聚乙烯醇凝胶包埋固定化细菌联合植物的除氮研究

为了解聚乙烯醇(PVA)凝胶包埋固定化菌在富营养化水体生态修复中的效果,利用PVA凝胶包埋固定硝化和反硝化细菌并联合水芹(Oenanthe clecumbens)和蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica)2种植物进行21 d的除氮试验。结果表明,加菌试验组TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N及TP去除率显著高于无菌试验组(P0.05);各试验组N的去除效率与添加PVA凝胶包埋固定硝化和反硝化细菌呈显著正相关(P0.05)。添加PVA凝胶固定硝化和反硝化细菌的蕹菜和水芹试验组植物的平均生长速率(RGR)分别为38.5和19.6 mg·g-1·d-1,而单纯蕹菜和水芹试验组RGR分别为29.9和9.5 mg·g-1·d-1。     

海藻酸钠联合玉米秸秆炭包埋固定蜡样芽孢杆菌的条件优化

为探讨耐Cd菌株实际应用的可能性,用海藻酸钠(SA)联合自制的玉米秸秆炭包埋固定耐Cd菌株蜡样芽孢杆菌H6,通过单因素实验与正交实验,优化了包埋固定的最佳配比,并以1 mol·L~(-1)的HNO_3溶液作为解吸剂,考察了固定化小球的重复利用效果.结果表明,在实验设定的条件下,固定化小球的最佳制备条件为:SA浓度4%,包炭量2%,包菌量25%,交联剂CaCl_2浓度2.5%.SA、玉米秸秆炭和菌三者组合制备的小球对Cd~(2+)的吸附能力强于SA或SA单独包埋炭或菌,最高Cd~(2+)吸附量可达5.80 mg·g~(-1).解吸实验结果表明,固定化小球在解吸4次后仍具有较强的吸附能力.因此,固定化小球能有效循环利用且吸附能力较稳定.     

共生菌B1+B2聚乙烯醇降解酶活性优化研究

从PVA降解酶的角度对本实验室前期实验筛选到的共生菌B1 B2进行了研究.在考察共生菌的基本生长和酶活的关系以及PVA降解酶和氧化酶的关系后,研究了不同的营养条件对PVA降解酶活性的影响.通过对主要营养条件的单因素考察,设计正交实验,优化出影响PVA降解酶活性的最佳主要营养条件为酵母汁0.2gL-1、硝酸铵0.2gL-1、葡萄糖0.5gL-1.采用优化条件进行验证实验,PVA降解酶活性(1.61UmL-1)高于正交实验中的最高酶活(1.56UmL-1),研究结果对发酵生产PVA降解酶和提高该菌在PVA废水处理中的降解性能有一定的价值.图5表3参11     

Fe、Mn、Cu及其复合负载γ-Al_2O_3纳米颗粒的制备、表征和催化降解PVA性能

采用浸渍-煅烧法制备了Fe、Mn、Cu及其复合负载的γ-Al_2O_3纳米颗粒,采用了SEM-EDS、BET以及XRD等方法对制备得到的Mn_xO_y/γ-Al_2O_3、Cu_xO_y/γ-Al_2O_3、FexOy/γ-Al_2O_3以及FexCuyMnzOw/γ-Al_2O_3纳米颗粒进行了表征.结果表明,通过浸渍-煅烧法得到的四种纳米颗粒催化剂均可以和双氧水形成非均相类Fenton反应体系,产生大量羟基自由基,从而有效降解PVA大分子,降低废水中的PVA浓度.另外还通过BoxBehnken Design响应面分析法分别确定了Mn_xO_y/γ-Al_2O_3、Cu_xO_y/γ-Al_2O_3、FexOy/γ-Al_2O_3以及FexCuyMnzOw/γ-Al_2O_3纳米颗粒催化双氧水降解处理PVA的最佳工艺参数.利用GPC和GC-MS分析进一步表征PVA在不同催化剂条件下得到的降解产物后,分析结果表明:Fe、Mn、Cu复合负载的FexCuyMnzOw/γ-Al_2O_3纳米颗粒催化双氧水降解PVA的催化效果相对较好.当PVA初始反应浓度为1%,反应温度为60℃,催化剂投加量为0.5 g·L~(-1),双氧水投加量为60 mL·L~(-1)时,PVA的浓度下降率可以达到95%以上,降解产物粘均分子量达到1395,分子量下降率达到99%,降解小分子产物主要包括丁酮、苯甲醛、己醛以及乙酸等不饱和小分子.     

