废食用油脂作生物柴油原料的可行性分析

分析了各国废食用油脂的产生、回收和法规管理现状.重点通过分析废食用油脂物化性质,评价利用废食用油脂制造生物柴油的工艺特征和技术可行性.探讨了利用废食用油脂制造的生物柴油产品的品质和环境效益以及使用要求.同时分析了利用废食用油脂制造生物柴油的经济成本和存在的问题.     

Tween-80和H2O2对Burkholderia cepacia降解油脂的影响

油脂废水是一种重要的水污染源.研究了表面活性剂和H2O2对洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia)降解油脂的影响.结果表明:适量的表面活性剂和H2O2促进油脂的降解.表面活性剂可以增强油脂在水相中的溶解度,提高油脂在水中的乳化程度从而增加其生物可利用性.当Tween-80浓度600mg/L时,油脂降解率达到91%.低浓度H2O2不仅能刺激微生物生长,而且使培养液中的pH值保持相对稳定,提高了微生物对油脂的降解率.H2O2在浓度为400mg/L时,能使油脂降解率达到90%.     

1株好氧菌对不同油脂的降解

从某餐馆排污渠污泥分离到10株油脂降解菌,以植物油脂花生油为唯一碳源,通过适应性培养驯化并检测细菌生长的OD值筛选出1株优势菌。在确定其最佳生长环境条件的基础上,分别以花生油、餐厅污水和一种含有油脂的膜为对象污染物,进行了优势菌的降解试验。结果表明,该菌对花生油溶液中油脂和CODcr的去除率在24h以内分别达到98．91％和97．27％;对餐厅污染中油脂和CODcr的降解率在30h内分别达到88．66％和85．42％。另外,该优势菌对油脂膜也有良好降解效果,在固体和液体培养基中30d内油脂膜量分别减少了3．31％和11．29％以上。试验证实了该菌对植物油脂、含油脂污水和固体油脂废弃物有良好的净化效果。     

废食用油脂作生物柴油原料的可行性分析

分析了各国废食用油脂的产生、回收和法规管理现状。重点通过分析废食用油脂物化性质，评价利用废食用油脂制造生物柴油的工艺特征和技术可行性。探讨了利用废食用油脂制造的生物柴油产品的品质和环境效益以及使用要求。同时分析了利用废食用油脂制造生物柴油的经济成本和存在的问题。     

添加餐厨油脂对高含固污泥热水解及厌氧消化的影响

针对高含固污泥热水解传热差的问题,通过向剩余污泥中添加餐厨油脂协同污泥热水解以达到加速热水解过程的目的,探究了热水解时间和油脂添加量对污泥有机物水解及中温(35±1)℃厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明:油脂与污泥协同热水解可有效促进污泥中不溶态有机物的水解,当热水解温度为165℃、水解时间为90 min时,油脂与污泥的质量比为0.4∶1时,有机物水解效果最佳;添加油脂能提高热水解速率,当油脂与污泥的质量比分别为0.2∶1、 0.4∶1、 0.6∶1时,污泥中不溶态有机物的水解速率分别提高了23.30%、 43.63%和62.98%;油脂的添加可提高甲烷产量和产甲烷速率,但会延长延滞期,综合考虑热水解与厌氧消化的性能,建议预处理时间为90 min、油脂与污泥的质量比为0.2∶1为最佳条件。添加餐厨油脂可加速高含固污泥的热水解过程,有助于实现污泥的高效处理。     

Tween-80和H2O2对Burkholderia cepacia降解油脂的影响

油脂废水是一种重要的水污染源。研究了表面活性剂和H₂O₂对洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia)降解油脂的影响。结果表明：适量的表面活性剂和H₂O₂促进油脂的降解。表面活性剂可以增强油脂在水相中的溶解度，提高油脂在水中的乳化程度从而增加其生物可利用性。当Tween-80浓度600mg/L时，油脂降解率达到91%。低浓度H₂O₂不仅能刺激微生物生长，而且使培养液中的pH值保持相对稳定，提高了微生物对油脂的降解率。H₂O₂在浓度为400mg/L时，能使油脂降解率达到90%。     

反硝化法降解油脂废水中的恶臭物质

针对油脂废水恶臭问题,采用外加硝酸盐氮的反硝化法降解油脂废水中恶臭物质,并研究了处理前后挥发性有机物质的变化情况及其机理分析。结果表明:在缺氧条件下,反硝化菌可利用NO_3~--N作为电子受体,油脂废水中具有恶臭的挥发性有机物质作为电子供体,实现油脂废水恶臭的去除;恶臭物质的去除与NO_3~--N的投加量有关,当C/N≤5.2时,出水几乎无味,VOC的逸散量较处理前降低99.5%以上,最佳C/N为5.2,出水几乎没有NO_3~--N残留,避免了二次污染;采用"顶空固相微萃取-气质联用仪"技术对油脂废水处理前后VOC进行分析,处理前水样检测出46种主要挥发性有机物,处理后为9种。因此,利用反硝化去除油脂废水中恶臭物质是非常有效的措施。     

