我国化肥和农药非点源污染状况综述

从农田排水与径流对地表水体的污染，渗漏对地下水体的污染和生态系统内部结构破坏加剧污染物流失等３个方面综述了我国近年来在化肥、晨点源污染调查研究方面取得的成果。     

1985年以来我国重大水体突发污染事件及在线生物监测的必要性分析

通过查阅和检索公开报道的期刊、报纸和网络,统计分析我国1985以来水体突发污染事件。1985—2015年间,我国水体突发污染事件年均发生数量总体变化呈现先动态增长后逐渐下降的趋势,其中2006年为水体突发性污染事件发生频次的转折点。导致水体突发性污染的主要原因包括企业违规排放、企业事故性泄漏、交通事故、自然因素和人为投毒等,污染方式多样。水体突发性污染的污染物种类包括化学品、污水(工业废水和生活污水)、油类、农药、重金属、生物污染物和其他不明污染物。鉴于水体突发性污染事件污染方式的多样性和污染物的复杂性,采用在线生物监测技术可实现对水体突发性污染事件在线监测与分析预警,已成为当前监测和评价水体突发污染事件有效手段。     

金沙江渡口段的有机污染及其控制

本文对金沙江渡口段有机污染源利用负荷分担率进行了评价。评价结果表明,生活污水和冶金工业废水是金沙江渡口段的有机污染源,有机污染物年排江9700吨。目前,有机污染基本上得到了控制,入江有机污染负荷仅占总负荷的0.3％。另外,对江水水体从污染指数,水质模式、微量非极性及中等挥发性有机物的检出情况以及底质有机污染等方面的评价表明,江水水体受有机污染较轻。     

不同粘土矿物对磷污染水体的吸附净化性能比较

比较了凹凸棒石粘土、高岭土、膨润土和蛭石等4种粘土矿物共8个样品对不同程度磷污染水体的吸附净化能力.结果发现,4种供试粘土矿物对水体磷均有一定的吸附净化潜力,但针对不同程度磷污染水体存在一定差异,且同一种粘土矿物的吸附净化能力也会因矿物组成差异而不同;针对模拟Ⅴ类水(ρ(P)=0.4 mg·L-1),高岭土的吸附净化能力最强,其次凹凸棒石粘土和膨润土的吸附净化能力与活性炭接近,而蛭石的吸附净化能力较差;针对模拟劣Ⅴ类水(ρ(P)=1.0 mg·L-1),膨润土的吸附净化能力最强,蛭石次之,高岭土因矿物组成不同而有很大差异,凹凸棒石粘土的吸附净化能力与活性炭较为接近.结果表明,凹凸棒石粘土和膨润土针对不同程度磷污染水体的应用范围较宽,高岭土最适用于Ⅴ类磷污染水体,而蛭石可应用于劣Ⅴ类磷污染水体.     

生物硫铁复合材料对Cr(VI)污染水体中斑马鱼的保护作用

目前铬污染已经成为世界性的环境问题.为探究生物硫铁复合材料(生物硫铁,BISC)在Cr~(6+)污染水体中对鱼类的保护作用,以斑马鱼为实验载体,在测定Cr~(6+)对斑马鱼的半数致死浓度(LC50)的基础上,研究生物硫铁对Cr~(6+)污染水体的处理效果,以及生物硫铁投加比(生物硫铁与Cr~(6+)的摩尔浓度之比)、投加时间和水体p H对Cr~(6+)污染水体中斑马鱼保护作用的影响.结果显示,在79.30 mg/L(24 h-LC50)Cr~(6+)污染水体(p H=6.98)中,生物硫铁的投加能够快速降低水体Cr~(6+)的浓度.当生物硫铁投加比达到3时能将Cr~(6+)快速去除,15 min后Cr~(6+)去除率达到84.01%,96 h后达到99.99%.斑马鱼存活率随生物硫铁投加比的增加和投加时间的减少而增大,最佳投加比为0.5;最佳投加时间为0-4 h,此时能将斑马鱼存活率提高90%以上,24 h时投加,作用96 h后亦可使斑马鱼存活率提高约3倍.在p H 6-9内,生物硫铁的投加可显著提高斑马鱼的存活率,且对斑马鱼的保护作用随p H降低而逐渐增强.本研究表明生物硫铁对Cr~(6+)污染水体中的斑马鱼保护效果显著,在Cr~(6+)突发污染治理方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物时空变化特征研究

