The Spatiotemporal Structure of Rodent Populations in the Steppe Zone of Western Siberia

The spatial structure of populations has been studied in two rodent species inhabiting the subzone of meadow steppes of the steppe zone of Omsk oblast: the narrow-sculled vole (Microtus gregalis Pall.) and steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus Pall.). Their populations are represented by combinations of territorial family groups whose structure and spatial distribution vary by season depending on population density, the phase of the population cycle, and the status of their members in the population. In the areas cohabited by M. gregalis and L. lagurus, the pattern of territory use and the rhythm of animal activity during the day depend primarily on their total density: under conditions of low density, the population groups of both species are spatially separated; at increased density, they are distributed with respect to the pattern of daily activity. Both species jointly use part of the territory but at different times of day: M. gregalis, mainly at night and in the morning; L. lagurus, in the daytime.     

The Structure of Narrow-Skulled Vole (Microtus gregalis Pall.) Colonies in Western Siberia

The structure of Microtus gregalis colonies was studied in different parts of the species range in Western Siberia, both in the south (Omsk oblast) and in the north (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area), in 1999 and 2000. The colonies studied in the steppe zone of Omsk oblast, southern tundras of the Yamal Peninsula, and mountain tundras on the northern slopes of the Polar Urals prove to have some common structural features. In Omsk oblast, seasonal variation in the area of colonies and the number of entrances to the burrows was revealed, although the general structure of colonies (the pattern of tunnels and location of the nest and storage chambers) was largely the same in spring and autumn.     

Formation of Two Xylem Frost Injuries in One Annual Ring in Siberian Spruce under Conditions of Western Siberian Forest-Tundra

The phenomenon of the formation of two damaged xylem layers in one frost ring is described in Siberian spruce grown in western Siberian forest-tundra. Temperature conditions providing for the formation of pathological cell and tissue structures are determined. The relationship between the formation of double frost injuries and cold periods is demonstrated.     

The hypothesis of hydrochorous dissemination of populations of conifers

A comparative analysis of field observations and experiments on the distance and rate of dispersal of self-sown Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) progeny has shown that the rate of their hydrochorous dissemination downstream is an order of magnitude higher than the rate of dispersal in upland areas. A hypothesis assigning priority to the role of hydrochory in the expansion of conifer populations to the tundra (periglacial) zone along with climate warming has been formulated and substantiated by comparative isozyme analysis of populations in transects lying along and across rivers.     

Sex Structure of Scotch Pine Populations in the Dry Steppe

it has been determined that the sex structure of the population is of great importance for pine adaptation to extreme environmental conditions. As environmental conditions deteriorate, differentiation of populations with respect to sex becomes more apparent, the proportion of trees of mixed type decreases, and the number of male trees increases. A tendency toward correlation between tree habitus, needle and shoot sizes, and the sex structure of population is noted. The prevalence of male trees in populations exposed to increasing stress reflects the rearrangement of such populations aimed at the more efficient use of natural resources.     

Gradient Genogeographic Analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L. Populations in Europe

Gradients of Nei's genetic distances between 15 samples of Pinus sylvestris L. trees were analyzed along three submeridional transects, from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and Transcaucasia. As a result, distinct chorogenetic differentiation was revealed between the populations of this species growing in climatically specific regions of northern and southern Europe. Considerable Nei's distances (DN = 0.045–0.056) and their gradients, combined with differences in stable phenotypic characters (the composition of monoterpenes and morphological parameters of cones) determined at the Pyrenean and Caucasian mountain borders, suggest that the P. sylvestris species structure includes two South Eurasian subspecies, the Pyrenean P. sylvestris L., ssp. iberica Svoboda and the Transcaucasian P. sylvestris L., ssp. hamata (Stev.) Fomin.     

The ecology of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) in Western Siberia

The data on the ecology of bilberry and cowberry in the West Siberian Plain, Kuznetsk Ala Tau, and highland Altai are presented. Ecological ranges of these plants and amplitudes of their tolerance for some environmental factors are described.     

