行OTUs聚类,但可能丢失序列相似度高于分类阈值的不同物种;序列差异低至单核苷酸变异方法的应用进一步区分了隐蔽的物种和生态型,产生的序列具有生物学意义,可以实现跨数据集间的比较分析.在注释方法上,基于数据库参考序列距离相似度的注释方法,注释结果的分辨率和准确度不高;基于系统进化位置的注释方法,提升了注释结果的准确度,反映了物种间的进化关系.加入外源DNA的内标法,以及基于细胞体积和基因拷贝数目关系的细胞体积校正系数法为eDNA宏条形码物种丰度的绝对定量提供了可能.      

Influence of sunlight on the proliferation of cyanobacterial blooms and its potential applications in Lake Taihu, China

To learn the relationship between sunlight intensity and cyanobacterial proliferations for the further control of the heavy blooms, enclosure experiment were conducted in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu by regulating the natural light intensities with different shading ratio （0% （full sunlight）, 10%, 25%, 50% and 75% of original natural sunlight intensities） from September to November in 2010. The results indicated that phytoplankton biomass （mean） decreased significantly when the shading ratios reached 50% or more. Higher shading ratios （e.g. 75%） were very efficient in controlling the average and total cyanobacterialbloom biomass, while 50% shading ratio was proven very effective either in controlling the peak value of phytoplankton biomass or postponing the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Talhu. In addition, phytoplankton composition and photosynthesis efficiency were also affected by altering the shading ratios, and in turn, they might also act on phytoplankton growth. Based on the results from the present study, intermediate shading strategies such as regulation of water level or turbidity through the hydrology regulations would probably be an effective and efficient method in controlling cyanobacterial blooms in large and shallow lakes.     

微囊藻水华对水体中氮转化及微生物的影响

氮是水生态系统初级生产力的限制性生源要素,认识水体中氮的转化特征有利于调控和削减水体中过量的氮,对维持水生态健康十分重要.氨氧化细菌、氨氧化古菌以及反硝化细菌在氮循环中发挥关键作用.通过在室内构建微宇宙模拟蓝藻水华的重复暴发,发现在蓝藻水华暴发和衰亡短期内,TN、氨氮、TOC浓度快速升高和DO急剧降低,但后期逐渐得到恢复,且水体中的TN在高浓度藻存在下迅速降低.在蓝藻水华暴发和衰亡过程中,太湖水体中氨氧化菌演化为AOB占优势,氨氧化功能活性逐渐恢复,有利于水体中氨氮的去除.蓝藻水华暴发促进太湖水体中含nir S和nir K基因反硝化菌的数量增加至起始的100倍左右,从而促进水体中总氮的去除.     

微囊藻毒素微生物降解途径与分子机制研究进展

随着大量含氮和磷的废水流入湖泊和江河,导致淡水蓝藻水华污染现象日趋严重.蓝藻水华污染的最主要危害是产生和释放以微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)为主的多种藻毒素.由于MCs对动植物具有很强的毒性,且其在水体中很难被传统的处理方法有效去除,因此如何有效控制蓝藻水华污染和去除MCs是摆在中外环境科学领域的一个难题.针对MCs的结构与毒性、降解菌株、酶催化降解、降解基因和生物降解途径与分子机制的研究进展进行了综述,并对今后微生物降解MCs的研究方向进行了展望,以期为解决我国日益严峻的湖库水体MCs污染和饮用水安全问题提供参考.     

蓝藻泥热压滤滤液与市政污泥协同处理工艺研究

为解决蓝藻泥处理成本高、资源化途径少的难题,在蓝藻泥热压滤深度脱水工艺的基础上,探索了热压滤滤液与市政污泥协同处理工艺。将蓝藻泥热压滤滤液协同回用于市政污泥深度脱水,考察了不同pH条件下热压滤滤液对市政污泥的脱水效果以及对市政污泥脱水后滤液中污染物含量的影响。结果表明：在蓝藻泥热压滤滤液中投加铁离子有利于市政污泥深度脱水;热压滤滤液回用于市政污泥脱水的最佳条件是在热压滤滤液中添加CaO调节pH至7.0,协同处理工艺添加的化学药剂量比常规深度脱水工艺减少68.1%,产生的滤液量比常规深度脱水工艺减少45%,并且总单位成本比常规深度脱水工艺减少16.6%,将促进蓝藻泥的经济处理,拓展其资源化途径。