催化氧化法处理含硫废碱液新技术的开发与应用

在炼油生产中,合理处理产生的大量废碱液,使其不污染环境,一直是我们努力研究的课题。辽河石化分公司所采用的处理方法是:将含硫化物废碱液催化氧化,使其中有毒的硫化物快速氧化成亚硫酸盐、硫代硫酸盐及硫酸盐等物质。经过处理的含硫化物废碱液已进行了脱臭,并且回收了有利用价值的碱液。碱液吸收SO2后生产出合格的亚硫酸钠产品,达到了废液综合利用的目的。     

炼油废碱液的综合利用

炼油废碱液是石油加工过程中采用氢氧化钠溶液吸收硫化氢、碱洗油品产生的含硫废碱液和含环烷酸钠废碱液。通过研究 ,综述了炼油废碱液的利用技术主要有熬制工业硫化碱、结晶提取Na2S、废碱液造纸制浆、沉淀法再生废碱液和中和法回收环烷酸等。试验发现 ,Fe2O3、ZnO等沉淀剂对有机硫几乎无脱除效果 ,处理后碱液仍散发出恶臭味。经过大量试验和选择 ,采用CuO作沉淀剂 ,不仅沉淀了S2 - ,而且RS -也得以氧化 ,并发现滤渣对残余有机硫有强烈的吸附作用 ,得到了无色、无臭的再生碱液。     

采用缓和湿式氧化工艺处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣

介绍了缓和湿式氧化法处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣的工艺原理和流程。由试验结果可以看出,利用此工艺处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣时,反应温度、停留时间不同,S2-去除率和反应产物也不同。在反应温度为120 ℃时,S2-的氧化产物以S2O32-的形式存在;当反应温度升高到150 ℃后,S2-的氧化产物以S2O32-和SO42-的形式并存;在反应温度达到180 ℃后,生成的S2O32-基本上完全转化为SO42-离子。在适宜的工艺条件(反应温度120 ℃,停留时间不低于40 min)下,混合废碱液或乙烯废碱液中S2-的排放浓度可降至2 mg/L以下。     

丝光印染废碱液回用技术的研究

印染企业丝光机排出的废碱液,Na0H质量浓度为3%～5%,废水温度在50℃～70℃,色度>1000倍,SS>400mg/L,含较多棉纱线等,为探讨废碱液回收技术的合理性及可行性,本中试系统采用"滤网过滤+板框压滤+陶瓷膜过滤+蒸发浓缩"的耦合技术,对丝光机排放的废碱液进行预处理及浓缩,中试结果表明,该技术可达到废碱液100%回用,处理后的碱液浓度可达15%～25%,SS<30mg/L,色度<100倍,达到印染行业丝光工序回用的要求。     

利用稻草生产化学浆糊

用稻草生产的化学浆糊,胶液澄明,粘结力强,可长期存放,是农村劳动致富和稻草综合利用的好途径。其原料为优质稻草(切成10～12cm 长)、烧碱(30%的液体)、石灰(氧化钙含量95%、碳酸钙含量<3%)、盐酸(31%)、酒精(95%)、一氯醋酸(95%)。生产工艺和操作方法为:①稻草处理:将石灰40kg 倾入200kg 水中,经充分搅拌后加入52kg 稻草浸泡4h。取出后即刻送入蒸笼,一层层压紧压匀,盖笼蒸煮8h 左右.取出压尽水分,并捣成细绒状。②碱化:在充分搅拌下,将7.2kg 液碱注入100kg 清水中,再投入已处理过的细绒状稻草后,加热煮沸2h 左右。捞起浆状稻草,挤压尽碱液后即得碱化纤维素,废碱液补加适量液碱     

丢糟和副产硫酸生产白炭黑的工艺研究

利用酒糟锅炉燃烧后的丢糟灰为原料,以氯碱企业中氯气干燥后产生的副产硫酸为酸化剂,采用沉淀法对白炭黑制备的工艺进行了试验研究.结果表明,采用沉淀法制备白炭黑工艺条件为:丢糟灰碱液比为1∶1.4,碱化处理时间4h,加酸速度为0.06 mL/g·min,搅拌速度40 r/min,产物比表面积为189.0m2/g,制备的白炭黑经质量检测符合国家产品标准.     

环球科技动态

环球科技动态利用废木料填充混凝土美国林务局林产品实验室的研究人员，最近研究出将废木料分解成小碎块用来代替石子，生产重量较轻、强度足、可适应某些用途的混凝土。混凝土中废木料越多．重量越轻，但强度也越差。用废木料代替石子生产的混凝土与标准混凝土相比，在压...     