蒙脱石颗粒吸附剂的制备

利用PVA为包埋剂、硼酸溶液为交联剂制备蒙脱石颗粒吸附剂,确定了适宜的包埋条件,即PVA浓度为10%、海藻酸钠浓度为0.2%、包埋量为1:1和交联时间为24 h。在该条件下制备的颗粒吸附剂,强度较大,对低浓度氨氮废水去除效果好于粉末状蒙脱石吸附剂,为粉末状吸附剂提供一种新型有效的成型方法。     

壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附作用研究

以壳聚糖和螺旋藻粉为原料,采用滴加成球的方法制备一种新型的重金属吸附剂——壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球。通过反应温度、搅拌速度、提取时间和交联剂的加入量的条件控制研究壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球的成球效果;通过正交试验设计研究壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球对Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳吸附条件;通过SEM分析其表面和局部结构;通过吸附动力学实验研究其对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附过程。实验结果表明,(1)制备壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球的成球效果受反应温度、搅拌速度、提取时间和交联剂的加入量的影响。交联剂戊二醛的最佳质量分数为50%,反应温度应控制在65℃左右。(2)各个因素对壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响强弱顺序为:Cr(Ⅵ)溶液的初始质量浓度壳聚糖与螺旋藻配比搅拌时间初始p H值。理论上壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球吸附Cr(Ⅵ)溶液的最佳条件组合为:壳聚糖与螺旋藻配比为1∶1,Cr(Ⅵ)溶液初始质量浓度为120 mg·L~(-1),初始p H值为6,搅拌时间为2.5 h。利用此组合对Cr(Ⅵ)进行吸附研究,得出壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球的吸附量达到24.795 mg·g~(-1),比正交试验中最大吸附量高出13.80 mg·g~(-1)。(3)壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球的电镜扫描结果显示小球表面粗糙,具有疏松多孔网状结构。(4)吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,基本符合准一级动力学模型。     

城市污水活性污泥处理系统中有机物分子量的分布及其变化

利用凝胶过滤色谱法对某城市污水处理系统(缺氧/好氧,A/O活性污泥法)中有机物的分子量在水相和胞外聚合物(EPS)中的分布及其变化进行研究.结果表明:污水处理过程中分子量的分布沿程变窄,对分布在各段分子量之间的有机物都有大幅度的去除;缺氧池和好氧池的EPS中都有14%的物质分子量大于1000万,而水相中各类物质的分子量均小于200万,说明该类大分子的EPS并非因吸附而成.     

节杆菌P-1和红球菌J-5降解PVA特性的比较研究

对节杆菌P-1和红球菌J-5降解聚乙烯醇(PVA)的特性进行了比较研究.结果表明,P-1菌在PVA浓度小于1000mgL-1时,PVA降解效率均达到80%以上;J-5菌在PVA浓度为2000mgL-1时,PVA降解效率达到70%.用生产废水进行试验,P-1菌对低浓度PVA废水的处理效率比J-5菌高10%左右;P-1菌受温度的影响小于J-5菌;P-1菌的废水处理效果比J-5菌稳定;分段使用J-5菌与P-1菌处理高浓度的PVA废水具有很好的处理效果,出水能达到国家排放标准.图7表1参9     

