西安市汛期降水变化特征及驱动机制研究

变化环境下城市内涝灾害事件频发,已严重威胁城市居民生命财产安全,汛期降水强度大、持续时间长、影响范围广,是城市内涝主要致灾因子,通过分析城市汛期降水变化特征并进一步揭示其驱动机制,可为城市防洪减灾与水资源管理提供参考。本文采用Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平和连续小波变化等方法分析西安市1951-2017年汛期降水变化特征,采用交叉小波和小波相干揭示太阳黑子、大气环流异常指数北极涛动(AO)、南方涛动指数(SOI)、厄尔尼诺(ENSO)、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)、北大西洋振荡(NAO)对西安市汛期降水变化驱动机制。结果表明:西安市汛期降水量主要集中在中雨和大雨。汛期降水总量、小雨和暴雨降水量均呈减少趋势,日降水量、中雨和大雨降水量呈增加趋势。汛期降水总强度、日降水强度、月降水强度和不同等级降水的强度均呈增加趋势。汛期降水集中度Q指数呈增加趋势,降水日数减少,汛期降水有更为集中的趋势。汛期降水量存在1958和2002年两个突变点,并且有7-9年的显著周期。AO和太阳黑子对汛期降水的影响最为显著,其次为SOI、NAO和ENSO,PDO的影响相对较弱。AO、SOI、PDO和NAO对汛期降水主要存在正向驱动,ENSO对汛期降水主要为负向驱动。1975年之前太阳黑子对汛期降水有正向驱动,1975年之后则为负向驱动。     

广东热带气旋及其降水的年际变化特征

采用1951—2005年热带气旋和广东26个测站降水的观测资料，分析了广东热带气旋及其降水的年际变化特征。结果表明：影响广东的热带气旋的个数和年平均强度及其降水均存在明显的年际变化，而且主要有3种空间振荡型态。另外，广东热带气旋降水具有峰值为3年左右周期的显著振荡，该振荡周期在20世纪70年代中期和90年代初期有明显的突变。广东热带气旋降水的年际变化与热带气旋个数的年际变化高度相关，同时跟西北太平洋中高纬40°N-60°N部分区域的台风季节（5—11月份）平均SST年际变化存在显著的负相关。     

浙江省梅汛期降水与洪涝灾害的长期变化

梅汛期降水是引发浙江省洪涝灾害的重要原因之一.首先,应用相关分析,对浙江省境内57个气象观测站29年来(1971-1999)梅汛期降水的空间分布特征进行了分析,论述了省内不同地区梅汛期降水的长期变化规律.分析发现,这一时期的梅汛期降水明显呈现缓慢增加的趋势,并有着6年和3-4年的显著周期,这说明梅汛期降水可能与ENSO存在着一定的联系.最后,探讨了梅汛期降水异常与洪涝灾害之间的关系.     

我国降水的时空变化与暴雨洪涝灾害

本文论述与降水的时空变化相联系的我国暴雨洪涝灾害的主要特征。我国受东亚季风影响明显,暴雨活动频繁。各地的降水分布极不均匀。暴雨（降水）活动具有明显的年代际变化、年际变化、季节性变化和季节内振荡。与之相对应的暴雨洪涝灾害也具有以上的时空变化特征。我国东南部沿海地区受两种不同性质的降水天气——非台风暴雨和台风暴雨的影响,而各沿海省（区）由两者造成的洪涝灾害程度大小也不同。华南地区后汛期中的暴雨洪涝灾害比前汛期的严重。湖南省的降水一年中具有两个峰值,所造成的洪涝灾害也有两个季节性极大值点。     

中国黄土高原气候系统主要特征

分析了气候系统变化,结果表明:黄土高原气候系统中岩石圈和大气圈相互影响;大气系统中降水量具有很明显的地域和季节性,降水年际变率大,时间变化上降水呈减少趋势,平均每年减少2.5mm左右,下降速度高原东部明显快于西部,年降水存在2～4年左右的年际振荡;年、季气温的年际变化全区以一致变暖为主,高原中部变化幅度大于周边,气温上升速度年平均气温为0.26℃/10a,冬季升温最快,夏季升温最慢;干旱频繁、暴雨较多.     

云南春末夏初干旱的气候特征

利用云南124个测站1961-2005年4-5月的月降水量及气温资料,采用EOF方法及离散功率谱方法,分析了云南4-5月的降水总量及平均气温的时空变化特征及其变化周期,得到了如下结论:(1)降水场与温度场具有相似的空间分布特征,全省一致性分布型.这种分布型存在明显的年际变化特征,500hPa环流差异明显.(2)全省平均降水量与平均温度具有明显的年际变化特征.1963年是近45年中的降水最少年,2004年则是降水最多年.1969年是近45年平均气温最高年,1990年则是气温最低年.(3)全省平均降水量与平均温度也具有明显的年代际变化特征.20世纪60和90年代高温低湿;70和80年代低温高湿;2001年以后转入高温高湿.2005年春末夏初的干旱就是发生在高温高湿气候背景下的较为异常的气候事件.(4)降水量存在明显的2～3年左右的年际变化周期,同时也存在明显的15年的年代际变化周期.平均气温2～5年左右的年际变化较为明显,而较长时间的年代际变化周期较弱.     

