Organisational learning and self-adaptation in dynamic disaster environments

This paper examines the problems associated with inter-organisational learning and adaptation in the dynamic environments that characterise disasters. The research uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate whether organisational learning took place during and in the time in between five disaster response operations in Turkey. The availability of information and its exchange and distribution within and among organisational actors determine whether self-adaptation happens in the course of a disaster response operation. Organisational flexibility supported by an appropriate information infrastructure creates conditions conducive to essential interaction and permits the flow of information. The study found that no significant organisational learning occurred within Turkish disaster management following the earthquakes in Erzincan (1992), Dinar (1995) and Ceyhan (1998). By contrast, the 'symmetry-breaking' Marmara earthquake of 1999 initiated a 'double loop' learning process that led to change in the organisational, technical and cultural aspects of Turkish disaster management, as revealed by the Duzce earthquake response operations.     

Earthquake survivors' quality of life and academic achievement six years after the earthquakes in Marmara, Turkey

This study investigates the quality of life (QOL) and academic achievement of earthquake survivors six years after the earthquakes in Marmara, Turkey. Data were collected from 407 Turkish university students. Of these, 201 were earthquake survivors and 206 had not been exposed to an earthquake. The Turkish adaptation of the brief version of the World Health Organisation's QOL instrument (WHOQOL-BREF, TR) was used to measure QOL. The results reveal that the earthquake survivors' psychological and environmental domains of QOL and academic achievement were significantly lower than those of individuals not exposed to an earthquake. The results also highlight the risk factors that affect the QOL of the earthquake survivors significantly. These are their gender, their age at the time of earthquake and the continued existence of financial difficulties linked to the earthquakes.     

GIS在山东省震后早期应急系统中的应用

本文将地理信息系统（GIS）应用于震后早期地震形势判定，地震灾情快速了解，地震监测能力汇总显示等地震应急工作，建立了山东省震后早期地震应急信息系统，实现以历史地震活动信息和地震地质构造背景为基础，以最大概率法给出地震早期形势的判定。同时快速给出震中附近各种历史地震特点，快速给出灾害的影响范围和震区地震监测能力的统计分析结果，为地震早期应急工作提供高显示度的综合信息。     

Debriefing with teachers after the Marmara earthquake: an evaluation study1

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the debriefing meetings conducted after the 1999 earthquakes in Marmara, Turkey. The sample consisted of 265 teachers, 223 of whom attended the debriefing meetings. The personal satisfaction ratings of the teachers who attended the meetings revealed that they found the sessions satisfactory. The results of the comparison between those who reported that they benefited from the meetings and those who felt they did not indicated that the first group had lower scores on all of the psychopathology measures. A comparison between 42 teachers who did not attend the meetings and a randomly chosen group of 45 teachers who did attend revealed that the two groups differed significantly in terms of their post‐traumatic stress symptom scores. The findings of the study suggest that, in general, the teachers' debriefing sessions were satisfactory.     

江苏及其南黄海6级地震与日本地震的相关性

吴佳翼等研究华北地震同日本地震的相关性 ,提出日本地震活动的 3个区 :日本海沟地震活动区(A区 )、日本海西部的深源地震区 (B区 )和日本浅源地震区 (C区 )如果相继发生地震活动 ,则中国华北地区 (D区 )将发生 6级以上响应地震。作者用 1 979年以来江苏及其黄海的 3个 6级震例 ,说明D区应扩大到江苏及其附近地区 ,并对历史地震进行检验。如果把D区改为大华北东部范围 ,在地球自转减速段 ,响应震将发生在华北东部 35°N～ 39°N地区 ;在地球自转加速段 ,响应震将发生在 φN≤ 35°或 φN>39°的地区。江苏及南黄海 6级响应地震发生的时间 ,可以用东北深震区与黄海地震带的相关性来估计     