氧化石墨烯氧化程度对磷酸铋/石墨烯复合气凝胶光催化活性的影响

三维网络结构磷酸铋/石墨烯复合气凝胶(BiPO_4/GA)可用于有机污染物的吸附富集和原位光催化协同净化.本文采用SEM、FTIR、XRD和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)系统表征了氧化石墨烯(GO)及其氧化程度对BiPO_4/GA复合材料的形貌、结构、光吸收和光催化性能的影响.氧化程度较高的GO呈棕色,易与BiPO_4形成气凝胶,且BiPO_4纳米棒均匀分散在石墨烯层上.而氧化程度较低的GO颜色较深,合成的BiPO_4/GA复合材料难以保持气凝胶形状.高氧化程度BiPO_4/GA复合材料对苯酚和亚甲基蓝(MB)的降解率分别约为低氧化程度BiPO_4/GA的1.88倍和2.34倍.研究结果表明,通过提高复合材料制备原料GO的氧化程度,可以显著提高BiPO_4/GA气凝胶的光催化活性.光催化机理为BiPO_4/GA气凝胶表面吸附富集有机污染物,光生电子从BiPO_4转移到石墨烯层,并通过催化剂上产生的空穴及超氧自由基(·O_2~-)进行有机物的有效氧化降解.     

由一株青霉菌产生的聚乙烯醇降解酶

从纺织污水活性污泥中筛选得到一株新型聚乙烯醇(PVA)降解酶产生菌,根据形态学特征鉴定该菌属于青霉属(Penicillium sp.),实验室编号WStt02-21.这是由霉菌产生PVA降解酶的首例报道.在考察了菌株WSH02-21基本生长和产酶特性的基础上,研究了营养条件对PVA降解酶合成的影响.通过对营养条件的单因素考察和正交试验,确定了最优培养条件为PVA 40 g L-1、葡萄糖3.0 g L-1、NH4Cl 8.0 g L-1、KH2PO4 2.0 g L-1、酵母膏1.0 g L-1、:MgSO40.5 g L-1。、CaCl2 1.0 g L-1、NaCl 0.02 g L-1、FeSO4·7H2O 0.02 g L-1,初始pH 6.4.其中PVA浓度是影响Penicilliumsp.WSH02-21合成PVA降解酶的最重要因素.采用最优化条件进行验证试验,PVA降解酶酶活(4.4 U mL-1)略高于正交试验中的的最高酶活(4.3 U mL-1).图7表2参11     

德国的污泥利用和处置（Ⅰ）

文章论述了德国的污泥利用和处置情况，首先概述了德国的废物立法及其发展。然后比较了欧共体和德国污泥农用法规中的基本要点。随着分析了过去几十年德国的污泥产星的发展和组成，这和比较了德国汛泥和利用和处置的工艺。     

工业酸洗废水全自动化学处理过程的控制

酸洗工艺过程产生的酸洗废水的直接排放,将会导致受纳水体的水质恶化,造成环境污染.经过入水→预沉淀→氧化(含中和、曝气、搅拌、混凝)→沉淀→出水等物理,化学处理之后,排出口的废水基本上能符合国家的工业废水排放标准,可以达标排放.整个化学和物理处理工艺流程全部采用香港中能电化学设备公司自行研制的先进设备进行自动化控制;所需的关键控制仪器如ORP值测定仪、pH值测定仪和耐酸碱处理的泵等设备则全部采用西方先进国家进口.因此,一个污水处理厂只需要一个熟练的技术工人就完成了整个污水处理过程.     

固定化细胞生产L-苯丙氨酸研究

用聚乙烯醇（ＰＶＡ）凝胶包埋固定假单胞菌Ｅ４－１０６细胞,最佳ρ（ＰＶＡ）为８０ｇ／Ｌ;最适湿细胞包埋量为每ｍｌ凝胶０．３ｇ;转氨酶活力回收率为７８％,连续反应２１批次后,固定化细胞酶活力为初始最高活力的９１％;用固定化细胞进行间歇式批次反应,结果表明其酶活性半寿期为４个月;制得的固定化细胞为直径约３ｍｍ的珠状颗粒,机械强度良好,间歇式批次反应１０个月,固定化细胞凝胶颗粒无溃破     

