垃圾焚烧飞灰中二噁英类的研究概况

随着垃圾焚烧技术的推广应用,焚烧产生的污染越来越受关注,本文介绍了二噁英的检测方法、垃圾焚烧飞灰中二噁英的分布、影响因素及飞灰的处置和综合利用技术研究概况。     

河南省五城市环境空气PM_(10)手工标准方法与自动监测法比对分析

在焦作、安阳、开封、三门峡、信阳5个城市开展PM_(10)手工标准方法和自动监测法比对实验,并用相关性和相对偏差对比对结果进行分析和评价。结果表明:12015年5个城市采集的PM_(10)手工和自动监测值均具有良好的相关性。22015年5个城市采集的PM_(10)手工和自动监测值的相对偏差为-19.1%~9.68%;负偏差数据占总数据量的75%。3PM_(10)手工和自动监测值|RD|平均值在中浓度下最小,高浓度下最大,低浓度介于二者之间,说明在高浓度和低浓度时PM_(10)的监测数据质量尤其值得关注。     

Bioaccumulation and translocation of metals in the natural vegetation growing on fly ash lagoons: a field study from Santaldih thermal power plant, West Bengal, India

A field study was conducted in the fly ash lagoons of Santandih Thermal Power Plant located in West Bengal (India) to find out total, EDTA and DTPA extractable metals in fly ash and their bioaccumulation in root and shoot portion of the naturally growing vegetation. Fly ash sample has alkaline pH and low conductivity. The concentration of total Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni were found higher than weathered fly ash and natural soil, where as Co, Cd and Cr were found traces. Five dominant vegetation namely, Typha latifolia, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Amaranthus defluxes, Saccharum spontaenum and Cynodon dactylon were collected in the winter months (November–December). Bioaccumulation of metals in root and shoot portions were found varied significantly among the species, but all concentration were found within toxic limits. Correlation between total, DTPA and EDTA extractable metals viz. root and shoot metals concentration were studied. Translocation factor (TF) for Cu, Zn and Ni were found less than unity, indicates that these metals are immobilized in the root part of the plants. Metals like Mn have TF greater than unity. The study infers that natural vegetation removed Mn by phytoextraction mechanisms (TF > 1), while other metals like Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni were removed by rhizofiltration mechanisms (TF < 1). The field study revealed that T. latifolia and S. spontaenum plants could be used for bioremediation of fly ash lagoon.     

Effects of leachant temperature and pH on leachability of metals from fly ash. A case study: Can thermal power plant, province of Canakkale, Turkey

Lignite powered electric generation plants result in increasing environmental problems associated with gaseous emissions and the disposal of ash residues. Especially, low quality coals with high ash content cause enormous quantities of both gaseous and solid fly ash emissions. The main problem is related to the disposal of fly ash, which, in many cases, contains heavy metals. It is known that toxic trace metals may leach when fly ash is in contact with water. In this study, fly ash samples obtained from the thermal power plant in the town of Can in Turkey were investigated for leachability of metals under different acidic and temperature conditions. The experimental results show that a decrease in pH of the leachant favors the extraction of metal ions from fly ash. A significant increase in the extraction of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, zinc, lead, mercury, and selenium ions from the ash is attributed to the instability of the mineral phases. These heavy metals concentrations increase with respect to increasing acidic conditions and temperature. Peak concentrations, in general, were found at around 30°C.     

粉煤灰吸附处理炼油污水中石油类物质的应用研究

以炼油污水气浮后用于冲灰为目的,对粉煤灰吸附炼油污水中的石油类物质进行了初步研究,主要研究了水灰比、与油水的混合时间、静置沉淀时间等因素对粉煤灰吸附石油类效率的影响。研究表明,水灰比对粉煤灰吸附石油类效率的影响最显著。通过正交试验法,找出了粉煤灰处理炼油污水的最优工艺参数组合,为指导现场工作提供了理论依据。同时对粉煤灰吸附处理炼油污水中石油类的性能进行了研究,证实在常温状态下粉煤灰对石油类的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程。     

市政垃圾焚烧飞灰中添加CaO抑制PCDD/Fs生成试验探究

采用自制装置,以CaO作为PCDD/Fs生成抑制剂,对市政垃圾焚烧飞灰做热处理。通过试验考察温度、CaO添加量等因素对飞灰中PCDD/Fs生成的影响。结果表明：质量分数为5%的CaO添加可以减少80%的PCDD/Fs生成。     