水、土壤、食物中的油脂分离和测定方法的讨论

一、前言 漂浮于水体表面的油脂影响空气和水体界面中氧的交换。水中的油易被微生物分解,因此消耗水中的溶解氧,使水体恶化。渔业用水要求油的排放标准为0.05mg/1,地面水排放标准为0.3mg/1,工业用水排放标准为10mg/1[1]。含有油脂的污水灌溉造成土壤油脂污染,从而使作物污染。各种粮食、蔬菜、水果、龟和肉等含有较大量的矿物油脂使人难以入喉。测定水、土壤、作物和食物中的油脂通常用有机溶剂萃取,常用溶剂为石油醚、三氟三氯乙烷和四氯化碳。也有人建议把“油脂”这个监测项目称为     

高浓度油脂废水的微生物净化处理技术浅析

在简要介绍目前含有高浓度油脂废水的产生和排放现状之后，总结分析了最近几年来一些具有一定代表性的生物处理方法的研究成果，同时提出了今后油脂废水处理技术的一点建议。     

SBR法降解高浓油脂废水的活性污泥菌驯化及小型连续处理

根据高浓度油脂废水生物降解处理采用酵母一级处理-SBR法二级处理的连续净化工艺的要求,使用规模为20 L的SBR反应器对城市生活污水处理用的活性污泥进行强制性驯化,并以驯化的活性污泥菌直接应用于SBR法处理含油废水.实验发现该小型SBR法的工艺技术方案可行,系统抗冲击负荷能力强,整个系统运行比较稳定,对于含高浓度油脂的油脂精练加工厂实际排放污水处理效果良好,油脂和COD的去除率分别连续稳定在95%和90%以上,出水水质指标达到国家一级排放标准的要求.     

TA对印染废水处理效果的影响

印染综合废水的酸析预处理效率主要受废水中对苯二甲酸（TA）含量的影响,且印染综合废水酸析规律与纯TA配制液相比较存在一定的差异,分别对纯TA配制液,印染综合废水,加TA后的废水,酸析预处理后的废水进行好氧生化处理试验,研究其降解规律与去除效率,结果表明TA属易好氧生化物质,它的存在可提高废水的可生化性。     

Effects of wastewater from olive processing on seed germination and early plant growth of different vegetable species

Abstract

The effects of wastewater from olive processing on seed germination and early plant growth of different vegetable species were examined. Three types of wastewater at different concentrations were tested: raw wastewater, wastewater with organic matter removed and deionized wastewater.

Results generally indicate an inhibitory effect on seed germination and early plant growth by all treatments containing any kind of wastewater. Of the three types of effluent, raw wastewater had the greatest depressive effect, followed by deionized wastewater and finally effluent with organic matter removed. Barley showed the least sensitivity to phytotoxic effects while tomato was the plant most affected. The remaining vegetable species showed an intermediate sensitivity.     

一种新型的污水处理设备--拼装式反应器

拼装式反应器是一种采用栓接方式将经过防腐处理的钢板现场拼接的新型的污水处理设备.反应器的设计由反应器罐体结构设计、基础设计及配套产品的嵌接设计3个方面构成;拼装式反应器与成熟的污水处理技术(如UASB、水解工艺、SBR、BAF等)的结合提高了污水处理设备的技术含量.拼装式反应器已在猪场废水、食品加工废水、制药废水、啤酒废水及城市污水等废水处理工程中得到了成功应用.     

某化工园区污水分类收集分质处理系统设计

为了提高某化工园区污水处理效率以及降低污水处理费用,园区环保部门拟对园区污水收集体系进行升级改造。改造方案采用分类收集分质处理的设计思路,同时创新型的采用OUR污泥呼吸法对企业废水分为难降解有毒、难降解无毒、可生化3类,3类废水进入不同的收集池后前2类废水进行芬顿+微电解预处理,可生化类别直接进入生化系统。该种工艺路线较传统的全部接入进行预处理的方法更具先进性、高效性和经济性,可作为一种先进理念的收集体系使用到其他工业园区中进行推广应用。     

电液压脉冲法水处理的研究进展

本文综述了电液压脉冲法处理有机废水的基本原理和方法 ,并对其用于高COD有机废水、有色有味废水、医院废水处理及水的活化进行了讨论     

The use of wastewater in livestock production and its socioeconomic and welfare implications