有机固废好氧堆肥中氮素转化的研究现状

目前我国有机固废产量大、处理时间长,好氧堆肥是有机固废资源化利用的有效技术手段。氮素转化与损失是影响堆肥质量的关键,降低氮素损失有助于提高堆肥产品的质量。阐述了氮素转化原理,总结了厨余垃圾、剩余污泥及畜禽粪便等有机固废好氧堆肥中氮素转化的研究现状,并对控制氮素损失的研究提出了展望。     

树皮资源的综合利用

目前,在纤维造纸、制材和木材加工企业中,集中了大量针、阔叶树的树皮废料,大部分作为剩余物被遗弃任其腐烂,仅少部分用作燃料,因此,对这些资源亟待进行合理利用。一、利用树皮制备饲料或饲料添加剂苏联已广泛用针叶树皮喂牛,1981年剥树皮4000t,1982年剥树皮8000t。经蒸煮、干燥、破碎后可制成颗粒或压成块状,亦可     

国内外市场展望

植分法无污染造纸技术植分法造纸技术不要任何化工原料，只需用热力和机械对植物体内的纤维与非纤维物质进行分离，然后利用分离后的纤维制成纸浆。非纤维物质经脱水后能加工成饲料或肥料，脱出的清水可再循环使用。试验证明，植分法造纸技术能减少水耗80%、煤耗20%。采用该方法生产纸张可降低成本约400元/t，同时减少了对纤维的腐蚀。与传统工艺相比，生产出的纸品质量无论在强度、耐磨度和裂断度等方面都有很大的提高。用植分法可造瓦愣纸箱板纸以及高强度的瓦楞纸、纸袋纸等高档原色纸。如用植分法改造现有纸厂，仅需改变制浆工艺添置少…     

固体废物全过程管理中固体废物鉴别研究

对固体废物应进行全过程管理,固体废物鉴别是固体废物全过程管理的基础和关键,包括依据产生来源鉴别和过程鉴别两种方法,依据产生来源鉴别包括丧失原有利用价值的物质、在生产过程中产生的副产物、环境治理和污染控制过程中产生的物质、其他物质四类,在每一类中详细地列举了属于该产生来源的具体固体废物种类名称,便于理解和增强可操作性。过程鉴别包括在固体废物再生利用过程和处置过程中的固体废物鉴别两类,其中在再生利用过程的固体废物鉴别中明确指出了固体废物再生利用产物只有同时满足产品质量标准要求、国家污染控制标准要求以及有实际市场需求、固定用户等条件时,才不作为固体废物管理,在处置过程的固体废物鉴别中具体地列出了处置固体废物全过程中仍然作为固体废物管理的国际惯用处置方式。同时,给出了清晰的"原料—产品—固体废物—处置或产品"全过程中固体废物的产生节点和相应的固体废物类别图,为固体废物鉴别工作提供参考,使固体废物全过程管理有的放矢,有效防止固体废物对环境和人体健康造成的危害。     

集成膜法水处理工艺的研究与应用

集成膜法除盐系统具有连续产水、出水质量好、易控制、占地少、不需酸碱、利于环保等优点。文章通过对集成膜法水处理技术进行研究与应用,将原有的化学除盐水处理方式改为集成膜法水处理工艺,该方法产水水质高且水质稳定,每年可节约酸碱200 t,阴、阳离子交换树脂10 t,切实解决电厂所面临的产水水质不稳定、酸碱废液排放等问题,有力推动了清洁生产。     

The implementation of wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement material in the production of structural grade concrete and mortar: An overview

The timber manufacturing and power generation industry is gradually shifting towards the use of biomass such as timber processing waste for fuel and energy production and to help supplement the electrical energy demand of national electric gridlines. Though timber processing waste is a sustainable and renewable source of fuel for energy production, the thermal process of converting the aforementioned biomass into heat energy produces significant amounts of fine wood waste ash as a by-product material which, if not managed properly, may result in serious environmental and health problems. Several current researches had been carried out to incorporate wood waste ash as a cement replacement material in the production of greener concrete material and also as a sustainable means of disposal for wood waste ash. Results of the researches have indicated that wood waste ash can be effectively used as a cement replacement material for the production of structural grade concrete of acceptable strength and durability performances. This paper presents an overview of the work carried out by the use of wood waste ash as a partial replacement of cement in mortar and concrete mixes. Several aspects such as the physical and chemical properties of wood waste ash, properties of wood waste ash/OPC blended cement pastes, rheological, mechanical and the durability properties of wood waste ash/OPC concrete mix are detailed in this paper.     

