铵态氮在非正规垃圾填埋场土壤中的赋存特征

应用连续分级提取法,对重庆市某非正规垃圾填埋场污染土壤中铵态氮的赋存形态进行分级测定,研究了各形态铵的赋存特征及影响因素。结果表明:土壤总铵量在116.32~241.66 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为(164.13±24.98)mg·kg~(-1),水溶态铵、可交换态铵和固定态铵的平均含量分别为(10.93±3.64)、(7.08±3.46)、(146.12±24.11)mg·kg~(-1);3种形态铵占总铵的比重大小为固定态铵水溶态铵可交换态铵。受雨水冲刷及淋滤影响,铵态氮有在下游点位积累的趋势。水溶态铵含量与有机碳含量、氧化还原电位呈极显著相关,与pH、粉粒含量及粘粒含量显著相关。可交换态铵与土壤氧化还原电位在垂直剖面上变化趋势一致,并与土壤粘粒含量呈极显著的负相关。固定态铵含量与土壤中粘粒含量呈极显著的正相关,与砂粒含量呈显著的负相关。     

热解吸对污染土壤中不同形态汞的去除作用

选取贵州省万山矿区的汞污染土壤样品进行不同形态汞的热解吸去除行为研究。研究了热解吸过程中∑Hg的去除效果及动力学,以及温度和时间对污染土壤中不同形态汞的去除作用。结果表明,热解吸修复技术可有效去除土壤中的汞,土壤中∑Hg的热解吸过程符合二级动力学方程。固定热解吸时间在10 min时,随着热解吸温度的升高,土壤中水溶态汞、盐酸溶态汞和碱溶态汞含量呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,王水溶汞和盐酸溶态汞始终呈现下降趋势,说明不同形态的汞之间发生了转化。热解吸温度为250℃时,随着热解吸时间的增加,环境风险大的水溶态汞、盐酸溶态汞、碱溶态汞和硝酸溶态汞的去除率大幅增加,土壤的有机质损失较少,说明在低温下,延长热解吸时间,对生物毒性强的形态汞有良好的修复效果,且此温度下处理后的土壤更容易恢复农田耕作。     

阿散酸在土壤中的降解与形态变化

通过土壤培养实验,研究畜牧养殖过程中阿散酸污染在土壤中的降解规律和形态变化特征。设计阿散酸污染水平为0、30、75、150、225和300 mg·kg~(-1),分别于培养的2~48 h和5~60 d采集土样,测定其中砷(As)、阿散酸、水溶态As、吸附态As、铁型砷(Fe-As)、铝型砷(Al-As)、钙型砷(Ca-As)、可还原态As和残渣态As。结果表明:阿散酸水平为30~75mg·kg~(-1)时,48 h内降解率为42.99%~71.77%,40 d时降解率100%;阿散酸水平为150~300 mg·kg~(-1)时,降解较慢,降解最快时间段为5~10 d时,但60 d时各组仍有部分阿散酸未被降解;阿散酸污染水平对土壤砷形态的影响表明,随着污染水平增加,对土壤水溶态As和吸附态As影响最大,对Ca-As和残渣态As影响最小。阿散酸污染水平从30~300 mg·kg~(-1)变化时,土壤水溶态As和吸附态As分别增加了4.84~50.29倍和10.43~106.14倍;相反,Ca-As和残渣态As仅增加1.6~1.3倍和1.3~1.62倍;阿散酸污染时间对土壤砷形态的影响表明,污染后10~60 d,随着时间延长,土壤中水溶态As和交换态As呈逐渐下降趋势,而Ca-As、Fe-As和Al-As含量逐渐增加,残渣态As相对稳定。阿散酸在土壤中降解因污染水平而存在差异,低污染水平降解快,高污染水平降解慢。同时,阿散酸污染能够不同程度改变土壤各种砷形态,并随着污染时间延长,由可利用态逐渐变为稳定态。     

