丽水市大气污染的时空分布特征及与气象要素的相关分析

利用2007-2010年丽水市逐日大气污染物浓度数据和地面气象观测资料,对PM10、SO2、NO23种大气污染物浓度进行了时空分布特征研究,进而探讨了气象要素对大气污染的影响.结果表明:2007-2010年,丽水市主要的3种大气污染物的负荷为PM10＞ NO2 ＞SO2,影响大气环境质量的污染物以PM10为主；总体来说,NO2的月均浓度基本达到《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-1996)-级标准,冬半年(9-12月、1-2月)SO2的月均浓度仅达到二级标准,而夏半年(3-8月)月均浓度基本达到一级标准,PM10的月均浓度都达到二级标准(0.10 mg/m3)；在空间分布上,PM10、NO2的年均浓度都表现出东向西逐渐减少的特征,而SO2年均浓度主要体现为南向北递增的特征,3种大气污染物在空间上都表现为在东部缙云、青田等地的污染相对严重,而在西面的遂昌、龙泉等地的污染程度较轻;各种气象要素对大气污染的影响中,除了气压与3种大气污染物的浓度呈极显著正相关外,其他气象要素都表现为负相关,只是影响程度有所差异.气象要素对大气污染的影响不是单一作用的,而是通过多种气象要素相互配合、相互作用、综合反应来产生作用的.     

福建省经济发展与工业污染水平计量模型研究

经济增长和环境污染之间的关系常用环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)来描述,典型的EKC一般呈倒"U"形。对福建省1988—2008年的经济与环境系列数据研究表明,福建省工业"三废"排放与人均GDP之间存在明显的相关性,但并不完全符合EKC曲线的典型倒"U"模型。工业废水和工业SO2拟合曲线均为"U"+倒"U"形,EKC的转折点已分别到达;工业废气排放曲线为"U"形的右半部分,EKC的转折点尚未出现。因此,福建省要进一步调整产业结构,提升第三产业在整个国民经济中的比例,优化第二产业结构,减少工业废气排放量,争取尽早跨越EKC转折点。     

中国主要污染物排放的环境库兹涅茨特征及其影响因素分析

选取废水、废气、工业固体废物、SO2和COD等指标,分析了中国1980—2008年主要污染物排放量与人均收入之间的关系,利用库兹涅茨模型,估算出主要污染物排放的拐点及对应的时间,并解析了影响环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)的主要因素。结果显示,仅SO2的EKC呈"倒U型",COD的EKC波动幅度较大,近年总体呈下降趋势,废水、废气、工业固体废物与人均收入之间基本呈递增关系,废水EKC斜率有降低趋势,可以判断未来几年有出现拐点的迹象。废气、工业固体废物EKC斜率仍有增加的趋势,难以判断未来几年有出现拐点的迹象。建议继续强化环保政策,严格环境准入,促进产业结构优化升级,提高产业技术水平,控制污染物排放,促进EKC拐点提前出现。     

京津沪地区工业污染物产生量与经济发展定量关系研究

选择北京、天津、上海3地的工业废水、工业废气、工业二氧化硫、工业粉尘、工业烟尘以及工业固体废弃物6个工业污染典型指标,利用环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)进行工业污染物产生量与经济发展定量关系的研究.结果表明,3地的工业废水产生量随着GDP增长均呈现出下降趋势,其EKC均可看成是1个倒"U"型的右侧;北京、上海的工业二氧化硫产生量随着GDP增长均呈现出"U"型变化趋势,其EKC均可看成是2个倒"U"型的组合;3地的其他工业污染物产生量均随着GDP增长呈现出上升趋势,其EKC均可看成是1个倒"U"型的左侧;要使表征工业污染物的产生量与GDP的关系的EKC呈现为倒"U"型的右侧,则需要不断地改进生产工艺技术水平,优化工业结构.     

