四环素对人粪便好氧堆肥过程中酶活性及腐熟的影响

为了探讨抗生素对好氧堆肥过程中酶活性及堆肥腐熟的影响,添加四环素(TC)的人粪便与锯末进行好氧堆肥试验.试验共设4个处理:CK(不添加TC)、TC100(100 mg·kg~(-1)DW(干重)TC)、TC500(500 mg·kg~(-1)DW TC)和TC1000(1000 mg·kg~(-1)DW TC).研究了堆肥温度、p H、水溶性碳、种子发芽率、脱氢酶和脲酶在21 d的不同堆肥处理中的变化特性.结果表明,堆肥中四环素浓度的增加显著抑制了堆料中温度的升高,降低了p H值,增加了水溶性碳的残留,减少了种子发芽率并阻碍了脱氢酶和脲酶的活性.堆肥的参数如堆肥温度、p H、水溶性碳和种子发芽率等指标都可以用来表征堆肥的腐熟度,以上研究结果表明堆肥中四环素浓度高达1000 mg·kg~(-1)时,四环素阻碍了粪便处理的好氧堆肥过程并影响堆肥产物的腐熟.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定畜禽粪便中的土霉素、金霉素和四环素

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法(SPE-HPLC)检测猪、鸡和牛等畜禽粪便中土霉素(OTC)、四环素(TC)和金霉素(CTC)等四环素类抗生素.畜禽粪便采用EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲提取液提取,并用LC-18固相萃取柱富集畜禽粪便样品中的抗生素.结果表明,采用该预处理方法,三种抗生素的加标回收率介于51.3%-93.7%之间.以0.01 mol·l-1草酸溶液/乙腈/甲醇(V/V/V=76/16/8,pH=2.5)混合溶液为流动相,在355nm检测波长条件下,三种抗生素能完全分离,且检测灵敏度较高;土霉素、四环素和金霉素的检出限分别为0.029mg ·kg-1,0.055mg·kg-1和0.073mg·kg-1采用该方法分析安徽省合肥地区的畜禽养殖场的畜禽粪便,除部分牛粪外,均有抗生素检出.     

粪渣污泥好氧堆肥过程中主要理化性质的动态变化

进行了粪渣污泥的强制通风静态垛堆肥试验,分析了温度、氧气、含水率和挥发性有机物在堆肥不同阶段的变化特征。粪渣与木屑质量1∶1.5的比例下,能够实现快速高温好氧堆肥,堆体温度在高温期持续9d,达到无害化的卫生学要求。堆体耗氧速率在升温阶段后期上升到最大值,此后持续降低,到堆肥后期趋于稳定。据此提出了相应的通风策略。在堆肥过程中,物料的含水率和挥发性有机物含量持续降低,但到堆肥后期趋于稳定,堆肥结束时分别减小17个百分点和10.4个百分点。     

磷酸盐添加对快速好氧堆肥过程pH及腐熟效果的影响

随着我国环保政策的日趋严格,具有堆肥周期短、产品质量好、二次污染小等优点的反应器快速好氧堆肥工艺受到人们的广泛关注.然而,由于堆肥原料的有机物含量高,导致快速堆肥初期的有机酸累积,堆体pH偏低,影响堆肥效果.本研究拟通过添加磷酸盐,解决剩余污泥反应器快速堆肥过程出现的pH偏低问题.结果表明,添加磷酸盐可有效控制堆体pH,堆肥初期,HPO_4~-通过与有机酸解离产生的H~+反应生成H_2PO~-_4,提高堆体pH,堆肥后期,蛋白质降解产生较多NH~+_4,导致pH升高,堆体中的H_2PO~-_4通过与OH~-结合生成HPO_4~-,降低堆体pH.当HPO_4~-与H_2PO~-_4的摩尔比为2∶5时,堆体pH值可维持在6.0—8.5之间,有机物降解率最高,堆体的NH~+_4-N含量最大,达3.99 mg·g~(-1),堆肥过程的保氮效果较好,且所得堆肥产品的种子发芽指数也较高,腐熟程度良好.     

不同环境温度条件对脱水污泥堆肥效果的影响研究

为明确不同环境温度对脱水污泥堆肥效果的影响,试验采用双层反应器进行水浴保温模拟不同环境温度,分别设置10℃(CT10)和25℃(CT25)两个处理并运行30 d,通过分析污泥堆肥过程中温度、pH、总氮、C/N比值、腐殖酸含量等指标变化特征,比较两个处理的污泥腐熟效果。结果表明:CT25堆肥处理进入55℃高温期并维持8 d,较CT10处理提前3 d达到高温期并多维持3 d;两个处理堆体的pH值变化范围为7.10~7.91,呈先升后降趋势,且CT25处理pH值的升高、降低幅度更大;两种堆肥处理有机质和总氮含量呈降低趋势,且同一时期CT25处理低于CT10,其中18 d取样时两处理有机质含量呈显著性差异(P0.05),两处理总氮在堆肥各时期没有呈现显著差异(P0.05);整个运行期间,堆体腐殖酸含量呈增加趋势,堆肥结束时,CT25处理的腐殖质含量达24.18%,较CT10处理提高5.52%;通过T值(T=(C/N)终/(C/N)始0.6)判断两处理的污泥腐熟程度,结果显示,第18天时CT25处理的T值为0.59,堆体达到腐熟,CT10处理在第30天时才达到腐熟。上述结果表明,利用该反应器进行脱水污泥堆肥,较高温度启动可以实现污泥更快速、充分腐熟。通过对脱水污泥堆肥反应器启动温度的控制,可为低温条件下脱水污泥的快速腐熟控制提供参考。     