Although epidemiological studies have found a significant amount of toxins in surface water, a complex link between animals’ access to wastewater and associated animal and human welfare losses needs to be explored. The scarcity of safe water has put stress on the utilization of wastewater for crops and livestock production. The access of animals to wastewater is related to the emergence of dangerous animal’s diseases, hampering productivity, increasing economic losses, and risking human health along the food chain. This review explores use of wastewater for agriculture, epidemiological evidence of microbial contamination in wastewater, and animal and human welfare disruption due to the use of wastewater for crop and livestock production. More specifically, the review delves into animals exposure to wastewater for bathing, drinking, or grazing on a pasture irrigated with contaminated water and related animal and human welfare losses. We included some scientific articles and reviews published from 1970 to 2017 to support our rational discussions. The selected articles dealt exclusively with animals direct access to wastewater via bathing and indirect access via grazing on pasture irrigated with contaminated wastewater and their implication for animal and human welfare losses. The study also identified that some policy options such as wastewater treatments, constructing wastewater stabilization ponds, controlling animal access to wastewater, and dissemination of necessary information to ultimate consumers related to the source of agricultural produce and wastewater use in animal and crop production are required to protect the human and animal health and welfare.     

污灌区与非污灌区的地下水主要水质指标变化趋势及对比研究

通过对水文地质条件和天然条件下水质相似的一处非污水灌溉区地下水与一处污水灌溉区地下水水质的对比研究 ,得出污水灌溉区地下水水质变差主要是由化肥和污水灌溉共同引起的 ,且非污灌区地下水水质要好于污灌区的水质。污水灌溉对地下水的影响程度与化肥对地下水的影响基本相同。同时本文也独立地给出了污水灌溉和化肥对地下水水质的影响规律。     

Cotton-textile wastewater management: investigating different treatment methods

The cotton-textile industry consumes significant amounts of water during manufacturing, creating high volumes of wastewater needing treatment. The organic-load concentration of cotton-textile wastewater is equivalent to a medium-strength municipal wastewater; the color of the water, however, remains a significant environmental issue. This research, in cooperation with a cotton-textile manufacturer, investigated different treatment methods and different combinations of methods to identify the most cost-effective approaches to treating textile wastewater. Although activated-sludge is economical, it can only be used as part of an integrated wastewater management system because it cannot decolorize wastewater. Coagulation/flocculation methods are able to decolorize cotton-wastewater; however, this process creates high amounts of wastewater solids, thus significantly increasing total treatment costs. Chemical oxidation is an environmentally friendly technique that can only be used as a polishing step because of high operating costs. Anaerobic digestion in a series of fixed-bed bioreactors with immobilized methanogens using acetic acid as a substrate and a pH-control agent followed by activated-sludge treatment was found to be the most cost-effective and environmentally safe cotton-textile wastewater management approach investigated.     

The accumulation of nonylphenol in a wastewater recycling process

A mathematical model was developed in this paper to describe the nonylphenol (NP) accumulation in the effluent of a wastewater recycling system. The model quantitatively presented the relationships among the NP concentrations in the raw wastewater and the system effluent, the number of wastewater recycling cycles, the water recycling ratio, the system NP removal efficiency, and the NP accumulation factor. The mathematical model was then verified through experimental modeling of a wastewater recycling process, and it was indicated that the Pearson correlation coefficient between mathematical simulation and experimental modeling results was 0.652. The study results indicated that the NP accumulation factor of a wastewater recycling system would approach a constant for large number of wastewater recycling cycles given the wastewater recycling ratio and system NP removal efficiency. The results also revealed that the NP concentration in the effluent increased with the wastewater recycling ratio given the system NP removal efficiency, and the increase of NP removal efficiency would decrease the NP accumulation in the system effluent under a given wastewater recycling ratio condition. The model was then applied to compute the maximum wastewater recycling ratio, predict reclaimed water quality and direct the design and management of sewage recycling systems in China.     

Chemical oxygen demand reduction of various wastewater types using magnetic field-assisted fenton reaction.

Constant magnetic field (CMF) was investigated for its potential to intensify chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in wastewater when applied with a generalized Fenton reaction. Various types of industrial and domestic wastewater were tested in the experiment. A significant dependence was observed between the wastewater type, dose of reacting substances, time of exposure to CMF, effectiveness of COD removal, and the rate of the advanced oxidation process. The use of CMF resulted in the improvement of the treatment process; however, the efficiency depended to a great extent on the type of wastewater and characteristics of the contained organic matter. Domestic wastewater seemed to be most amenable to the applied treatment (82% COD reduction). The least reduction in COD occurred for wood industry wastewater. In the analyzed wastewater, intense oxidation was observed during the first 60 minutes of the process. Longer reaction time did not increase COD reduction, with the exception of wood industry wastewater. The experiment revealed the possibility of applying smaller doses of the Fenton's reagent, thereby keeping up unchanged treatment efficiency, provided that CMFs are applied.