An Interval-Parameter Waste-Load-Allocation Model for River Water Quality Management Under Uncertainty

A simulation-based interval quadratic waste load allocation (IQWLA) model was developed for supporting river water quality management. A multi-segment simulation model was developed to generate water-quality transformation matrices and vectors under steady-state river flow conditions. The established matrices and vectors were then used to establish the water-quality constraints that were included in a water quality management model. Uncertainties associated with water quality parameters, cost functions, and environmental guidelines were described as intervals. The cost functions of wastewater treatment units were expressed in quadratic forms. A water-quality planning problem in the Changsha section of Xiangjiang River in China was used as a study case to demonstrate applicability of the proposed method. The study results demonstrated that IQWLA model could effectively communicate the interval-format uncertainties into optimization process, and generate inexact solutions that contain a spectrum of potential wastewater treatment options. Decision alternatives can be generated by adjusting different combinations of the decision variables within their solution intervals. The results are valuable for supporting local decision makers in generating cost-effective water quality management strategies.     

番茄酱生产废水处理DAT-IAT工艺的应用与研究

番茄酱生产周期较短，废水排放集中于两个月且水量较大，废水中含固体杂质多，增加了废水处理难度。对新疆屯河昌通分公司番茄酱生产废水采用DAT-IAT工艺处理，并配套设置适应工艺要求及新疆气候特点的配套设备，水质水量适应性好，工艺组成具有显著的优势。项目通过验收后运行两年以来，运行效果稳定，处理水质稳定达标，可供同类企业借鉴和推广。     

钻井废液-废水处理一体化设备的研究及应用

介绍了钻井清洁生产的核心设备——钻井废液-废水处理一体化设备的原理、流程和处理效果。实践证明,用这种一体化设备处理普通聚合物钻井液体系产生的钻井废液时,设备排水质量可达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》(一级标准或二级标准);当用于处理高温深井聚合物-磺酸盐复杂钻井液体系产生的钻井废液时,除了COD外, 排出水的主要水质指标可达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》(二级标准)。用该设备处理后的泥渣含水率低于55%,泥渣体积减少了88%。     

Waste minimization study in a solvent-based paint manufacturing plant

Solvent-based paint manufacturing plants produce significant quantities of hazardous waste, which must be properly treated before it can be disposed. Since the cost for treating this waste is high, reducing the quantity of waste has become a crucial issue in this industry.Waste minimization options are beneficial for the owner of the plant as well as for the environment. The quantity of hazardous waste can be minimized by changing the plant's technology or by substituting hazardous substances, which are used in the paint manufacturing process, with environmentally friendly ones. Furthermore, separating the various waste streams makes it easier to recover raw materials and enhances the possibility of their reuse within the production process. This will decrease operational costs for the plant.This paper presents a case study of waste minimization in a solvent-based paint manufacturing plant. Source reduction, recovery, and recycling methods are taken into consideration. Its aim is to develop an understanding of the facility's waste generating processes, to suggest ways to reduce the waste production, and finally to select an appropriate waste minimization option to suggest to the plant. Some of the suggested methods are currently being practiced while others are at initial stage of development.     

垃圾焚烧过程中NO_x排放控制研究进展

NOx是垃圾焚烧发电的主要大气污染物之一。影响NOx生成及排放的因素很多,主要是由于垃圾成分复杂、燃烧环境恶劣、选用的焚烧炉不同等;要有效的控制NOx的排放量,就必须对这些影响因素加以充分考虑,使这些影响因素降到最低。目前国内外专家,对垃圾焚烧发电NOx排放控制做了一些研究,主要是通过试验方法和模拟方法,为商业应用做基础性研究。     

IFRP: a hybrid interval-parameter fuzzy robust programming approach for waste management planning under uncertainty

In this study, an interval-parameter fuzzy-robust programming (IFRP) model is developed and applied to the planning of solid waste management systems under uncertainty. As an extension of the existing fuzzy-robust programming and interval-parameter linear programming methods, the IFRP can explicitly address system uncertainties with complex presentations. Parameters in the IFRP model can be represented as interval numbers and/or fuzzy membership functions, such that the uncertainties can be directly communicated into the optimization process and resulting solution. Furthermore, highly uncertain information for the lower and upper bounds of interval parameters that exist due to the complexity of the real world can be effectively handled through introducing the concept of fuzzy boundary interval. Consequently, robustness of the optimization process and solution can be enhanced. Results of the case study indicate that useful solutions for planning municipal solid waste management practices can be generated. They reflect a compromise between optimality and stability of the study system. Willingness to pay higher costs will guarantee the system stability; however, a desire to reduce the costs will run the risk of potential instability of the system. The results also suggest that the proposed hybrid methodology is applicable to practical problems that are associated with highly complex and uncertain information.     

华北油田岔南联合站污水处理技术改造及效益分析

采油污水必须经过处理达到油田注水水质控制指标才能回注。华北石油管理局第二采油厂岔南联合站建成投产后，采取了选用合适的化学药剂，改善加药方法等措施，使岔南联合站污水水质得到较大改善，达到了油田注水水质控制指标，并同时收到了减少电耗和化学药剂使用量，节约成本的效果。环境效益和经济效益都十分显著。本文介绍了该站污水处理系统技术改造的试验过程及效果。