以雷州半岛为研究区，利用2000-2003年问南渡河与九洲江，以及赤坎水库与鹤地水库的4年常规监测数据，结合实地调查，利用数理统计分析，对雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物及其时空变化规律进行了初步研究。研究发现，河流与水库的水质均是以氮污染为主，水体有富营养化现象发生，同时，两河流在雨季都不同程度受到了非点源污染的影响，而只有赤坎水库明显受到了非点源污染的影响。究其原因，主要是由于土地利用方式的不同在一定程度上决定了雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物质量浓度的时空变化特征。因此，只有合理调整流域和库区的土地利用方式、加强区域的水土流失治理工作，才能有效降低非点源污染所带来的地表水体环境污染问题。     

水体突发污染事件的在线生物监测技术研究进展

水体突发性污染事件的污染方式具有多样性,污染物种类具有复杂性。水体突发污染事件的特征决定在线生物监测的难度。结合受试生物种类和生物生理生态指标的不同,综合分析了已经报道的水体污染在线生物监测技术。根据统计分析结果,已经报道的水体突发性污染在线生物监测技术主要分为:基于生物行为变化的在线生物监测技术、基于生物生理变化的在线生物监测技术和基于综合生物指标的在线生物监测技术3类。在不同生物种类和生理生态指标分析基础上,对不同在线生物监测技术的基本原理和优缺点进行分析,也对不同在线生物监测技术存在的缺点提出解决的主要方案,为水体突发污染事件监测分析提供支持,以满足水体突发污染事件的在线监测和应急管理需求。     

五里河水体甲基汞污染及沉积物中甲基汞释放速度的初步研究

河流水体的汞污染,主要来源于工业生产中所排放的含汞废水。环境监测报告表明,生产氯碱的化工厂的含汞废水排入河流后,会使水体造成严重的汞污染。五里河就是这样一条被汞严重污染的河流,它是构成锦州湾海域汞污染的主要污染源。 从汞的化学形态来看,五里河水体的汞污染,可分为无机汞污染和有机汞(主要是甲基汞)污染。而处于水生生态环境中(主要是沉积物中)的无机汞,可以转化为甲基汞。由于甲基汞污染比无机汞污染对环境和人类具有更大的危害性,所以五里河水体中甲基汞     

废铁屑修复汞污染土壤的实验研究

应用工厂废弃物—铁屑做原料,探讨不同铁屑投加量对修复不同土壤类型、不同程度汞污染土壤的能力,并与修复水体汞污染作了对比;另外,首次将淋滤法与国际上新兴的土壤、地下水修复技术-PRB技术结合,研究其修复土壤汞污染的效果。结果表明,废铁屑可很快去除水体中的汞,去除率可达93%;在铁屑存在下,能一定程度预防和修复土壤汞污染,在相同水体汞污染程度条件下,时间是影响土壤汞污染程度的主要因素;在CaCl2淋洗液作用下的模拟PRB实验中,土壤有效汞含量降低,同时淋洗液中汞质量浓度低于1μg·L-1。因此,用废铁屑能有效预防和修复土壤汞污染,且将淋滤法与PRB技术联用,与将铁屑直接撒入土壤中相比效果好得多,且不会引起后续的水体二次污染,是一种很有应用潜力、值得深入研究的土壤修复方法。     

