环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的影响

在不同的环境温度下 ,采用强制通风静态仓污泥堆肥中试实验系统进行了五种调理剂的污泥堆肥实验。结果表明 :环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的堆体温度有影响。在寒冷的冬季 (气温范围为 -1 4～ 5.0℃ ,平均气温为 -5.1℃ ) ,污泥堆肥的堆体中层温度能顺利达到设定温度( 60℃ ) ,并能保持一段高温期 (约 9d) ,堆肥产品达到了无害化国家标准。在污泥堆肥过程 ,不必对堆料的 pH值进行调整。     

环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的影响

在不同的环境温度下,采用强制通风静态污泥堆肥中试实验系统进行了五种调剂的污泥堆肥实验。结果表明：环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的堆体温度有影响。在寒冷的冬季（气温范围为－15－5．0℃,平均气温为－5．1℃）,污泥堆肥的堆体中层温度能顺利达到温度（60℃）,并能保持一段高温期（约9d),堆肥产品达到了无害化国家标准,在污泥堆肥过程,不必对堆料的pH值进行调整。     

猪场废弃物强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的试验研究

通过组织5个猪场废弃物堆肥试验,度量温度、表观性状、体积、重量损失、全氮、全磷、大肠杆菌值、蛔虫卵杀灭率和发芽指数等指标,检验了开发的强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的性能.结果表明,除起始含水率为80%试验堆体因起始含水率过高导致发生厌氧反应外,其余4个堆体均实现堆肥无害化、减量化、稳定化和资源化的处理目标;堆肥温度维持50℃以上5～7 d,或55℃以上3 d是大肠杆菌值达到国家粪便无害化卫生标准的必要条件;堆肥过程能有效脱除堆料的生物毒性,后腐熟阶段是必需阶段;氮、磷、钾等主要营养元素在堆肥前后呈现"浓缩效应".因此,堆肥化能提高猪场废弃物肥效和利用价值.     

猪场废弃物强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的试验研究

通过组织5个猪场废弃物堆肥试验，度量温度、表观性状、体积、重量损失、全氮、全磷、大肠杆菌值、蛔虫卵杀灭率和发芽指数等指标，检验了开发的强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的性能。结果表明，除起始含水率为80％试验堆体因起始含水率过高导致发生厌氧反应外，其余4个堆体均实现堆肥无害化、减量化、稳定化和资源化的处理目标；堆肥温度维持50℃以上5—7d，或55℃以上3d是大肠杆菌值达到国家粪便无害化卫生标准的必要条件；堆肥过程能有效脱除堆料的生物毒性，后腐熟阶段是必需阶段；氮、磷、钾等主要营养元素在堆肥前后呈现“浓缩效应”。因此，堆肥化能提高猪场废弃物肥效和利用价值。     

温度与秸秆比例对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响简

为了研究不同C/N比值在不同温度条件下牛粪堆肥30 d时的全量养分和有机质的含量情况，提出了以新鲜牛粪和苜蓿秸秆混合物为堆料，在添加1%的生物腐熟剂的基础上，对堆肥温度及C/N比进行调控，并进行交叉实验。结果表明，（1）采用培养箱进行好氧发酵时，在温度为30℃和45℃的环境下堆肥最佳，温度过低或过高都会影响堆肥。（2）牛粪高温好氧堆肥时，添加一定比例的苜蓿秸秆可以调节堆料的C/N比值、含水量，缩短堆肥时间，其中牛粪与秸秆比例为1：1混合堆肥效果较好。（3）堆肥30 d时，堆料的TN、TP和TK含量较堆肥初期都有所增加，有机质含量有所降低是因为矿化和释放养分造成的，且各含量均符合国家有机肥标准。     

不同质量比的膨松剂对家庭生物有机垃圾堆肥的影响

为解决家庭生物有机垃圾堆肥反应中含水率高、含有机质多等问题,选择秸秆作为膨松剂对家庭生物有机垃圾进行堆肥处理,重点研究添加不同质量比的膨松剂对堆肥反应中堆体温度、含水率、有机质、pH、电导率及堆料质量减少率等评估堆肥质量参数变化的影响.结果表明,添加质量分数为5%、10%及20%的膨松剂的堆肥反应在第2天堆体温度超过55℃,并持续3 d以上,而添加质量分数为30%的膨松剂堆肥由于其含水率较低(约55%)在整个堆肥反应中堆体温度都低于55℃;堆肥1周内,有机质及含水率下降显著;添加20%膨松剂堆肥的堆料质量减少率最为明显,达39.6%;堆肥反应中,pH在5.5～8.5,在腐熟期pH趋于稳定,呈弱碱性;电导率随堆肥进行呈上升趋势,4种不同质量比膨松剂堆肥产品的电导率均位于1.88～1.96 mS/cm,可以安全使用.     