添加天然沸石和石灰对土壤镉形态转化的影响

采用土壤培养实验,研究镉污染土壤中添加沸石、石灰及两者配施对土壤pH值和土壤镉形态变化的影响。结果表明,土壤pH值随沸石用量的增加而增加,随培养时间呈现先增加后下降并逐渐趋于稳定的趋势,但均高于对照。高剂量石灰的处理对土壤pH的影响最大,与对照相比土壤pH提高了3.33个单位。在土壤5~50 d培养过程中,石灰处理的土壤交换态镉含量呈现先逐渐降低而后略有升高的趋势,其余处理均呈下降趋势。培养50 d后,高剂量的沸石、石灰及高剂量沸石与石灰配施处理的土壤交换态镉含量从5 d时的67.54、61.95和55.56 mg/kg降低至54.65、49.93和45.96mg/kg。相关分析表明,不同培养时期交换态镉含量与土壤pH值呈负相关关系。在10个处理中,L2Z3(石灰2 g/kg土和沸石60 g/kg土)组合处理效果最好,使土壤交换态镉含量下降了34.68%,碳酸盐结合态镉含量上升了4.30%,铁锰氧化结合态镉含量上升了16.97%,有机结合态镉含量上升了1.31%,残渣态镉含量上升了12.11%。     

四川某金属制品厂周边土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

为考察四川某金属制品厂对周边土壤的重金属污染情况,对厂区周边不同方位、不同距离土壤进行取样,测定土样中Zn、Cr、Pb含量,应用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价土壤环境质量,并运用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评估该区域土壤潜在生态风险。结果表明,厂区周边土壤Zn、Cr质量浓度平均值超过成都市土壤背景值,土样中Zn、Cr、Pb超标率分别为58.7%、94.1%、18.3%;0~10cm表层土样Zn质量浓度显著高于10~20cm亚表层土样,两土层Cr、Pb浓度没有显著差异;3种重金属在土壤中迁移能力为CrPbZn,风向不是影响土壤重金属分布的主要因素;研究区域土壤Zn、Cr处于轻度污染水平,总体处于中度污染水平;研究区3种重金属的潜在生态风险程度依次为PbCrZn,整体处于轻度综合潜在生态风险水平。     

5种钝化剂对镉砷污染稻田的田间修复效果对比

为选取费效比高的镉砷复合污染稻田土壤修复材料,比较了黏土矿物和调理剂不同投加组合对稻田土壤中镉砷的田间修复效果,并且针对种植水稻进行了修复效果的验证;研究了修复前后稻田土壤镉砷的有效形态变化、镉砷的形态分布变化、土壤理化性质变化、成熟期水稻产量和水稻各部分镉砷的含量。结果表明,修复100 d后,不同修复材料的二乙烯三胺五乙酸提取态Cd浓度与空白对照组相比均有明显下降;各修复材料均能提高土壤中Cd的残余态(RS)和As的有机结合态(OM)。修复材料处理后,土壤pH均有所提升,其他理化性质初期虽有所变化,但最终会恢复到空白对照组的水平附近;除1 kg·m~(-2)的膨润土处理外,其他材料处理后水稻干谷产量均有所提升;农田调理剂处理后水稻的可食用部分Cd含量最低,修复率达到72.0%。水稻的可食用部分As含量无显著差异,籽粒中Cd和As平均含量符合食用标准。调理剂在田间修复镉砷复合污染稻田土壤中有明显优势,黏土矿物仅适用于镉污染农稻田土壤的修复。     

汞、铅、铬污染土壤的微生物修复

利用裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)GGHN08-116菌株,以棉籽壳、玉米秸等为固体发酵底物修复受汞、铅、铬污染的土壤。通过菌丝穿透重度重金属土壤实验,研究了菌丝在穿透土壤过程对交换态重金属的影响以及该菌株子实体对重金属离子的富集能力,同时,通过盆栽实验研究了在重度重金属污染土壤上,施用不同比例的固体发酵料对污染土壤中汞、铅、铬及其胡萝卜根茎质量、产量的影响,研究结果表明,该菌株能穿透厚度为5 cm的土壤,并有子实体生成,土壤pH值略有下降,与对照差异不显著;与对照相比,土壤中交换态汞、铬含量均显著下降,而交换态铅差异不显著,子实体中除汞含量符合标准外,铅、铬均超出了GB 7096-2003,GB 2762-2005规定标准。在固体发酵料处理下土壤中交换态汞、铅、铬含量均显著下降,胡萝卜根茎中均未检测到汞、铅含量,铬含量也符合GB 2762-2005规定标准。GGHN08-116菌株及其固体发酵产物具有修复受重金属污染土壤的能力。     

