福建省永定县经济发展与环境质量的关系研究

研究福建省永定县经济发展与环境质量的关系,对其实现可持续发展有着非常重要的意义.利用永定县1996-2007年相关统计数据,建立了人均GDP与典型环境质量指标(工业废水排放置、工业固体废物产生量、工业废气排放量)的模型,分析了它们之间的函数关系.结果表明:工业废水排放量与人均GDP的关系曲线呈直线单调递减;工业固体废物...     

青铜峡市经济增长与工业污染的关系探析

青铜峡市是宁夏回族自治区重要的工业城市,经济总量位居自治区第三位,但其跨越式发展带来的环境问题也越来越受到关注.基于环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)理论,分析了该市人均GDP与工业“三废”之间的关系.结果表明,工业废水排放置、工业废气排放量、工业固体废弃物产生量与人均GDP的EKC均为“U+倒U”型;其中工业废气摊放量EKC“倒U”型的最高转折点尚未出现,但若能继续加大对工业废气排放量的控制力度,可使工业废气摊放置与人均GDP的EKC的最高点尽早到达;由于目前该市工业固体废弃物治理工作还未受到足够的重视,其产生量也有可能会再次增加,使EKC出现新的转折点.在此研究基础上,提出了青铜峡市经济与环境协调发展的建议.     

江苏省经济增长与环境污染的动态关系研究

研究了1990-2007年,江苏省工业废气排放与经济增长的动态关系,结果表明,1990年以来,该省工业废气排放量在波动中平缓增长,排放强度不断下降。采用环境库兹涅茨曲线模型,模拟了1990-2007年工业废气排放量和人均GDP之间的关系,结果显示,江苏省工业废气排放量与人均GDP关系符合环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,位于“N”型曲线的左侧,目前该省刚刚跨过第一个拐点（人均GDP 31550元）,进入曲线的右半部分,说明该省随着人均收入的增加,环境将逐渐趋于改善。     

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线的经济增长与环境质量实证研究

通过分别建立环境库兹涅茨曲线和基于扩展的环境库兹涅茨曲线模型,对广西的经济增长和环境质量进行了相关性分析。研究表明,除了工业废水排放量(Ewater)对人均GDP的环境库兹涅茨曲线的关键转折点还未来到,工业废气排放量(Egas)、工业SO2排放量(ESO2)、工业固体废弃物排放量(Ewaste)、NOX浓度(cNOX)、COD排放量(ECOD)、NH3-N排放量(ENH3-N)等6个指标对人均GDP的环境库兹涅茨曲线的关键转折点都已出现;lnEwater、lnEgas、lnESO2、lnEwaste、lncNOX、lnECOD、lnENH3-N均与专利申请数负相关,且截面效应均为正;lnEwater、lnEgas、lnESO2、lnEwaste、lncNOX、lnECOD、lnENH3-N与第二产业产值占全部产值的比重、污染源治理投资额正相关;lnEwater、lnEgas、lnESO2、lncNOX、lnENH3-N与非农业人口的人口密度负相关,lnEwaste、lnECOD与非农业人口的人口密度无关。     

重庆市经济增长与工业污染状况的计量研究

选取重庆市1995-2009年的经济与环境数据,分析重庆市环境污染程度随经济发展的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,并通过计算环境污染状况与不同产业之间的灰色关联度,定量分析了造成各种环境污染的成因.分析结果表明,随着经济的发展,重庆市的环境质量并未呈现出“先恶化、再改善”的整体趋势,重庆市的几个重要环境污染指标并未随着基于当年价格水平的人均GDP的增加而呈现出“先增加、再减少”的“倒U”型,而是呈现“正U”和“正U+倒U”2种类型;灰色关联度分析表明,重庆市主要的工业污染物来源为非金属矿物制造业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、有色金属冶炼及压延加工业、金属制品业.     

中国大气污染防治技术评价应用体系与方法探析

系统梳理了中国技术评价的发展历程及应用体系,在此基础上,重点分析了中国大气污染防治技术评价的应用领域及评价方法的现状,总结中国大气污染防治技术评价目前存在的问题,提出要构建规范化评价标准与方法体系,推动建立政府指导下的市场化第三方评价运行机制以及加快职业化评价人员队伍建设等建议。     

福建省经济发展与工业污染水平计量模型研究

经济增长和环境污染之间的关系常用环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)来描述,典型的EKC一般呈倒U形。对福建省1988—2008年的经济与环境系列数据研究表明,福建省工业三废排放与人均GDP之间存在明显的相关性,但并不完全符合EKC曲线的典型倒U模型。工业废水和工业SO2拟合曲线均为U+倒U形,EKC的转折点已分别到达;工业废气排放曲线为U形的右半部分,EKC的转折点尚未出现。因此,福建省要进一步调整产业结构,提升第三产业在整个国民经济中的比例,优化第二产业结构,减少工业废气排放量,争取尽早跨越EKC转折点。     