纳米银污染对蚕豆根尖微核率影响及评价研究

近年来国际上对银系抗菌材料的研究非常活跃,甚至提倡用纳米粒子净化水源。但水体中纳米银浓度达到何种程度会对生物细胞产生危害至今未见相关研究报道。本文利用蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)根尖微核技术研究水体中纳米银的遗传毒性,以期为纳米银的生态安全评价提供理论依据。将不同浓度的纳米银溶液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率进行了多重比较,以P0.01作为差异有显著统计学意义的判断标准来确定纳米银浓度差异的显著性。并根据《全国生物技术监测规范——蚕豆根尖微核技术》所规定的污染指数划分标准,就蚕豆根尖对水体中纳米银污染程度进行评价。当水体中纳米银质量浓度为5μg·m L~(-1)时,微核率3.33‰,污染指数1.11,该纳米银质量浓度与空白对照组无极显著性差别,参考污染指数划分标准和评价方法,为基本无污染;当水体中纳米银质量浓度为50μg·mL~(-1)时,微核率为4.67‰,污染指数1.56,污染程度为轻度污染。随水体纳米银含量的增加,蚕豆根尖微核率和污染指数逐渐加大。当纳米银质量浓度为100和150μg·mL~(-1)时,微核率分别为6.67‰和10.67‰,污染指数分别为2.22和3.56,污染程度分别为中度污染和重度污染。多重比较显示,虽然纳米银质量浓度分别为5和50μg·mL~(-1)在微核率上差异未达极显著水平,但纳米银质量浓度50μg·mL~(-1)与空白对照组相比差异已经达极显著了。据此推断,当水体中纳米银质量浓度超出50μg·mL~(-1)时,会对生物细胞产生毒性效应。     

农田非点源氮污染研究进展

论述农田生态系统中氮素非点源污染的特征、排放途径和污染方式，两种重要氮素形态(NH4^4-N、NO3^- -N)在土水界面的扩散过程及迁移机理，农田非点源氮迁移过程及其影响因素，由农田氮素造成的非点源污染的污染负荷定量计算方法及评价指标，并指出国内外污染负荷定量模型的优缺点和发展趋势；提出了农田非点源氮污染的控制对策。     

Eco-hydrological modelling in a highly regulated lowland catchment to find measures for improving water quality

Water quality modelling in the meso-scale Rhin catchment in the German federal state Brandenburg was done (1) to answer some specific questions concerning identification of point and diffuse sources of nutrient pollution in the catchment, (2) to assess the influences of possible climate and land use changes on water quantity and quality and (3) to evaluate potential measures to be done in order to achieve a “good ecological status” of the river and its lakes as required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD).The Rhin catchment is a typical highly regulated lowland river basin in Northern Germany. The regulations complicate water quantity and quality modelling in the catchment. The research was done by using the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which simulates water and nutrient fluxes in soil and vegetation, as well as transport of water and nutrients to and within the river network. The modelling period was from 1981 until 2005. After calibrating the hydrological processes at different gauges within the basin with satisfactory results, water quality (nitrogen and phosphorus) modelling was done taking into account the emissions of different point sources (sewage treatment plants, etc.) and identifying the amount of diffuse pollution caused mainly by agriculture.For suggesting some feasible measures to improve water quality and to reduce diffuse pollution considering possible climate and land use changes, different reasonable scenarios were applied in consultation with the Environmental Agency of Brandenburg (LUA). The study revealed that the amount of water discharge has significant influence on the concentration of nutrients in the river network, and that nitrogen pollution, caused mainly by diffuse sources, could be notably reduced by application of agricultural measures, whereas the pollution by phosphorus could be diminished most effectively by the reduction of point source emissions.     