近年几次大地震震害的若干启示

本文通过分析近年发生的几次著名大地震的震害资料和震时现象，讨论了与其相关的工程地震问题，并对西安市工程地震问题进行了研究。     

Challenges in humanitarian information management and exchange: evidence from Haiti

There is a growing recognition of the critical role information management can play in shaping effective humanitarian response, coordination and decision‐making. Quality information, reaching more humanitarian actors, will result in better coordination and better decision‐making, thus improving the response to beneficiaries as well as accountability to donors. The humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake marked a watershed moment for humanitarian information management. Yet the fragmented nature of the response and the use of hierarchical models of information management, along with other factors, have led some observers to label the Haiti response a failure. Using an analytical framework often found in humanitarian emergencies, this study analyses challenges to information flow in the Haiti case and the implications for effective humanitarian response. It concludes by offering possible paths for overcoming such challenges, and for restoring the value and utility of humanitarian information management and exchange in humanitarian relief settings.     

华东地区中强震孕育过程中的中小地震动态演化特征

引用有关地震活动的频度面积S值方法,对华东地区1970年以来中强震前后的中小地震活动进行了研究,发现地震的S值在震前和震后的异常变化特征主要表现为:在震前S值异常为高值或低值异常,震后下降或上升;对特定区域研究发现,华东地区陆地区域的中强震的孕震区,中小地震活动的S值震前异常主要为高值,震后下降;而海域的中强震孕震区中小地震活动的S值震前主要表现为低值异常。因此,通过对华东地区中强震孕震区中小地震活动的频度面积S值方法的动态追踪,利用其变化规律可以为中强震的预测预报提供一种判定指标。     

The growing role of web‐based geospatial technology in disaster response and support

This paper examines changes in disaster response and relief efforts and recent web‐based geospatial technological developments through an evaluation of the experiences of the Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, of the Sichuan (2008) and Haiti (2010) earthquake responses. This paper outlines how conventional GIS (geographic information systems) disaster responses by governmental agencies and relief response organisations and the means for geospatial data‐sharing have been transformed into a more dynamic, more transparent, and decentralised form with a wide participation. It begins by reviewing briefly at historical changes in the employment of geospatial technologies in major devastating disasters, including the Sichuan and Haiti earthquakes (case studies for our geospatial portal project). It goes on to assess changes in the available dataset type and in geospatial disaster responders, as well as the impact of geospatial technological changes on disaster relief effort. Finally, the paper discusses lessons learned from recent responses and offers some thoughts for future development.     

大地震与陆地下沉灾害综述

从早期传说、水下遗迹、历史记载、现代测量等多个方面对中外历史上的大地震造成的陆地下沉灾害进行了综述,说明大地震与陆地下沉有非常密切的联系;并指出这种灾害现象有以下几个主要特点:①下沉主要发生在地震过程中;②下沉最严重的地区位于震中区;③越大的地震下沉区规模越大,可达上千乃至上万平方公里。根据这些特点判断,这种下沉应该属于地壳构造运动。     

应用极值理论研究台湾和华东地区中强地震活动的相关性

运用极值分布理论对1970～1999年间台湾和华东地区的地震资料进行统计性研究,得出其地震相应震级的复发周期[T(M)]、理论发震次数(η)和华东地区中强地震的发震概率阈值(PO)。通过对T(M)的同比分析,发现两地中强地震存在着较好的相关性。用以上研究的结果对华东地区5级以上地震的发震概率、发震时间和地震强度进行综合判定,效果较好。     

地震灾害对中国农村居民的影响研究--以云南省大姚县为例

通过对2003年7月21日和10月16日分别发生6.2和6.1级地震的云南省大姚县居民的问卷调查,分析了地震灾害对中困农村居民的影响,了解了我国农村居民尤其是地震多发区农村居民对地震灾害的风险意识以及在地震灾害中的反应.调查结果表明:中国农村居民是地震灾害的最大受害者和风险承担者.虽然他们会在地震灾害中汲取经验教训,增强风险防范意识,但是由于经济水平、自然环境等客观条件的影响,他们只能被动地承受地震灾害,而不能从根本上改变承灾体的脆弱性.中国农村地震减灾、防灾能力的加强需要政府管理部门的积极参与.     

