蚯蚓-菌根相互作用对土壤-植物系统中Cd迁移转化的影响

以灰化土(Aquods soil)为供试土壤,分别加入4种含量的Cd2 (0、5、10、20 mg·kg-1)模拟土壤污染,设置单独加8条蚯蚓(Pheretima sp.)、单独接种菌根(Inoculum Endorize-Mix2)、同时接种蚯蚓和菌根的3种处理,以不加蚯蚓和菌根为对照,各处理均种植黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum),研究蚯蚓、菌根相互作用对土壤-植物系统中Cd迁移转化的影响.结果表明:(1)菌根对土壤pH无明显影响,加蚯蚓可使土壤pH比对照约降低0.2,蚯蚓和菌根同时作用对土壤pH降低没有协同作用.(2)蚯蚓或菌根的加入均能显著增加土壤中可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量,蚯蚓的影响大于菌根,同时加入蚯蚓和接种菌根对土壤中DOC的增加有一定的拮抗作用.(3)蚯蚓活动增加了黑麦草根部Cd的积累,菌根则能促进Cd从黑麦草根部向地上部转移,二者具有促进Cd向地上部分转移的协同作用.(4)蚓粪和土壤中DTPA提取态Cd含量与黑麦草吸收Cd量呈显著相关(p＜0.01),而蚓粪中DTPA提取态Cd含量均显著高于土壤中的含量(p＜0.05).因此,蚓粪中有效态Cd是植物吸收Cd的重要供源.     

Rhizobium sp.W33对不同植物吸收铜和根际分泌物的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用1株植物促生细菌Rhizobium sp.W33接种黑麦草、狼尾草、高羊茅、紫花苜蓿、猪屎豆、油菜和印度芥菜等7种不同植物,考察了Cu胁迫下菌株对植物生物量、Cu含量和根际土壤中分泌物的影响,并筛选根瘤菌-植物联合修复重金属污染土壤的组合体系,以期初步探明细菌-植物联合修复重金属污染土壤的机制.结果表明,接种Rhizobium sp.W33后,有5种植物的干重增加了11%~56%,增加幅度为印度芥菜黑麦草高羊茅狼尾草油菜,紫花苜蓿和猪屎豆的干重下降.黑麦草、狼尾草、高羊茅和猪屎豆根内Cu含量接近或超过1000mg·kg-1,Cu大量积累在植物根部.Rhizobium sp.W33能够显著促进黑麦草吸收Cu(p0.05),并提高其对Cu的富集系数和转移系数,增加根部和地上部的Cu总量.苹果酸是供试植物-细菌联合修复Cu污染土壤的主要有机酸种类,接种根瘤菌W33后黑麦草、狼尾草根际的苹果酸和水溶性糖含量降低,过氧化氢酶活性增加,其中,苹果酸、水溶性糖含量与黑麦草中Cu含量呈显著相关性(p0.05).因此,根瘤菌W33-黑麦草联合体系修复重金属Cu污染土壤的效果最好,具有应用于重金属Cu污染土壤稳定修复的潜力.     

多氯联苯污染土壤菌根真菌-紫花苜蓿-根瘤菌联合修复效应

选用紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）作为宿主植物,盆栽试验研究了丛枝菌根真菌（Glomus caledonium）和苜蓿根瘤菌(Rhizobium meliloti)单接种及双接种对PCBs复合污染土壤的联合修复效应.结果表明,在紫花苜蓿-菌根真菌-根瘤菌共生体系中,紫花苜蓿对土壤中PCBs的降低起到明显作用,使轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了15.8%、 23.5%,紫花苜蓿单接种菌根真菌和苜蓿根瘤菌后轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了14.8％、 24.1%和20.6%、 25.5%,双接种后土壤PCBs分别降低了23.2％、26.9%,而且也改变了紫花苜蓿根际土壤微生物群落的碳源利用程度,改善了微生物群落功能多样性.可见,紫花苜蓿豆科植物-菌根真菌-根瘤菌特殊共生体对PCBs污染土壤显示了较好的修复潜力.     