东莞市某地区地表水中重金属健康风险不确定性评价

为了解东莞市西南地区(麻涌镇、沙田镇、虎门镇和长安镇)地表水中重金属污染现状与健康风险水平,对研究区域内29个地表水样中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等重金属元素进行测定,并运用不确定性健康风险评价模型对研究区地表水中的重金属进行健康风险评估。结果表明:该研究区域地表水中重金属引起的致癌风险较高,人均年健康风险都在Ⅴ级风险及以上。化学致癌性重金属引起的人均年健康风险中,以Cr最大,As次之,然后是Cd。非化学致癌性重金属引起的人均年健康风险中,Pb的风险最大,Ni次之,风险均远小于化学致癌性重金属引起的人均年健康风险。因此,该研究区域地表水中重金属健康风险管理应以化学致癌风险为主,重金属污染物的优先控制顺序为CrAsCd。     

Strategy for the Control of Land-Based Sources of Marine Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Region

The pollution of the marine environment caused by land-based sources threatens or impairs the health of the ecosystems and the value of human uses of the coastal waters. the Contracting Parties to the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region agreed to take all appropriate measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution. in the first meeting of the Contracting Parties, the development of a protocol on the control of marine pollution from land-based sources was recommended as a measure to protect the marine environment.

A small group of experts from the Caribbean Region formulated a strategy for controlling land-based sources of marine pollution. Due to the diverse nature, resources and capabilities of the countries comprising the Region, the pollution control strategy suggested by the group of experts included the following techniques or their most appropriate combination: (1) pollution prevention measures, (2) effluent limitations, (3) water quality limitations, (4) environmental planning, and (5) best management practices. the desirable control strategy should be based on a system of discharge permits in the case of point source pollution, which includes effluent and water quality limitations. the technology based effluent limitations could be applied as a short-range strategy to control pollution from industrial and domestic point source discharges. the use of water quality standards could become part of a long-range strategy for controlling point sources. for nonpoint sources, it would be virtually impossible to develop effluent limitations. Thus, the implementation of best management practices and effective environmental planning would be the most reasonable control strategy for non-point sources. However, pollution prevention measures could consist of a “black list” of substances that should be completely banned, and a “grey list” for those that should be strictly limited. These lists should be adopted or appropriately modified for the conditions of the Wider Caribbean Region.

The development of control based on the water quality of the receiving body of water involves the collection and analysis of effluent and ambient data to develop water quality based permit limits and to assess compliance with these permits. Finally, any marine pollution control strategy developed by the countries of the Region should be mutually agreed upon and implemented within a period of ten years from the ratification of a protocol on land-based sources of marine pollution.     

江苏省水污染的危害及其原因分析

论述了江苏省水污染事故及水环境污染对渔业生产、饮用水源、农牧业生产、工业生产的影响及造成的经济损失；指出河网地区水流滞缓流向不定，感潮河段水流往复运动是造成江苏省水体污染加剧的环境水力学因素，入境河流携带大量废水、污水也是造成局部地区水污染危害的重要原因     

Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in water quality using multivariate statistical methods： a case study of the Xin＇anjiang River,China

This study evaluated the temporal and spatial variations of water quality data sets for the Xin＇anjiang River through the use of multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis （CA）, discriminant analysis （DA）, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis （PCA）. The water samples, measured by ten parameters, were collected every month for three years （2008-2010） from eight sampling stations located along the river. The hierarchical CA classified the 12 months into three periods （First, Second and Third Period） and the eight sampling sites into three groups （Groups 1, 2 and 3） based on seasonal differences and various pollution levels caused by physicochemical properties and anthropogenic activ- ities. DA identified three significant parameters （tempera- ture, pH and E.coli） to distinguish temporal groups with close to 76% correct assignment. The DA also discovered five parameters （temperature, electricity conductivity, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus） for spatial variation analysis, with 80.56% correct assignment. The non-parametric correlation coefficient （Spear- man R） explained the relationship between the water quality parameters and the basin characteristics, and the GIS made the results visual and direct. The PCA identified four PCs for Groups 1 and 2, and three PCs for Group 3. These PCs captured 68.94%, 67.48% and 70.35% of the total variance of Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Although natural pollution affects the Xin＇anjiang River, the main sources of pollution included agricultural activities, industrial waste, and domestic wastewater.     