固定污染源烟气流速手工监测方法改进研究

以上海市三家电厂为例,应用实测数据比对、验证了流速手工监测方法的改进效果,结果表明,改进试验中三家电厂所取点位计算得出的流速值与标准方法测出流速值之间的相对误差较小,各厂可选取相应点位作为流速监测点位。     

Growth and biochemical parameters of Cicer arietinum L. grown on amended fly ash

Growth and metal accumulation were investigated in two Cicer arietinum L. varieties (var. CSG-8962 and var. C-235) when grown in various combinations of fly ash (FA) amended with garden soil (GS), press mud (PM) or saw dust (SD). In addition, the levels of photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, cysteine, non-protein thiols (NP-SH), and ascorbic acid were studied. FA amended with GS or PM led to a 5–10 times increase in biomass compared to FA control and was most pronounced in the less metal tolerant variety CSG-8962. Amendment of FA with either GS or PM only moderately increased the contents of some essential metals whereas the non-essential Cd and Cr remained similar or decreased slightly compared to FA control. FA combined with either GS or PM increased the amount of photosynthetic pigments and was largely absent when SD was added to FA. Improved nitrogen availability led to increased nitrate reductase (NR) activity with all amendments but less so with SD. Metal stress indicating parameters were generally reduced (cysteine and non-protein thiols) or unchanged (ascorbic acid). In conclusion, of the tested ameliorants both GS and PM greatly improved growth of C. arietinum making FA a suitable component of plant growth substrates.     

微囊藻中叶绿素a提取方法的优化

用组织研磨、浸泡提取、热浴超声3种提取方法和丙酮、甲醇、乙醇3种提取溶剂,从实验室纯培养微囊藻中提取叶绿素a,并以高效液相色谱法测定其质量浓度。结果表明,经组织研磨破碎藻细胞后用甲醇提取的效果好于丙酮和乙醇,经浸泡和超声破碎藻细胞后用乙醇的提取效果好于丙酮和甲醇;使用乙醇-热浴超声法在所有的试验组合中获得最佳提取效果,条件为：乙醇温度为50℃-55℃,超声6min-8min后再静置提取5h-6h。     

太湖蓝藻水华的自动监测和手工监测比对分析

对夏季太湖野外水华蓝藻样本进行梯度稀释,将自动监测法与手工监测法(人工镜检法和分光光度法)进行比对分析,同时通过对野外样品的连续监测对实验结果进行验证.结果表明,对于以微囊藻为绝对优势种的夏季太湖水体,YSI-6600型和EXO2型便携式水质监测仪测得的叶绿素与人工镜检法测得的藻密度的调整后相关系数(R2adj)均值分...     

Restoration of fly ash dump through biological interventions

Field experiment on 10 ha area of fly ash dump was conducted to restore and revegetate it using biological interventions, which involves use of organic amendment, selection of suitable plant species along with specialized nitrogen fixing strains of biofertilizer. The results of the study indicated that amendment with farm yard manure at 50 t/ha improved the physical properties of fly ash such as maximum water holding capacity from 40.0 to 62.42% while porosity improved from 56.78 to 58.45%. The nitrogen content was increased by 4.5 times due to addition of nitrogen fixing strains of Bradyrhizobium and Azotobacter species, while phosphate content was increased by 10.0 times due to addition of VAM, which helps in phosphate immobilization. Due to biofertilizer inoculation different microbial groups such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter and VAM spores, which were practically absent in fly ash improved to 7.1 × 10⁷, 9.2 × 10⁷ CFU/g and 35 VAM spores/10 g of fly ash, respectively. Inoculation of biofertilizer and application of FYM helped in reducing the toxicity of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, nickel and lead which were reduced by 25, 46, 48 and 47%, respectively, due to the increased organic matter content in the fly ash which complexes the heavy metals thereby decreasing the toxicity of metals. Amendment of fly ash with FYM and biofertilizer helped in profuse root development showing 15 times higher growth in Dendrocalamus strictus plant as compared to the control. Thus amendment and biofertilizer application provided better supportive material for anchorage and growth of the plant.