温度与秸秆比例对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响

为了研究不同C／N比值在不同温度条件下牛粪堆肥30d时的全量养分和有机质的含量情况，提出了以新鲜牛粪和苜蓿秸秆混合物为堆料，在添加1％的生物腐熟剂的基础上，对堆肥温度及C／N比进行调控，并进行交叉实验。结果表明，（1）采用培养箱进行好氧发酵时，在温度为30℃和45℃的环境下堆肥最佳，温度过低或过高都会影响堆肥。（2）牛粪高温好氧堆肥时，添加一定比例的苜蓿秸秆可以调节堆料的C／N比值、含水量，缩短堆肥时间，其中牛粪与秸秆比例为1：l混合堆肥效果较好。（3）堆肥30d时，堆料的TN、TP和TK含量较堆肥初期都有所增加，有机质含量有所降低是因为矿化和释放养分造成的，且各含量均符合国家有机肥标准。     

厨余垃圾堆肥间歇通风方式的可行性研究

以好氧堆肥成熟的通风方式连续通风为参考,研究了对厨余垃圾好氧堆肥采用间歇通风方式的可行性。结果表明,厨余垃圾好氧堆肥采用间歇通风方式的温度和O2体积分数变化规律与连续通风方式基本一致。腐熟度指标pH、电导率(EC)和发芽率指数(GI)均能达到厨余垃圾好氧堆肥的要求。但是间歇通风不但可以减少鼓风时间,节约成本,而且能够显著降低NH3、N2O的排放,提高总碳(TC)、总氮(TN)的积累,从而提高堆肥产品品质。因此,建议厨余垃圾好氧堆肥过程采用间歇通风方式。     

塔式自然通风好氧堆肥反应器的开发与应用

针对现有堆肥反应器处理效率低、运行和维护成本较高及堆肥效率不稳定等问题,开发了塔式自然通风好氧堆肥反应器。从物料和热量平衡、通风量优化等方面对反应器进行研究。反应器主要包括反应器主体、通风管、物料承托筛板和温度监控系统等,具有运行及维护简单、能源耗费低等优点。在通风高度为3 m,初始物料投加量5.65 kg(干重比︰粪便/锯末=1∶2.5),含水率约60%时,对人粪便进行好氧堆肥实验。结果表明,堆体温度最高至62℃,并且在50℃以上高温保持5 d;TOC和COD均呈持续下降趋势,降解率分别为64.14%和56.45%;种子发芽指数为113.64%,完全达到腐熟标准。     

接种微生物与人粪便同步连续投加对好氧堆肥效果的影响简

利用新型梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器，在通风量为3.0 L/min，搅拌频率为5 min/h的条件下，就不接种微生物、接种土著菌种、枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌时人粪便连续投加好氧堆肥效果进行了对比。堆制20 d即2个运行周期中各堆体的温度、含水率、COD、总氮、pH值与GI等的变化表明，接种微生物可以显著提高堆体的升温速率与堆体平均温度、COD降解率、GI（P<0.01），堆肥可迅速达到完全腐熟。接种土著菌种效果最为明显（P<0.01），其后相继为枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌。接种土著菌种可使堆体温度在50℃以上维持18 d，第8天COD降解率达到61.17%、总氮损失率为25.75%，第6天时GI达到108.22%。     

不同堆肥方式对鸡粪与秸秆混合堆肥效果

以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原材料，进行了露天堆肥和反应器堆肥对比实验。结果表明，反应器堆肥（堆体P2）较露天堆肥（堆体P1）升温快，堆体P2达到了《粪便无害化卫生标准（GB7959—87）》的要求，堆体P1未达到；在整个堆肥过程中，堆体P1的水分总损失量（26．5％）大于堆体P2的水分总损失量（20．6％）；堆体P1和P2的有机质降解主要发生在堆肥前期0～21d，分别完成了81．4％和84．5％的有机质降解量；堆体P1和P2的C／N比在堆肥过程中均呈下降趋势，最终C／N比分别为18．3和14．8；种子发芽指数GI_P1〈GI_P2，表明采用堆体P2的堆肥产品的植物毒性较堆体P1更小。各指标实测数据表明，反应器堆肥的堆肥产品的稳定性和腐熟程度较露天堆肥更好。     