优化化学浸提法对造纸白泥中汞形态的分析

《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法水平振荡法》(HJ 557—2010)中规定的固体废物中各形态汞的逐级化学浸提周期较长,制取浸提液时的浸提时间为搅拌后恒温振荡8h,静置16h。对美国环境保护署提出的相关方法(US EPA Method 7471B,固体和固体废弃物中汞的测定(冷原子蒸汽技术))进行了改进,将水溶态汞、酸溶态汞测定的浸提液制取时间设定为搅拌后恒温振荡30min,静置2h(其他2种形态汞测定时未做优化),采用优化的化学浸提法来测定2种造纸白泥样品中不同形态汞的含量。测定结果表明,按照国标方法和优化方法测得的浸提液中水溶态汞、酸溶态汞含量的偏差均小于6%,在可接受的范围(小于10%)内,优化方法的测定结果可靠;不同种类的造纸白泥中各形态汞的分布趋势是相同的,含量分别为水溶态汞酸溶态汞过氧化氢溶态汞残渣态汞;2种造纸白泥样品中所含水溶态汞的比例均较高,这也为造纸白泥的安全资源化利用提供了有利条件。     

黔中地区不同污染风险等级黄壤镉形态分布特征

为探究喀斯特地区地带性黄壤的镉形态分布特征,在中国南方喀斯特中心区域——黔中地区进行了农田黄壤样品采集,并对其化学成分进行了定量分析,通过对土壤镉形态及pH、钙、镁的分析测定,探究了喀斯特背景对黄壤中镉形态分布的影响。结果表明,黔中地区黄壤全镉为0.184～3.316mg/kg,具有较大的空间差异,各形态镉含量随污染风险等级的提高而显著增加(p0.01)。黄壤中的镉主要以残渣态及可还原态存在,可交换态镉占全镉的17.52%(质量分数,下同)～22.83%,且随着风险等级的提高,可交换态镉向更为稳定的形态转变。可交换态镉与全镁、可交换态镁均显著负相关(p0.05),镁组分可在一定程度上降低黄壤中可交换态镉含量,对镉的生物有效性具有一定的调控作用。     

不同Cd污染特征稻田施用钝化剂对水稻吸收积累Cd的影响

选择长株潭地区典型化工点源污染、污水灌溉面源污染和大气沉降面源污染的镉(Cd)污染稻田,研究钝化剂施用对稻田土壤Cd形态、水稻Cd含量的影响。结果表明,不同Cd污染特征稻田施用石灰对水稻产量无显著影响,但能显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤有效态Cd含量和水稻稻米及茎叶Cd含量;而施用钝化剂不仅可显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤有效态Cd含量、水稻稻米与茎叶Cd含量,还可增加水稻产量。通过钝化剂用量与产量的二次拟合曲线计算可知,北山、梅林桥、大同桥三实验点最高理论产量分别为7 879、9 274和9 064 kg·hm~(-2),对应的钝化剂施用量分别为1 557、1 248和2 752kg·hm~(-2);而钝化剂用量与稻米Cd含量的二次拟合曲线计算可知,三实验点最低理论稻米Cd含量分别为0.143 8、0.063 7和0.232 4 mg·kg-1,对应的钝化剂施用量分别为2 079、1 823和1 689 kg·hm~(-2)。研究结果还表明,Cd污染源对钝化剂降低土壤Cd有效性无显著影响,但会影响水稻对Cd的吸收积累。大同桥点施用石灰和钝化剂皆可显著降低土壤有效态Cd含量,但受污水灌溉的影响,稻米Cd含量较高;化工点源污染的北山点土壤有效Cd含量虽高,因污染源已断,施用石灰和钝化剂皆能显著降低土壤Cd的有效性和稻米Cd含量;而受大气沉降污染的梅林桥点,土壤Cd含量虽高,但土壤Cd有效性较低,施用石灰和钝化剂皆可有效钝化土壤中的Cd,并显著降低稻米Cd含量。     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Assessment of in situ biodegradation of monochlorobenzene in contaminated groundwater treated in a constructed wetland