城市地震灾害紧急救助的时序特性分析

基于唐山地震和阪神地震 ,从理性认识的高度分析了城市地震灾害紧急救助的主要时序特性。这些特性是地震救灾的一种规律 ,它们取决于地震灾害的突发性 ,多种灾害的叠加性、综合性和不能自发复原性 ,灾民性命救助的急迫性和救灾内容、步骤、方法的雷同性等     

山西中部地区历史地震灾害研究

通过对山西中部地区历史地震灾害资料的研究，得出该区地震高烈度区的分布特点，估算了历史震灾的震亡人数和经济损失，分析了历史地震引起的地质灾害，剖析了历史震灾的主要成因。     

高邮地磁台加卸载响应比与江苏及邻近地区的地震预测

研究分析了高邮地磁台1980～2001年观测资料的加卸载响应比异常与江苏及邻近地区ML5.0以上地震之间的关系,提出了适用于高邮地磁台的地震分析预报参数,并对其内检预报效能进行了评价。     

皖07井水位与地震关系初探

从分析皖０７井水位的映震能力入手,探讨地下水与地震的关系。文中着重对１９９６年１１月９日南黄海６１级等４次中强地震前该井水位的异常特征进行分析,并对该井水位映震的机理提出一些粗浅的看法。     

江苏及邻区中强震前的非线性失稳特征及地震趋势分析

加卸载响应比是一个表征非线性系统失稳程度的量,在国内外的地震预报中已有广泛的应用。本文选用江苏及邻区（Ｎ３０°００′～３６°００′,Ｅ１１７°００′～１２３°３０′）１９７０ ０１～１９９８ ０９的地震资料,研究了该区域内５级以上地震（共１２个）前的加卸载响应比变化的特点,并对未来的地震趋势作了估计。研究结果表明：１２个震例中有１１个震前有明显的响应比异常;异常的平均持续时间为８．５个月;异常的最大值绝大多数在１０之内;异常最大值出现时间至发震时间多数是在１～２．５年之间。研究结果对今后在预报工作中认清该地区非线性失稳的特点,提高预报效率有重要的参考价值。     

四川绵竹5.0级地震的电磁辐射前兆信息特征

在1999-09-14和1999-11-30绵竹两次5.0级地震前,位于四川省龙门山断裂带上的几个地表台和井下台分别接收到不同频段、不同形态、不同强度的电磁幅射异常信号。本文分析了地震前后电磁幅射信号由弱—强—弱—平静的变化过程,总结出震前电磁幅射异常信息具有持续时间长、范围大、信号强、信息组数多、信息减弱或平静后数天发震的特征。同时尝试用旋转ULF- 地表电磁波信息观测仪天线方位或转动地表DPJ- 点频电磁幅射仪接收天线位置的方法跟踪来波方位,取得较好效果。     

Devastating earthquakes facilitating civil societies in developing countries: across-national analysis

ABSTRACT

Developing countries, which often have emerging or fledgling civil societies, are vulnerable to disasters, and especially devastating earthquakes. The long-term influence of devastating earthquakes on civil societies in developing countries is a critical research topic while receives relatively little attention. From a comprehensive literature review, this study identified four key areas of the civil society: civic participation, voluntary organizations, social capital, and democratic governance, and then examined four devastating earthquakes in India, Iran, Pakistan and China in the first decade of the twenty-first century as case studies, to identify the effects these earthquakes had on these four areas. It was found that from a long-term perspective, while the earthquakes strengthened the civil society, they had beneficial but limited effects. We argue that by promoting local community participation, facilitating extensive non-government organization (NGO) cooperation, and streamlining state-civil society relationships, an enabling environment can be developed to further sustain the advances made by a civil society after a disaster.