太湖北部表层沉积物重金属污染及其生物毒性研究

在分析太湖北部梅梁湾、竺山湾和贡湖表层沉积物和野生铜锈环棱螺体内重金属残留水平基础上,利用潜在生态危害指数法评价了区域重金属污染的潜在生态风险,并利用综合污染指数法评价了野生铜锈环棱螺受重金属污染的状况。研究结果表明,3个区域表层沉积物孔隙水的生物综合毒性处于低毒到中毒水平,而表层沉积物重金属污染均处于较低的生态风险,但3个区域的野生铜锈环棱螺体内重金属的综合污染指数处于中度到重度的污染水平。由此可以得出太湖北部沉积物重金属污染对底栖生物仍具有一定的潜在生态风险。     

Pollution characteristics of lead,zinc, arsenic,and cadmium in short-term storm water roof runoff in a suburban area

Pollution of hazardous elements in roof runoff has been a potential danger to aquatic ecosystem as documented in previous studies. In this study, concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in roof runoff were measured for short-term rainfall events. The concentrations of the selected elements varied to a high degree during the rainfall period, and the well-known first-flush phenomenon was not observed due to the short-term rainfall patterns. Based on event mean concentrations (EMCs) and fluxes, the elemental pollution may be ranked as Zn >> Pb > As > Cd. The average levels of Pb and Zn exceeded the fourth class value and fifth class value of the environmental quality standards for surface water in China. The relative high pollution could be caused by atmospheric deposition and the erosion of crust steel appurtenance installed above the rooftop. Furthermore, elements in particulate form dominated the roof runoff pollution, and the ratios of elements in particulate form to total amounts were 0.6 (As), 0.9 (Pb), 0.7 (Cd), and 0.5 (Zn). This study cleared the pollution characteristics of hazardous elements in short-term storm water roof runoff; it was useful for the selection of best management practices.     

Soil Quality Evolution After Land Use Change From Paddy Soil to Vegetable Land

A survey was done in 15 typical villages, 150 soil and 86 vegetable plant samples were taken in Jiaxin prefecture of the Taihu Lake region, northern Zhejian province. Results indicate that after 15–20 years land use changed from the paddy rice–wheat (or oilseed rape) double cropping system, to a continuous vegetable land has caused soil quality dramatic change. (1) Acidification: average soil pH was 5.4; about 61% of total samples were pH < 5.5. It was 0.9 units lower than 10 years ago with same upland vegetable cultivation and was 1.2 units lower than soil pH of paddy rice–wheat (or oilseed rape) rotation. (2) Fertilizer salt accumulation: the average salt content was 0.28%, among these about 36.2% of the total samples contained more than 0.3%. (3) Nitrate N and available phosphorus (P) over accumulation: on average it was 279 mg NO₃-N/kg, and 45–115 mg P/kg. Nitrate N four times higher and available P 4–10 times more than it is in present paddy rice–wheat rotation soils respectively. This has caused wide concern because of possible groundwater and well drinking water pollution by leached nitrate N and the P losses to water by runoff from vegetable lands induce surface water eutrophication.     

Soil quality evolution after land use change from paddy soil to vegetable land

A survey was done in 15 typical villages, 150 soil and 86 vegetable plant samples were taken in Jiaxin prefecture of the Taihu Lake region, northern Zhejian province. Results indicate that after 15-20 years land use changed from the paddy rice-wheat (or oilseed rape) double cropping system, to a continuous vegetable land has caused soil quality dramatic change. (1) Acidification: average soil pH was 5.4; about 61% of total samples were pH < 5.5. It was 0.9 units lower than 10 years ago with same upland vegetable cultivation and was 1.2 units lower than soil pH of paddy rice-wheat (or oilseed rape) rotation. (2) Fertilizer salt accumulation: the average salt content was 0.28%, among these about 36.2% of the total samples contained more than 0.3%. (3) Nitrate N and available phosphorus (P) over accumulation: on average it was 279 mg NO3-N/kg, and 45-115 mg P/kg. Nitrate N four times higher and available P 4-10 times more than it is in present paddy rice-wheat rotation soils respectively. This has caused wide concern because of possible groundwater and well drinking water pollution by leached nitrate N and the P losses to water by runoff from vegetable lands induce surface water eutrophication.