Ecological Variation in the Morphological Structure of the Crown in Siberian Stone Pine at the Timberline

The structure of the crown and branching; the growth, development, and ontogeny of branches; and organogenesis and growth of female shoots in the model Siberian stone pine trees were studied in four types of habitats at the timberline in the central Altai Mountains (1700–2170 m a.s.l.). The results provided evidence that the ecological forms of trees appear due to changes in the pattern of branching as well as to the decreased rate of vegetative (primarily apical) growth. The diameter of the shoot pith is one of the most variable characters reflecting the deterioration of environmental conditions at higher elevations.     

Effects of environmental factors on the seasonal growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis> L. (Karst.) in northern Karelia

The seasonal growth of shoots, needles, and the trunk in the Norway spruce has been studied in a bilberry spruce forest in the middle taiga subzone of Karelia. The results show that the growth of vegetative organs in this tree species depends mainly on the air temperature regime, whereas the effect of variations in factors such as the period of sunshine, precipitation, and air humidity is relatively weak.     

Geno- and Phenogeographic Analysis of Pinus sylvestris L. Populations along the Transect Extending from the Northern to Southern Boundary of the Species Range

Nei's genetic distances (Nei, 1972, 1978) between 12 Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations were determined using isozyme analysis. The gradients of these distances along the 1500-km meridional transect in the Transural Region and Northern Turgai from the pre-forest-tundra subzone (the Synya River basin) to the southern steppe (the Naurzumskii forest) were calculated. We discovered that the genetic distance gradients (GDGs) progressively increase in the direction from the northern boundary of the range to the southern boundary of the forest-steppe zone and sharply increase in the insular forests growing in the steppe zone. The results of cluster analysis and Mahalanobis distance gradients with respect to a set of morphological characters of the cones provide evidence that Scotch pine populations of the forest zone share somewhat the same gene pool, whereas the group of Scotch pine populations in the insular forests of Northern Turgai is obviously differentiated phenogenetically from the insular forests of the Tobol region, which grow farther to the north.     

Elevation-dependent genetic variation of plants and seed embryos in the Crimea Mountain population of Pinus pallasiana D. Don

In the Crimea Mountain population of Pinus pallasiana D. Don, the genetic structure of adult plants and embryos was studied along an elevation gradient (150, 400, 600, and 900 m a.s.l.). Ten polymorphic loci of six enzyme systems were examined. The degree of differentiation of plants from different elevations and their progeny with respect to genetic structure proved to be low, indicating the absence of strict isolation barriers that would interfere with gene flow along the elevation gradient.     

农户贫困恢复力测度、影响效应及对策研究——基于农户家庭结构的视角

集中连片贫困地区扶贫开发与农户脱贫问题关系社会稳定与和谐,而恢复力概念为贫困领域研究提供了新的视角。研究利用抽样调查的321户家庭问卷数据,基于生计恢复力理论框架,构建农户贫困恢复力指标体系,从农户家庭结构分类出发,采用探索性统计和主成分分析判定不同人口、生计结构农户缓冲力资本、贫困恢复力差异,运用多层次模型探究农户家庭因素(生计、人口)与贫困恢复力内在结构效应。研究主要结论:1研究区不同家庭结构农户经济类资本分布极不均衡,资本积累水平低;2影响贫困地区农户个体恢复力的主要因素包括物质资本、经济收入、文化教育、劳动力、交通条件、社会资源等;3高质量劳动力人口结构以及合理多样化收入方式的生计结构对农户贫困恢复力才具有正向效应。最后,针对研究区农户家庭结构贫困恢复力差异和关键影响因子,提出相关恢复力建设对策。     

Intrapopulation Variation and Interpopulation Phenetic Differentiation of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum) in Populations of the Northern Sea of Okhotsk Region

The results of phenetic studies on chum salmon populations from the rivers flowing into Taui and Yama bays, Sea of Okhotsk, are discussed. The heterogeneity of samples with respect to the frequency of a certain phene in females is not necessarily revealed when this frequency is analyzed in males. Statistically significant heterogeneity with respect to phene frequencies is observed in all chum salmon populations, whether the corresponding data are analyzed by years or throughout the observation period. This population heterogeneity is accounted for by specific phenetic features of each chum salmon population, although in different years it manifests itself in the frequencies of different phenes. The phenes distinguished on the head of fish contribute most significantly to interpopulation differences.     