施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展

城市污泥的合理处置已成为目前环境科学研究领域中的重要课题。因污泥富含有机质和有效营养成分,对土壤改良有积极的促进作用,所以污泥的土地利用普遍被认为是一种积极、有效的处置方式。鉴于此,本文就国内外施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统的．影响及相关的过程和机理进行了综述。结果显示,施用污泥可改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤有机质和氮、磷等养分元素的含量,其改良作用因污泥类型而异。污泥对土壤重金属的积累有所影响,特别是在酸雨频发地区或者长期施用污泥,可能会带来重金属Gu污染的环境风险。污泥普遍有利于提高土壤酶活性,譬如土壤淀粉酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,但污泥施用过量或时间延长,则会抑制多酚氧化酶和磷酸酶的活性,而污泥对过氧化氢酶的影响则不大。污泥对土壤微生物特性短期内有积极的影响,但长期则有负面作用。施用污泥可导致土壤动物活性的增加,但也会对一些土壤动物产生毒性,譬如异壳介虫属和弹尾目昆虫,而且污泥毒性不仅取决于污泥用量,土壤类型也起着重要作用。基于上述分析和评述,提出了未来研究展望如下：（1）针对污泥施用后土壤生态系统生物、物理和化学过程和机理进行系统、综合的基础研究;（2）对污泥土地利用进行长期的系统定位试验和环境监测,并对之进行环境风险评价;（3）对污泥稳定化处理技术的创新及其应用研究。     

Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and biomass for stabilizing heavy metals and reducing biochar toxicity: A review

The huge amounts of sewage sludge produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants induce major environmental and economical issues, calling for advanced disposal methods. Traditional methods for sewage sludge disposal increase greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. Moreover, biochar created from sewage sludge often cannot be used directly in soil applications due to elevated levels of heavy metals and other toxic compounds, which alter soil biota and earthworms. This has limited the application of sewage sludge-derived biochar as a fertilizer. Here, we review biomass and sewage sludge co-pyrolysis with a focus on the stabilization of heavy metals and toxicity reduction of the sludge-derived biochar. We observed that co-pyrolyzing sewage sludge with biomass materials reduced heavy metal concentrations and decreased the environmental risk of sludge-derived biochar by up to 93%. Biochar produced from sewage sludge and biomass co-pyrolysis could enhance the reproduction stimulation of soil biota by 20‒98%. Heavy metals immobilization and transformation are controlled by the co-feed material mixing ratio, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis atmosphere.

     

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

In China, over 1.43×10⁷ tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.     

The Monitoring of UK Sewage Sludge Disposal Sites

In recent years there has been an increase in the intensity and frequency of environmental monitoring surveys at UK sewage sludge disposal sites. These have been carried out by the regulatory authorities and by the licensees. in order to ensure maximum efficiency, a coordinated and harmonised programme of monitoring has been developed. the programme concentrates on sediment chemical and biological quality but also includes assessments of water and fish quality

In England and Wales the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food is the regulatory authority and the Water Authorities are the licensees. the Ministry's first priority is the collection of samples for temporal trend analysis but in addition, infrequent surveys are made to check the status of the disposal site and surrounding areas. in the periods between status surveys, regular spatial surveys designed to define the area of impact are carried out by the Water Authorities.     

The Monitoring of UK Sewage Sludge Disposal Sites

In recent years there has been an increase in the intensity and frequency of environmental monitoring surveys at UK sewage sludge disposal sites. These have been carried out by the regulatory authorities and by the licensees. in order to ensure maximum efficiency, a coordinated and harmonised programme of monitoring has been developed. the programme concentrates on sediment chemical and biological quality but also includes assessments of water and fish quality

In England and Wales the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food is the regulatory authority and the Water Authorities are the licensees. the Ministry's first priority is the collection of samples for temporal trend analysis but in addition, infrequent surveys are made to check the status of the disposal site and surrounding areas. in the periods between status surveys, regular spatial surveys designed to define the area of impact are carried out by the Water Authorities.     

Ökonomisch-organisatorische Betrachtung der Klärschlammverwertung: Kosten — Nutzen — Ausstiegsszenarien

Goal and Scope

The controversial issue of disposing municipal sewage sludge on arable farmland and growing demand on derived fuels could result in a total or partial abandoning of sludge recycling as fertiliser. Alternative disposal strategies like incineration will cause complex changes. A material flow management framework is used to determine the economic-organisational consequences for public authorities, farmers, rural contractors, disposal firms, and population in Schleswig-Holstein.