The degradation of monochlorobenzene (MCB) was assessed in a constructed wetland treating MCB contaminated groundwater using a detailed geochemical characterisation, stable isotope composition analysis and in situ microcosm experiments. A correlation between ferrous iron mobilisation, decreasing MCB concentration and enrichment in carbon isotope composition was visible at increasing distance from the inflow point, indicating biodegradation of MCB in the wetland. Additionally, in situ microcosm systems loaded with 13C-labelled MCB were deployed for the first time in sediments to investigate the biotransformation of MCB. Incorporation of 13C-labelled carbon derived from the MCB into bacterial fatty acids substantiated in situ degradation of MCB. The detection of 13C-labelled benzene indicated reductive dehalogenation of MCB. This integrated approach indicated the natural attenuation of the MCB in a wetland system. Further investigations are required to document and optimise the in situ biodegradation of MCB in constructed and natural wetland systems treating contaminated groundwater.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

Origins of Manganese in Air Participates in California

The proportions of manganese to other metals in samples of airborne fine particles taken at some sites in California have increased greatly since the beginning of 1985. Here, data are presented which indicate that the addition of manganese to leaded gasoline is largely responsible for this increase. Concentrations of manganese, silicon, titanium, iron, lead and other elements in airborne particles were measured using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. Coefficients of correlation among levels of manganese, iron and lead measured at twenty sites in California were calculated. Levels of manganese and iron are generally highly correlated because of the presence of large amounts of these elements in the earth’s crust. Levels of airborne manganese and lead at sites In Southern California are often highly correlated, suggesting a vehicular source of manganese. Observed manganese concentrations are apportioned into two major sources: the earth’s crust and motor vehicles. The apportionment indicates that vehicular emissions of manganese may account for a significant part of the total at urban sites in Southern California. At most other sites, the contribution from vehicles is found to be far smaller than that from the earth’s crust.     

饮用水中硝酸根的催化还原研究进展

由于化肥的过度使用 ,造成地下水中硝酸盐的污染日益严重。饮用水中高浓度的硝酸盐对人类健康会产生极大的威胁。本文综述了催化还原脱除水中硝酸根的研究进展和现状 ,并对其发展趋势进行了简单的论述。     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

Lead concentrations in birds of prey in Britain

This paper reports on lead (Pb) concentrations in the livers of 424 individuals of 16 raptor species found dead and sent for analysis to the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monkswood, from the early 1980s to the early 1990s. Elevated Pb concentrations in liver (>20 ppm dry wt), within the range associated with Pb poisoning mortality in raptors, were recorded in one peregrine (4% of species sample) and one buzzard (2% of species sample). These birds are likely to have ingested lead gunshot in the flesh of their prey. Another one each of these species had liver Pb concentrations of 15-20 ppm dry wt, reflecting unusually high absorption of Pb. No individuals of any other species had >15 ppm dry wt liver Pb, although some had 6-15 ppm. The source of Pb in these birds was unknown, but it could have resulted from high Pb concentrations in prey items, including some containing lead shot. Median liver Pb concentrations were generally very low (ranging from <0.07 to 1.61 ppm dry wt for species with sample sizes exceeding 10). In sparrowhawks, for which a large sample was available, liver Pb concentrations in all but one individual were low (<2.6 ppm dry wt). Pb concentrations in juveniles were significantly lower than in adults, and were lowest in recently fledged birds.     

Involvement of glutathione in the reduction of captan-induced in vivo inhibition of monooxygenases and liver toxicity in the rat

If given orally captan is relatively nontoxic, but it can be extremely toxic after parenteral exposure. Therefore, a single i.p. dose of captan (20 mg/kg) was given to male Sprague-Dawley rats and its effect on liver microsomal mixed function oxidases and certain serum enzymes (SDH, SGPT and SGOT) was studied. The single dose of captan caused marked depression of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and the activity of benzphetamine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase, and moderate elevation of the serum enzymes indicative of liver damage. However, reduced glutathione (100 mg/kg, i.p.) given prior to captan, appears to decrease the liver toxicity as measured by reduced inhibition of the microsomal enzymes and elevation of serum enzymes activity. The results suggest that glutathione and other compounds containing sulfhydryl groups may protect the subjects from captan-induced liver toxicity.