多氯联苯污染土壤茵根真菌-紫花苜蓿-根瘤菌联合修复效应

选用紫花苜蓿(Medieago sativa L.)作为宿主植物,盆栽试验研究了丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus caledonium)和苜蓿根瘤菌(Rhizobium meliloti)单接种及双接种对PCBs复合污染土壤的联合修复效应.结果表明.在紫花苜蓿.菌根真菌.根瘤菌共生体系中,紫花苜蓿对土壤中PCBs的降低起到明显作用,使轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了15.8%、23.5%,紫花苜蓿单接种菌根真菌和苜蓿根瘤菌后轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了14.8%、24.1%和20.6%、25.5%,双接种后土壤PCBs分别降低了23.2%、26.9%,而且也改变了紫花苜蓿根际土壤微生物群落的碳源利用程度,改善了微生物群落功能多样性.可见,紫花苜蓿豆科植物.菌根真菌一根瘤菌特殊共生体对PCBs污染土壤显示了较好的修复潜力.     

黑麦草-丛枝菌根对不同番茄品种抗氧化酶活性、镉积累及化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd(20 mg·kg-1)污染下,黑麦草-丛枝菌根对2个番茄品种生长、叶和根丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性、Cd积累及化学形态的影响.结果表明,番茄果实干重和植株总干重、叶和根抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量、植株各部位Cd含量及积累量在不同品种和处理间的差异达到显著性水平.黑麦草和丛枝菌根单一或复合修复显著提高了2个番茄品种的果实、根、茎、叶及总干重,降低了叶和根的MDA含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性.黑麦草和丛枝菌根单一或复合修复降低了2个番茄品种果实中Cd提取总量和各形态Cd含量,降幅分别为19.4%~52.4%、31.0%~75.2%、19.7%~59.1%、3.1%~48.2%、20.0%~65.0%、40.7%~100.0%和15.2%~50.0%.Cd主要积累在番茄的叶和茎,果实和根积累较少.黑麦草和丛枝菌根单一或复合修复不同程度降低了番茄果实、叶、茎和根中的Cd含量;减少了茎Cd积累量和植株全Cd量."Cd+黑麦草+丛枝菌根"处理还减少了2个番茄品种果实的Cd积累量,降幅分别为42.9%和43.7%.供试2个番茄品种,以"洛贝琪"对Cd的耐性和抗性较强,果实Cd含量和积累量及植株Cd总积累量则以"洛贝琪"<"德福mm-8".     

过硫酸盐对电动-铁/碳复合材料联合修复多氯联苯污染土壤的强化作用

研究了3种浓度过硫酸盐溶液(2、20和200 g·L^-1,以下分别表示为0.2%、2%、20%)作为电解液对电动-铁/碳复合材料（EK-Fe/C）联合修复多氯联苯（PCBs）污染土壤的强化作用,并探究了EK-Fe/C-PS修复技术对土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,EK-Fe/C-PS修复7 d后,土壤温度和可溶性有机质含量增加,p H显著降低,电导率下降.PS对EK-Fe/C联合修复PCB28污染土壤具有显著的强化作用,修复效果整体随PS浓度增加而增加.在PS浓度为20%时,PCB28的7 d平均去除效率最高（60.9%）,是EK-Fe/C处理组（20.5%）的3倍,EK-20%PS处理组（32.0%）的近2倍.阳极侧土壤PCB28去除效率显著高于阴极侧,达到92.7%±7.7%.在两个电极中间区域,PS浓度增加对修复效果的影响不显著.为降低修复成本和对土壤的影响,污染土壤修复实践中可先使用高浓度PS快速修复阳极和阴极侧土壤,再使用低浓度PS强化修复中间区域土壤.     

土壤微生物群落对多环芳烃污染土壤生物修复过程的响应

采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)方法,研究了土壤微生物群落多样性对生物表面活性剂强化的植物-微生物联合修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的响应.结果表明,细菌群落的Shannon-Weaver指数修复前为3.17,修复后为3.24～3.45,多样性整体呈上升趋势,其中以植物-菌根真菌-降解菌处理最高,但各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05).聚类分析结果显示,植物、植物-鼠李糖脂、植物-菌根真菌和植物-菌根真菌-鼠李糖脂这4个处理的群落相似度在90%以上,植物-降解菌处理与这4个处理群落结构最近,此外,植物-降解菌-鼠李糖脂、植物-降解菌-菌根真菌-鼠李糖脂群落相似度在80%以上.通过测序比对,DGGE图谱上优势及特征性条带分别为Bacillus、Pseudomonas、Acidobacteria、Sphingmonas、Rhodopseudomonas、Firmicutes和Methylocytaceae等,可能是与PAHs降解密切相关的种属.生物表面活性剂强化的植物-微生物联合修复污染土壤过程中,在提高PAHs生物有效性基础上,改变了土壤微生物群落结构和丰度,从而可以有效提高PAHs的降解率.     