新型调理剂CTB-2污泥堆肥的氧气时空变化特征研究

采用新型CTB-2调理剂与城市污泥进行堆肥,研究了堆肥过程中氧气、温度的时空变化特征。结果表明,m（CTB-2调理剂）：m（污泥）=1：2能够有效降低污泥容重,改善堆体结构;堆体能够快速升温至高温期并持续7d以上,最终完成无害化;采用该比例的调理剂能够保证堆体的通风供氧,使堆体各层通风后的氧气体积分数都恢复至19％以上,最低氧气体积分数维持在数17％以上;堆肥过程中堆体的氧气体积分数、耗氧速率和温度都具有明显的层次效应,堆体耗氧速率呈先升高后降低的趋势,堆体通风后的氧气和最低氧气体积分数均随着堆肥的进行而增加。     

造纸污泥工厂化堆肥过程中理化性质的动态变化

工厂化强制通风静态垛好氧堆肥试验结果表明,造纸污泥与木屑按10∶1比例混合后,2~3 d即可达到60℃,高温期维持时间超过10 d,完全符合我国标准CJJ/T52-93规定,达到无害化要求;堆肥过程中堆体上层温度大于下层;高温堆肥后物料含水率降低20.2%,脱水效果明显;造纸污泥堆肥过程中物料的挥发性固体持续降低;堆体耗氧速率在升温阶段后期上升到最大值,此后持续降低,到堆肥后期趋于稳定。     

纳米氧化锌对堆肥过程中细菌群落演替的影响

纳米氧化锌(纳米Zn O)的广泛应用使其进入农业生产领域的可能性增加.鉴于堆肥是处理农业废弃物的主要方式,采用实验室模拟堆置,以鸡粪、秸秆粉为主要原料进行堆肥实验,研究3种浓度的纳米Zn O(0.1,1,10 mg/kg)对堆肥过程中理化指标的影响,并采用高通量测序技术研究堆体中细菌群落结构及组成的变化.结果显示,纳米Zn O不会影响堆肥过程中的温度及腐熟程度,但降低了堆肥过程中的p H;对堆体中细菌Alpha多样性影响不显著,但改变了细菌群落结构及组成.其中,堆肥高温期(5 d)厚壁菌门及拟杆菌门的一些属对纳米Zn O处理响应最明显,0.1 mg/kg浓度纳米Zn O提高了Cohnella的相对丰度,而1、10 mg/kg浓度纳米Zn O增加了魏斯氏菌属、芽孢杆菌属、肠球菌属的相对丰度,降低了一些拟杆菌属的丰度.本研究表明纳米Zn O不仅影响堆肥理化性质,也影响堆肥中一些功能微生物,结果可为评价纳米Zn O的环境效应提供重要依据.     

3种典型兽药抗生素的环境暴露评估

建立了兽药在不同环境介质中的暴露浓度预测方法,选择我国养殖业常用的3种典型兽药抗生素磺胺二甲嘧啶(SDM)、土霉素(OTC)和恩诺沙星(ENF),对其环境暴露评估进行研究。结果显示,粪便中SDM的土壤预测暴露水平(PEC)为53.07~735.07 mg·kg-1,OTC的PEC为13.30~160.51 mg·kg-1,ENF的PEC为1.60~40.35 mg·kg-1;土壤中SDM的最大PEC为534.84~13 820.24μg·kg-1,OTC的最大PEC为172.66~3 054.71μg·kg-1,ENF的最大PEC为67.61~2 484.71μg·kg-1;地表水中SDM的PEC为134.27~3 469.62μg·L-1,OTC的PEC为0.12~2.18μg·L-1,ENF的PEC为0.02~0.87μg·L-1。通过比较PEC与相关文献的实际检测结果,初步探索了兽药环境暴露预测模型在我国兽药环境暴露评估中的适用性。     

奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程气体排放规律及养分损失原位监测

为探究奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程中温室气体和氨气(NH₃)排放规律及养分损失情况,采用原位监测的方法,通过静态采气箱和气体在线监测设备,分别对奶牛粪便翻堆式和槽式堆体开展为期36 d的气体监测。结果表明,翻堆式堆肥过程中甲烷(CH₄)、氧化亚氮(N2_O)和NH₃排放主要集中于翻堆阶段;槽式堆肥过程中CH₄和NH₃排放主要集中于堆肥前期,N2_O排放则主要集中于堆肥中后期。堆体管理措施及物料特性显著影响堆肥气体的排放。翻堆式堆肥过程中翻堆对气体排放的影响大于堆肥理化因子如温度、含水率以及pH值;而槽式堆肥过程中,降低堆体的平均温度可同时减缓堆肥过程中CH₄、二氧化碳(CO₂)和NH₃的释放。从养分损失来看,翻堆式和槽式堆肥过程中碳素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总碳含量(TC)的27.16%和21.53%,其中约80%以上的碳素损失来自CO₂-C。而堆肥过程中氮素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总氮含量(TN)的18.67%和13.44%,其中约80%以上的氮素损失来源于NH₃N。该研究表明,在保证堆体物料腐熟的前提下,降低翻堆频率可显著减缓翻堆式堆肥过程中温室气体和NH₃的排放;降低槽式堆肥堆体的温度可显著减少堆肥过程中CH₄、CO₂和NH₃的排放。该研究结果对于减少堆肥过程气态污染物排放和养分损失,提高堆肥效率具有重要的指导意义。     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.