宁夏连阴雨气候变化特征分析研究

选取宁夏20个气象站的气象观测资料,运用数理统计法、Lepage检验和小波分析等方法,分析了宁夏全年和汛期(5-9月)连阴雨发生次数的气候变化特征及其突变、周期变化。结果表明:自1990年以后,宁夏全年和汛期连阴雨发生了明显变化,连阴雨发生次数均呈减少的趋势,年际变化和年代际变化特征明显;南部山区连阴雨明显多于北部地区,高发中心位于南部六盘山东麓,六盘山东麓连阴雨多于西麓;连阴雨未发生突变;全年连阴雨存在3～5年的短周期和10年、16～18年左右的长周期;汛期连阴雨存在着4～6年的短周期和12年的长周期。     

广西雷暴分布特征及灾害成因分析

对1951-2005年广西88个气象站的雷暴资料进行统计,得出了年季平均雷暴日数的时间序列,利用Morlet小波分析方法对这些序列进行分析,发现它们存在着明显的周期振荡规律,都具有较强的2a和4a周期振荡信号,在整个时间域里还普遍存在12～14a的周期振荡,各信号频率分布所在的时间域及其强度又存在着差异,从周期变化中可预测,未来几年广西可能转为多雷期.从线性回归分析得出,广西雷暴长期变化总体呈减少趋势.雷暴地域分布特征为桂北少桂南多,桂东南及沿海地区为强雷区,其他地区为多雷区.主雷期的开始期和结束期都是桂东北早桂西南晚,持续时间桂东北长于桂西南.灾害成因除了雷暴强度外,主要为建筑物防雷设施不合格,电子设备防雷措施不完善,群众防雷意识淡薄造成的.针对雷电灾害成因,提出了预防雷电灾害的建议,供防雷减灾工作参考.     

哈尔滨等几个城市气候变化的对比分析

应用距平分析和Morlet小波变换方法对哈尔滨、石家庄、武汉、广州等4个城市1951—2004年的年均气温和夏季降水进行了对比分析，结果发现，这4个城市：（1）近50多a来气温基本上都是呈逐渐升温趋势，升温幅度都在1℃以上，其中哈尔滨的气温年变化比其他3个城市剧烈；（2）气温年代际演变特征非常明显，存在10～25a尺度的变化，在20世纪80年代前期发生气候突变；（3）近50多a夏季降水变化趋势不太一致，在空间分布上表现为波列特征；（4）夏季降水年代际变化特征非常明显，都存在10a左右尺度变化；（5）降水变化趋势与气温变化趋势不一致。     

降维方法在广西前汛期降水预测中的应用

对广西88个站前汛期(4～6月)降水距平百分率作自然正交展开(EOF分解),选取累积方差贡献接近70%的前5个主成分为预报量.从前期大气环流场和海温场中分别查找预报因子,进一步对初选预报因子作降维处理,分别选取其中与5个预报分量相关程度高的主成分建立5个预报方程.经独立样本预报试验证明,该方法对广西前汛期降水趋势具有较好的预测能力.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.     

The need to look beyond the production and provision of relief seed: experiences from southern Sudan

Free distribution of seeds in selected areas of southern Sudan has been widespread as a way of increasing food security. Field research in areas targeted for seed relief found that farmer seed systems continue to meet the crop and varietal needs of farmers even following the 1998 famine. Donor investments in seed multiplication of improved sorghum have not been sustained due to a lack of effective demand for the improved seed beyond that created by the relief agencies. The article argues that rather than imposing outside solutions, whether through seed provisioning or seed production enterprises, greater attention needs to be given to building on the strengths of existing farmer systems and designing interventions to alleviate the weaknesses. The case is made to support dynamically the process of farmer experimentation through the informed introduction of new crops and varieties that can potentially reinforce the strength and diversity of local cropping systems.     

Social capital and food security in post-conflict rural Lira District,northern Uganda

While a strong relationship has been established between social capital and food security in the research literature, it is uncertain whether this holds in post-conflict situations. This study examines associations between social capital and food security in post-conflict Lira District, northern Uganda. Since factors affecting food security are complex, we explored the roles of households' characteristics in food security outcomes. Data were collected from March to July 2011 through face-to-face interviews with 221 heads of household in rural Lira. Using multinomial logistic regression, a strong positive association was identified between social capital and household food security. The study also found significant associations of food security with sex, education of household head, amount of cultivated land, and farm and home possessions. The results of this analysis can aid the design of food security programmes that empower poor people while targeting the most vulnerable groups, thereby promoting sustainable development in post-conflict communities.