江苏省污染减排与空气质量变化相关性分析

利用2000—2007年大气污染物排放量数据和同期环境空气质量监测数据,分析了江苏省主要大气污染物减排与环境空气质量变化的相关性。结果表明,近年来江苏省SO2排放量与环境空气中SO2浓度存在正相关,而烟尘和粉尘排放总量与空气中可吸入颗粒物的浓度呈现出弱的负相关关系。对江苏省经济发展和环境关系的进一步分析揭示,江苏省环境库兹涅茨曲线呈现出倒U型关系,表明江苏省已经进入经济环境双赢区间,但近年来政策对经济环境关系的影响突出。该研究对中国十二五环境管理政策的制定有着重要的参考意义。     

和田绿洲沙尘暴强度及其影响因子分析——以墨玉县为例

以和田绿洲西北部的墨玉县为研究区域,对该地区2016—2018年发生的沙尘暴天气资料以及气象因子(气温、风速、湿度、气压、水汽压、日照时数)和大气污染物(PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3)进行分析。结果表明,墨玉县沙尘暴天气主要发生在春夏季(3—8月),平均占全年发生频率的77.12%。墨玉县沙尘暴强度主要由气象因子决定,特别是气温、风速、日照时数和湿度。沙尘暴强度与大气颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)存在着明显的间接关系,主要因为两者均受风速影响较大,沙尘暴强度越大,大气中PM10和PM2.5浓度越高。沙尘暴强度与SO2、NO2、CO、O3等大气污染物的关系非常微弱,但O3与沙尘暴的形成季节比较一致。     

小波分析在郑州市供暖期PM_(2.5)浓度相关性分析中的应用

为分析供暖期内各种物质与PM2.5的相关性和变化规律,以郑州市供暖期为例,运用Morlet小波分别对PM2.5、PM10、CO、NO2、和SO2的浓度进行分析,并对比各自主周期的小波系数模。结果表明,PM10与PM2.5波动主周期均为33 d,主周期小波系数模差值为0,与PM2.5相关性最高;SO2波动主周期为12 d,与PM2.5相差最大,相关性最低。由于燃煤中各成分含量不同,供暖期SO2与CO、NO2呈中度相关,相关系数依次为0.6045和0.6949;SO2与PM10呈低度相关,相关系数为0.4010。供暖期污染最严重的污染物是PM10和NO2,与非供暖期相比,两者与PM2.5相关系数增量分别为:0.1255和0.2858,相关性提高幅度较大。     

山东省空气质量预报平台设计及其预报效果评估

基于排放源处理(SMOKE)模型、综合空气质量(CMAQ)模型与气象预报(WRF)模型初步搭建山东省空气质量预报平台,利用污染物在线监测数据和气象站观测数据检验预报平台的预报效果。结果表明,预报平台气象模块的预测效果与文献研究结果较一致;由CMAQ模型对2014年济南、淄博、烟台、威海的SO2、NO2、PM2.5质量浓度进行预测,SO2、NO2、PM2.5预报平均值分别在17.65~48.97、18.69~45.43、34.97~79.15μg/m3;SO2、NO2、PM2.5预报值与监测值的相关系数在0.52~0.74,标准化平均偏差、标准化平均误差、平均相对偏差、平均相对误差分别在-34.00%~-5.73%、11%~47%、-25.00%~-10.21%、20%~42%,预报平台具有良好的预报性能。最后,对未来空气质量数值预报平台的发展提出建议。     

基于中小城市空气污染指标的时间序列模型构建

以楚雄市空气污染指标为样本,采用多元统计分析方法求出了3种空气污染指标之间的偏相关系数,讨论了它们之间的关联性和各个指标的相关性。运用时间序列分析方法分别建立了SO2、NO2及PM10的动态时间序列模型,并进行了检验和预测。结果表明,模型对数据的拟合较好,精度较高,可以用模型对楚雄市未来空气污染指标进行预测和分析,并对该市的空气质量作出合理的评价。     

萧山区环境空气质量变化及其影响因素分析

利用杭州市萧山区环境空气的监测资料,采用空气综合污染指数、空气污染指数(API)、Daniel趋势检验等评价和分析方法,研究了萧山区"十一五"期间(2005—2010年)环境空气质量的变化趋势及其影响因素。结果显示:(1)PM10是萧山区环境空气中的首要污染物。SO2、PM10浓度以及空气综合污染指数先升高后降低,总体呈现不显著下降趋势,整体环境空气质量在2007年后逐年改善。(2)空气中NO2污染负荷系数逐年上升,NO2/SO2和污染物相关性分析结果表明,萧山区空气污染特征正处于由煤烟型向汽车尾气型转变的初期阶段。(3)萧山区月均API呈现出7-9月4-6月1-3月10-12月的变化特征。(4)在持续快速增长、能源消耗逐年增加的情况下,萧山区环境空气质量的改善说明节能减排、产业升级、污染源综合治理、能源清洁使用等措施对改善环境空气质量起到了关键作用。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.