On the Population Structure of the Kamchatka Sable

The degree of morphological differentiation of sable (Martes zibellina L.) populations was studied in different physiographic regions of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Penzhina River basin. According to craniometric data, the sables inhabiting the hilly Western Kamchatka Plain are larger than the animals from other regions. However, the analysis of phenetic variation in craniological characters and coat color showed that the sable samples taken within the peninsula were fairly homogeneous. On this basis, all sables inhabiting the Kamchatka Peninsula may be regarded as a single population.     

Biological productivity of bogs in the middle taiga subzone of Western Siberia

New experimental data on biological productivity of plant communities in oligotrophic and mesotrophic bogs of the middle taiga subzone over the past five years are presented. The relationship between net primary production and the stock of live phytomass is estimated. The stock of necromass in oligotrophic bog ecosystems increases from west to east, while the stock of live phytomass and net primary production decrease.     

人口结构、社会保障与机构投资者的发展——以发达国家为例

近年来我国的经济发展中出现了居民的存款储蓄不断增长与企业资金短缺、股票市场低迷并存的现象。发达国家的经验表明,社会保障制度与金融发展具有明显的相关性：社会保障制度的改革与发展。改变了居民以存款为主体的金融资产结构。使居民金融资产的选择从直接持有转向通过养老金、保险金和共同基金等机构投资者的间接持有，促进了机构投资者的迅猛发展；而机构投资者的资产越来越多的投向了证券资产。进而促进了资本市场的进一步发展。     

Estimation of the Relationship between Environment Heterogeneity and Distribution of Birds in Western Siberia

The results of censuses of 335 bird species and estimation of environmental factors in 1163 habitats located in undeveloped areas of the Western Siberian Plain were analyzed. The data for analysis were obtained from the databank of the Laboratory of Zoological Monitoring of the Institute of Animal Ecology and Systematics (Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences). The material was collected in the first half of summer (between May 16 and July 15) in 1936–1938 and 1959–1999 (mostly beginning from 1967). A learning sample (863 variants) was used to approximate the abundance of each species with respect to each factor (including calculation by the principal-component method), and the approximation was integrated with respect to all these factors. The approximation coefficients were used to make a prognosis of species abundance based on the values of environmental factors in the control sample (300 variants). For the 50 most prevalent species, accounting for more than 80% of total bird abundance, the values of explained variances of approximation and prognosis averaged 53.5 (r = 0.73) and 47% (r = 0.68), respectively.     

Variability of the Flower Structure in European Starflower (Trientalis europaeaL.) in Natural Populations

Flower variability was studied in natural populations of European starflower (Trientalis europaeaL.). The results showed that the flower structure in this species is determined by two parameters: the multiplicity of primordia of flower components and the uniformity of flower meristem development. The frequencies of nonuniformly developing flowers differs depending on the habitat. It appears that both parameters are largely determined by random fluctuations.     

Spatial and temporal organization of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Lake Chany,Western Siberia

Communities of benthic macroinvertebrates in drainless Lake Chany, the largest lake in Western Siberia, have been analyzed to estimate the effects of basic abiotic ecological factors (hydrophysical and hydrochemical parameters of water and the type of bottom ground) on their composition, structure, and dynamics. It has been shown that the level of development of these communities depends mainly on the water regime of the lake and also on the type of bottom ground, lake depth, and water mineral content.