Methods and Focus

The study is based upon network analysis, analysis of agricultural and wastewater statistics and interviews. After structuring the disposal process, transaction are used to derive costs of different disposal strategies. The purification technique of sewage plant and application of metal salts for precipitation affect the fertilising quality of sludge. Therefore, all plants are classified into 4 different technical groups with decreasing fertilising effect. Now, the amount of sludge and corresponding fertilising benefit is calculated both state wide and for typical farms. Finally costs of different disposal strategies are derived.

Results

Referring to sewage plants sludge disposal in Schleswig-Holstein is characterised by a local structure since less than 10% of all 841 sewage plants produce almost the entire sludge where as many small plants especially in rural areas produce only little amounts. Usually enriched with lime, dewatered sludge fulfilling legal limits is used as organic fertilizer. The number of transactions indicates the costs.

Discussion

To reduce transaction costs, disposal firms try to offer high quantities of sludge to a limited number of farmers. Due to purification technique, the fertilising effect of half the amount of total sludge is reduced. Compared to the total demand on phosphorous, sludge can only substitute up to 4% of phosphorous. Farmers can substitute up to 50% of mineral fertiliser and increase marginal income per hektare. Although changing disposal strategy to incineration would double economic costs, fee for wastewater would remain almost constant.

Conclusions

Small wastewater plants, farmers and rural contractors would be particularly affected by ceasing sludge disposal. Small wastewater plants would have to invest in dewatering equipment, rural contractors would lose an important market segment and farmers (only a small percentage of all farmers uses sludge) would lose additional income. Changing waste management from sludge disposal with many involved parties to e.g. incineration would considerably reduce transaction costs for authorities. In case of partly changing waste management strategy, whereas sludge of small plants could be recycled, the authorities would still have to plan and control the disposal process even for small quantities of sludge. Transaction costs do not decrease proportionally to the decreasing amount of sewage sludge.

Perspectives

Quality management systems initiated by disposal firms should increase the acceptance and prevent a ban of sludge recycling. Nevertheless, the waste market develops from material to energetic use of waste. Significant resources will be lost without a phosphorous recovering from sludge as well as from other organic waste.     

Medikamentenentsorgung in privaten Haushalten: Ein Faktor bei der Gewässerbelastung mit Arzneimittelwirkstoffen?

Background

Residues of pharmaceuticals are meanwhile detected widely in the aquatic environment. Waste water treatment plants are the main route of entry: after intake the agents or their metabolites are excreted predominantly via urine into the sewage. Largely unknown is, however, if the improper disposal of unused medicines via domestic sanitary devices (toilet or sink) contributes to the measured concentrations in the environment. Aim of this investigation was to clarify to what extent consumers in Germany dispose of unused medicines directly via domestic sewage. In July and August 2006 a representative survey of the population with 2.000 interviewees was performed for this purpose.

Results

The analysis of the survey shows that the disposal of unused medicines via domestic sewage takes place on relevant scales: approx. 16% of the population dispose at least occasionally of unused or expired tablets in the toilet whereas 43% proceed alike with liquid drugs (toilet or sink).

Discussion

A possible reason for this disposal behaviour is the widely inconsistent waste disposal communication by the municipalities and the federal states. The resulting uncertainty about the correct way to dispose of unused medicines gains in importance in the context of the high recycling willingness of the (German) population: appropriate disposal options for drug residues (tablets or liquids) arising from waste separation are often not realised.

Conclusions

Quantitative assessments on the basis of the collected data demonstrate that the established frequency of direct disposal of unused medicines via domestic sewage can partly contribute significantly to the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Crucial parameters are here the excretion rate of the active pharmaceutical ingredient considered and the actual amount of medication waste.

Recommendations

Based on the inquiry results, measures that lead to a more adequate handling of pharmaceutical waste disposal are demanded. The establishment of a consistent and binding disposal standard for unused medicines via return in pharmacies is recommended. This measure needs to be accompanied by a simplification of the established take back systems which partly cause high time and effort for pharmacies.