天津市工业污染物排放特征及其成因的研究

基于1992—2008年天津环境经济数据,采用环境库兹涅茨曲线模型,建立了天津工业污染物排放与经济增长的科学评价模型,与典型的倒U型环境库兹涅茨曲线不同,天津工业污染物排放模型有三次函数模型和指数函数模型,目前工业废气排放量和工业固体废物产生量处于上升趋势,而工业废水中的COD、工业烟尘和工业粉尘排放量出现下降趋势。通过计算工业污染物排放及其影响因子之间的灰色关联度,定量剖析1992年后天津工业污染物排放的库兹涅茨曲线的成因。结果表明,天津市环境污染变化的主要影响因子包括工业总产值、国际贸易(外商直接投资)、能源消费、城市发展、工业污染治理、环境科研投入以及排污费征收。     

城市大气污染特征及其与气象因子的关系——以济南、青岛市为例

根据2001年1月1日至2009年12月31日济南、青岛的空气污染指数(API)日报资料,运用统计分析的方法,对2市的API月、季变化特征与年际变化趋势等进行了分析,并进一步探讨了API与各气象因子的相关关系.研究结果表明:(1)青岛空气质量总体上优于济南;(2)济南、青岛具有明显而相似的API月、季变化特征,具体表现...     

重庆市机动车尾气对大气环境的影响分析及减缓措施

在对重庆市机动车保有量、主城区交通状况进行深入调查的基础上，对机动车尾气排放对大气环境的影响进行了细致的分析与评估。阐述了机动车尾气是造成重庆市大气污染的重要因素。同时结合国内外一些先进的预防、控制和处理汽车尾气污染的方法，及近年来的观察、研究和试验，提出了合理减缓、控制机动车尾气污染的措施，以防止机动车尾气污染进一步蔓延。     

The contribution of ship emissions to air pollution in the North Sea regions

As a consequence of the global distribution of manufacturing sites and the increasing international division of labour, ship traffic is steadily increasing and is becoming more and more important as an origin of air pollution.This study investigates the impact of ship emissions in coastal areas of the North Sea under conditions of the year 2000 by means of a regional chemistry transport model which runs on a sufficiently high resolution to study air pollution in coastal regions. It was found that northern Germany and Denmark in summer suffer from more than 50% higher sulphate, nitrate and ammonium aerosol concentrations due to contributions from ships. The implementation of a sulphur emission control area (SECA) in the North Sea, as it was implemented at the end of 2007, directly results in reduced sulphur dioxide and sulphate aerosol concentrations while nitrate aerosol concentrations are slightly increased.     

重庆主城区大气重污染形势的激光雷达探测与分析

2013年1月12日-26日,利用大气超级站ALS300型激光雷达对重庆主城区大气进行了连续探测,分析了重污染形势期间的大气扩散条件及大气颗粒物时空分布等探测结果。分析表明,大气层结持续稳定,扩散条件差使得大气颗粒物浓度居高不下,大气能见度持续恶化;大气重污染期间PBL高度较低,平均为320～350m;大气颗粒物污染带处于100～400m高度范围;全国范围内异常的大气环流形势和重庆主城区独特的地形、气候特征是造成持续大气重污染形势的原因。     

Exchange of sulfur pollution between Bulgaria and Greece

The EMAP model (Eulerian Model for Air Pollution) is applied for calculating the sulfur concentration and deposition fields for 1995 as based upon Bulgarian and Greek sources. The country-to-country budgets show that about 4% of the sulfur oxides emitted by Bulgaria are deposited over Greek territory, estimated at 28 kt S. Only 2% of sulfur compounds emitted by Greece are deposited over Bulgaria, estimated at 6.2 kt S for 1995. This data is in agreement with EMEP/MSC-W estimates and provides more details concerning time and space. The results can be used in decision-making, negotiating and the development of contamination strategies.     