多氯联苯污染土壤的豆科-禾本科植物田间修复效应

选择豆科植物紫花苜蓿、禾本科植物黑麦草和高羊茅作为供试植物,初步探讨了这3种植物在单作和间作条件下对多氯联苯污染土壤的田间修复效应.结果表明,经过270 d的田间原位修复后,所有种植植物的处理中土壤多氯联苯的去除率均高于对照组,其中紫花苜蓿单作处理土壤中多氯联苯的去除率最高,达到59.6%.土壤多氯联苯同系物分析结果表明,所有种植植物的处理都降低了土壤中二氯联苯的比例.3种植物中紫花苜蓿的生物量最大,其根部积累的多氯联苯含量最高可达355.1μg/kg,显著高于黑麦草和高羊茅根中的含量.各处理对土壤中多氯联苯的提取修复效率依次为:紫花苜蓿单作紫花苜蓿-黑麦草-高羊茅间作紫花苜蓿-黑麦草间作黑麦草单作紫花苜蓿-高羊茅间作高羊茅单作.豆科植物紫花苜蓿是多氯联苯污染土壤田间原位修复的理想材料.     

蚯蚓对植物修复石油烃污染土壤的影响

石油使用量的增大导致石油污染量的增加.为经济有效地修复低污染浓度的石油烃污染土壤,了解蚯蚓对植物去除土壤石油烃的影响,探讨蚯蚓对土壤石油烃污染的修复效应,通过人工制备石油烃污染土壤,采用植物[紫茉莉（Mirabilis jalapa L.）、凤仙花（Impatiens balsamina L.）、西伯利亚鸢尾（Iris sibirica L.）]以及植物-蚯蚓[赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetda）]两种处理模式进行60 d的盆栽试验,通过测定土壤中w（石油烃）、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化来解析蚯蚓对植物修复土壤石油烃效率的影响.结果表明:相同处理条件下,凤仙花、紫茉莉与西伯利亚鸢尾土壤中石油烃去除率分别为36.32%、32.70%、29.82%,凤仙花的土壤修复效果最佳.添加蚯蚓后,对应凤仙花、紫茉莉与西伯利亚鸢尾土壤中石油烃的去除率分别为40.73%、36.10%、32.80%,显著高于未添加蚯蚓土壤,表明添加蚯蚓能够促进植物对土壤中石油烃的修复效果.土壤修复过程中过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶活性总体呈上升趋势,添加蚯蚓对土壤酶活性具有刺激作用.土壤中过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性均与w（石油烃）呈显著负相关（相关系数分别为-0.79和-0.90,P均小于0.05）,说明土壤中过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶可能参与了土壤中石油烃的降解过程.研究显示,蚯蚓能够强化植物对石油污染土壤的修复效果,为植物/蚯蚓联合修复石油污染土壤提供了技术依据.      

黑麦草、丛枝菌根对番茄Cd吸收、土壤Cd形态的影响

采用大田试验研究了在重金属Cd(5.943 mg·kg~(-1)污染下,黑麦草和丛枝菌根对2个品种番茄("德福mm-8"和"洛贝琪")生长、Cd含量以及对土壤微生物、酶活性、p H和Cd形态的影响.结果表明,黑麦草和丛枝菌根单一或复合处理显著提高了2个品种番茄果实、根、茎、叶和植株总干重,增幅分别为14.1%~38.4%和4.2%~18.3%、20.9%~31.5%和8.4%~10.3%、13.0%~16.8%和3.0%~9.5%、10.7%~16.8%和2.7%~7.6%、14.3%~36.6%和4.5%~16.8%.黑麦草和丛枝菌根单一或复合处理增加了土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量及土壤脲酶、转化酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性,且土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性在不同品种和处理间的差异达到显著性水平(P0.05).与番茄套种黑麦草或接种丛枝菌根提高了土壤p H值,降低了土壤中可交换态(EXC-Cd)、碳酸盐态(CAB-Cd)和铁锰氧化态(Fe-Mn-Cd)和土壤中Cd总量,土壤中Cd总量降幅为16.9%~27.8%.2个番茄品种果实、叶、茎和根中的Cd含量分别显著下降了6.9%~40.9%、5.7%~40.1%、4.6%~34.7%和9.8%~42.4%.Cd主要积累在番茄的叶、根和茎中,果实积累较少.比较供试的2个番茄品种,果实Cd含量和积累量及植株Cd总积累量以"洛贝琪""德福mm-8".     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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