Microbiological aspects of humid husk composting

The feasibility of composting as disposal practice of husk mixed with olive mill wastewaters (OMW) was studied in the present research. The process was investigated with regards to some reliable and easy to be determined microbial activity parameters such as the ATP content, the activity of a pool of enzymes and the viable counts, keeping in mind the well known bias of this last technique. Two different composting technologies were compared: static pile and reactor by studying the cured composts obtained. Among the bioindicators tested, the composting process trend was described better by the ATP content and the activity of some enzymes. In fact, the ATP content showed an increase during the thermophilic phase in both the pile and the reactor, and decreased at the end of the process, it was also higher in the bioreactor-pile technology than in the pile. With regard to the enzymatic activity, with the reactor technology experiment, two peaks were evidenced in the thermophilic phase and during the curing phase in pile, and a drop during the transfer of material from the reactor to the pile. The quality of the cured product obtained using the reactor technology has been evaluated considering phytoxicity and hygienic features: the stabilised compost resulted to have neither phytoxical effect, nor faecal indicator contaminants.     

Effects of lime amendment on availability of heavy metals and maturation in sewage sludge composting

A batch composting study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of co-composting sewage sludge with lime, aiming at reducing the availability of heavy metals in the sludge compost. Sewage sludge with sawdust as bulking agent was amended with lime at 0, 0.63, 1.0, and 1.63% w/w, and composted for 100 days in laboratory batch reactors. The changes in temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and extractable heavy metal contents were measured while compost maturity was determined by C/N(organic) and cress seed germination during the composting period. Liming raised pH of compost effectively at the initial stage of composting and caused a decrease in EC through precipitation of soluble ions. Lime amendment also significantly reduced water-soluble and Diethylene triamine pentracetic acid (DTPA)-extractable metal contents. The maximum reductions were 60 and 40% for Cu, 80 and 40% for Mn, 55 and 10% for Zn, and 20 and 25% for Ni at the end of the composting period for the lime-amended sludge as compared to the control. In spite of the inhibitory effect of lime amendment on the decomposition activity of sewage sludge, all treatments reached maturation after 63 days of composting as indicated by the results of C/N(organic) ratio and cress seed germination test results. A lime amendment of < or =1.0% is recommended to co-compost with sewage sludge.     

Co-composting of spent coffee ground with olive mill wastewater sludge and poultry manure and effect of Trametes versicolor inoculation on the compost maturity

The co-composting of spent coffee grounds, olive mill wastewater sludge and poultry manure was investigated on a semi-industrial scale. In order to reduce the toxicity of the phenolic fraction and to improve the degree of composting humification, composts were inoculated with the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor in the early stages of the maturation phase.During composting, a range of physico-chemical parameters (temperature and both organic matter and C/N reduction), total organic carbon, total nitrogen, elemental composition, lignin degradation and spectroscopic characteristics of the humic acids (HAs) were determined; impacts of the composting process on germination index of Hordeum vulgare and Lactuca sativa were assessed. The coffee waste proved to be a highly compostable feedstock, resulting in mature final compost with a germination index of 120% in less than 5 months composting. In addition, inoculation with T. versicolor led to a greater degree of aromatization of HA than in the control pile. Moreover, in the inoculated mixture, lignin degradation was three times greater and HA increased by 30% (P < 0.05), compared to the control pile. In the T. versicolor inoculated mixture, the averages of C and N were significantly enhanced in the HA molecules (P < 0.05), by 26% and 22%, respectively. This improvement in the degree of humification was confirmed by the ratio of optical densities of HA solutions at 465 and 665 nm which was lower for HA from the treated mixture (4.5) than that from the control pile (5.4).     

Speciation of heavy metals during co-composting of sewage sludge with lime

During composting the humification of organic matter will have a significant effect on the physicochemical form of existence of heavy metals. Therefore the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of co-composting sewage sludge with lime on heavy metal speciation and the changes in DTPA extractable metals. Metal speciation was conducted to evaluate the redistribution of Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in sewage sludge composted with lime. Sewage sludge was mixed with sawdust in 2:1 (w/w fresh weight) and then composted with lime at 0%, 0.63%, 1% or 1.63% (dry weight) for 100 days. The lime addition did not cause any changes in the different forms of Cu and Mn, but the composting process caused transformations of residual form of Cu and Mn into oxidizable and reducible form, respectively. For Ni, the reducible form was mainly transformed into residual form and lime addition decreased this transformation. Major transformation of different forms of Pb was not found, however the residual form of Pb increased with lime addition. The predominant residual form of Zn was mainly transformed into oxidizable form and the lime addition reduced this transformation. Addition of lime to sewage sludge during composting resulted in lower DTPA extractable metal contents. Therefore, lime is a suitable material to co-compost with sewage sludge to reduce the availability of heavy metals.     

梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器的开发与应用

针对现有堆肥反应器移动困难、难以使物料充分混合及堆肥效率不稳定等问题,开发了梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器。从物料和热量平衡、通风量及搅拌方式优化等方面对反应器进行了研究。反应器主要包括梨形筒体、无轴螺旋导叶、通风系统、动力系统和控制系统等,具有易于移动、便于进/出料等优点。在通风量为2.0 L/min,初始物料投加量5.0kg（干重比∶粪便/锯末=1∶4）,含水率约60%时,利用反应器对人粪便进行序批式堆肥实验,结果表明,反应器搅拌5 min后混合均匀率可达90%以上,符合混合均匀度的要求;堆体温度从第2天开始升温至50℃以上并保持30 d;TOC和COD均呈持续下降趋势,降解率分别为72.61%和72.81%;种子发芽指数为92.18%,可完全达到腐熟标准。     

接种微生物与人粪便同步连续投加对好氧堆肥效果的影响

利用新型梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器，在通风量为3．0L／min，搅拌频率为5min／h的条件下，就不接种微生物、接种土著菌种、枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌时人粪便连续投加好氧堆肥效果进行了对比。堆制20d即2个运行周期中各堆体的温度、含水率、COD、总氮、pH值与GI等的变化表明，接种微生物可以显著提高堆体的升温速率与堆体平均温度、COD降解率、Ct（P〈0．01），堆肥可迅速达到完全腐熟。接种土著菌种效果最为明显（P〈0．01），其后相继为枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌。接种土著菌种可使堆体温度在50℃以上维持18d，第8天COD降解率达到61．17％、总氮损失率为25．75％，第6天时GI达到108．22％。     

微生物调控对牛粪堆肥的生物特性影响

研究了微生物调控对牛粪堆肥生物特性的影响.结果表明:(1)与对照相比,接菌(添加HM菌剂)处理可使牛粪堆肥提前2d进入高温期,高温持续时间延长2d.即接菌处理的堆肥温度在第4天达到50.5℃,并保持50℃以上的温度14 d;而对照在第6天达到50.0℃,并保持50℃以上的温度12 d.(2)2种处理堆肥的pH总体呈先升高后降低的趋势,接菌处理的堆肥pH上升幅度不大,比对照低0.1～0.5个pH单位.(3)接菌处理有利于提高牛粪堆肥的纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性水平和峰值.(4)脲酶活性与其他因素之间呈显著负相关(p＜0.01),而温度、pH、蔗糖酶活性和纤维素酶活性之间呈显著正相关(p＜0.01).     

Occurrence of carbon monoxide during organic waste degradation

The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and other gases were measured in the emissions from solid waste degradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions during laboratory and field investigations. The emissions were measured as room temperature headspace gas concentrations in reactors of 1, 30, and 150 L, as well as sucked gas concentrations from windrow composting piles and a biocell, under field conditions. The aerobic composting laboratory experiments consisted of treatments with and without lime. The CO concentrations measured during anaerobic conditions varied from 0 to 3000 ppm, the average being 23 ppm, increasing to 133 ppm when methane (CH4) concentrations were low. The mean/maximum CO concentrations during the aerobic degradation in the 2-L reactor were 101/194 ppm without lime, 486/2022 ppm with lime, and 275/980 ppm in the 150-L reactors. The presence of CO during the aerobic composting followed a rapid decline in O2 concentrations Significantly higher CO concentrations were obtained when the aerobic degradation was amended with lime, probably because of a more extreme depletion of oxygen. The mean/maximum CO concentrations under field conditions during aerobic composting were 95/1000 ppm. The CO concentrations from the anaerobic biocell varied from 20 to 160 ppm. The hydrogen sulfide concentrations reached almost 1200 ppm during the anaerobic degradation and 67 ppm during the composting experiments.     

堆肥技术及进展

堆肥技术是有机固体废弃物处理和资源化利用的一种有效手段。堆肥系统可分为条垛式、强制通风静态垛式和反应器式三大类。影响堆肥系统运行的主要操作因素有：水分、Ｃ／Ｎ比、调理剂、氧含量、温度和ｐＨ值