Relationship between atmospheric pollution processes and synoptic pressure patterns in northern China

The air pollution index (API) sequences in 10 cities in northern China and the synoptic pressure patterns during autumn and winter from 2002 to 2006 were analyzed with diagnostic and statistical methods. The results showed that the air qualities in northern China had a prominent correlation with the pressure systems. It revealed that (a) the increasing phase of API was associated with high pressure and the successive low pressure, (b) the preceding part of front (i.e. the retral part of low pressure) was associated with the maximum of API values during a cycle of air pollution process, (c) the pressure systems with high gradient led to the decrease of API, and (d) the synoptic pressure patterns and their evolvements were the main causes of regional air pollution processes. These relations can be used to analyze the variation characteristics and mechanism of regional atmosphere pollution process, and provide important basis for the qualitative prediction, control, and management of regional air pollution problems.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor air and in serum among older residents of upper Hudson River communities

A study was conducted to evaluate the association between PCBs in residential indoor air and in the serum of older, long time residents of three upper Hudson River communities. Samples of indoor air and of serum were collected from 170 persons 55 to 74 years of age, and analyzed for PCBs using glass capillary gas chromatography. After adjusting for age, BMI, cigarette smoking, and Hudson River fish consumption with multiple linear regression analysis, the results indicated statistically significant associations between concentrations in indoor air and serum for PCB-28, a lightly chlorinated congener common in air that accumulates in serum, and PCB-105. Duration of exposure was an important factor, since among persons who had lived in their home for 39 years or more, 11 of the 12 most commonly detected congeners were significantly correlated, as was their sum (∑ PCB). Significant associations between indoor air and serum PCB concentrations also were more likely when collected in cooler months and if the two samples were collected within 20 d of each other. The study is among the first to indicate that PCB concentrations characteristic of residential indoor air are associated with a detectable increase in body burden.     

Multi-step approach for comparing the local air pollution contributions of conventional and innovative MSW thermo-chemical treatments

In the sector of municipal solid waste management the debate on the performances of conventional and novel thermo-chemical technologies is still relevant. When a plant must be constructed, decision makers often select a technology prior to analyzing the local environmental impact of the available options, as this type of study is generally developed when the design of the plant has been carried out. Additionally, in the literature there is a lack of comparative analyses of the contributions to local air pollution from different technologies. The present study offers a multi-step approach, based on pollutant emission factors and atmospheric dilution coefficients, for a local comparative analysis. With this approach it is possible to check if some assumptions related to the advantages of the novel thermochemical technologies, in terms of local direct impact on air quality, can be applied to municipal solid waste treatment. The selected processes concern combustion, gasification and pyrolysis, alone or in combination. The pollutants considered are both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic. A case study is presented concerning the location of a plant in an alpine region and its contribution to the local air pollution. Results show that differences among technologies are less than expected. Performances of each technology are discussed in details.     

Trans-boundary air pollution over remote islands in Japan: observed data and estimates from a numerical model

Observations of air pollutants were conducted in remote Japanese islands (Oki Island and Okinawa Island) in early spring to clarify the extent of trans-boundary air pollution from the Asian continent. A three-dimensional Eulerian model calculation, which included parameters on emission, transport and transformation of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and ammonia, was performed to compile sulfate isosurface concentrations over the observational sites. Concentrations of non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO₄²⁻) of greater than 10 μg m⁻³ were observed at Oki after the northeastward passage of low-pressure systems in the Sea of Japan. At these times, the weather showed a typical winter pattern and air pollutants over China were transported southeastward to Japan with the northwesterly wind. The model calculation reproduced the observed variations of nss-SO₄²⁻ concentration well, except for one case in which the model calculation could not reproduce the extremely low nss-SO₄²⁻ concentration observed on 8 March. In Hedo (Okinawa Island), we observed long-lasting (3 days) medium concentrations of nss-SO₄²⁻ (approximately 5 μg m⁻³). Although the model reproduced these observed medium concentrations well, in general the observed results were reproduced better for Oki than for Hedo. Under the synoptic weather conditions of early spring, high concentrations of nss-sulfate were sometimes transported to these remote Japanese islands from areas of continental Asia with a strong outflow of air pollutants.     

层次分析法与地理信息系统在农田土壤重金属污染评价中的应用

以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)二级标准作为评价标准,采用以改进层次分析法确定权重的加权平均法对南京市郊典型蔬菜地的土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,研究区土壤中Cu、Pb、Cr的单因子污染指数平均值均小于1,含量超标率均不超过10.32%,而Cd的单因子污染指数平均值达2.15,含量超标率为84.13%,急需对该区土壤和受体做进一步的Cd污染深入调查或风险评估;研究区土壤重金属综合污染指数平均值为1.28,属玷污水平;利用ArcGIS 8.3软件进行土壤重金属污染的空间分布特征分析结果表明,研究区各元素的污染程度为Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr,各元素的污染格局较为相似,城市化活动对土壤污染贡献较大;研究区有81.16%的土壤重金属污染级别为玷污,3.78%处于本底级,15.06%处于安全级。