防治油气集输过程中烃类污染的主要途径

烃类是油气田主要的大气污染物,主要来源于油气集输过程中的烃类损耗。降低烃类损耗,回收挥发气体,是减少大气污染的重要途径。孤东油田应用大罐抽气、原油稳定、轻烃回收等工艺对烃类进行回收治理,文章介绍了使用的工艺系统,分析了治理技术的经济效益,得出结论：采用大罐抽气、原油稳定和轻烃回收技术防治油气田烃类污染是可行的,技术成熟,工艺较简单,投资少,见效快,效益明显。在油气田全面推广应用,可以大大降低油气田的烃类污染负荷     

多种壁纸的电波穿透损耗测量

目前,广泛应用的壁纸已成为影响室内分布式系统覆盖的重要因素。针对不同壁纸材料的穿透损耗测试数据匮乏的问题,采用屏蔽室开窗法对0.831~2.661 GHz频段上无线通信常用频点电磁波通过不同种类壁纸材料的穿透损耗进行测量。测量材料包括金箔壁纸、银箔壁纸、PVC壁纸和纯纸壁纸。其中银箔壁纸在某频点上有超过40 d B的穿透损耗。测试结果表明,对于不同壁纸的电波穿透损耗,材料是影响穿透损耗的本质原因,材料含有的金属物质对穿透损耗影响较大。     

管输原油交接计量过程中环境污染及防治措施

管输原油交接计量过程中涉及落地原油、固体废物、大气污染物、噪声等环境污染问题。结合中原油田内部交接计量方式,分析交接计量过程中影响环境的因素及产生原因,并根据实际情况提出加强岗位员工的责任心教育、加强培训、提高岗位员工的操作技能、加大考核力度等措施,以防治管输原油交接计量过程中的环境污染。     

电脱盐装置稳定运行及污染治理问题的研究

随着原油含盐、金属离子高,酸值和胶质沥青质高,油品性质波动大,电脱盐废水水质差,对后续污水处理系统造成严重冲击,必须对其影响其生产和污染治理的相关因素提出了相应的解决方案。文章分析了原油性质与波动对电脱盐工艺运行与污染产排造成的影响:原油预沉降预处理不够,脱盐率低,乳化程度高影响电脱盐工艺稳定运行。针对这些问题提出了改进生产工艺和强化电脱盐废水处理方面的建议措施:优化电脱盐工艺,强化电脱盐污水处理。可为石化企业劣质重油加工清洁生产和污染防治提供技术支持。     

原油在盐水中的溶解度研究

为了弄清污染事故的污染程度及影响因素,对原油在盐水中的溶解度进行了研究;采用正交实验方法,选定四个主要影响因素：水温、水深度、放置时间及油膜厚度,每个因素取三个水平。实验结果表明：影响水中油浓度最显著的因素是油膜厚度,显著因素是温度和水深度,次要因素是放置时间;研究结果可为污染事故的应急水处理提供依据。     

含酸油脱水影响因素及处理技术研究进展

文章在介绍油田含酸油来源的基础上,详细阐述了国内外关于影响含酸油脱水因素的研究进展,分析表明:含酸油pH值在6~8范围外,原油脱水率均小于85%;不同酸对原油脱水影响不同,其影响程度一般为残酸土酸盐酸;原油中酸化淤渣越多,油水界面膜稳定性越高,酸化油脱水难度越大;酸化油中亲水固体颗粒趋向于水包油型乳状液,亲油固体颗粒趋向于油包水型乳状液,固体颗粒的粒径越小,形成乳状液越稳定;酸化油中胶质、沥青质越高,油水乳状液相对越稳定。最后综述了中和预处理法、水洗法、化学破乳法、超声波辅助法以及联合破乳法对含酸油有效的破乳方法,介绍了这几种破乳方法的适用范围,并建议处理含酸油时,应先弄清影响含酸油脱水的主要因素,采用合适的脱水方法,提高含酸油脱水效率。     

原油对草原植被的影响

为了定量说明落地原油对大庆地区草原植被的影响，选择了四种植物群落进行浇原油试验，浇油厚度为0．2、0．4、0．8cm，浇油时间为秋、春、夏。试验结果表明原油对植物个体的影响因原油量、季节和植物种类的不同而不同，随原油量的增加影响增大。     

电脱盐废水处理技术现状

近几年,随着原料油的劣质化、重质化、乳化严重,造成电脱盐装置在运行过程中乳化困难,从而导致原油电脱盐脱水合格率低。文章介绍了石油炼制企业电脱盐废水的概况和水质特点,针对原油性质恶化、原油预沉降处理时间不够和石油炼制工艺差异三个因素,分析了其对电脱盐废水的盐含量、金属离子含量、酸值、胶质沥青质含量、乳化程度等水质水量特征的影响。介绍了目前电脱盐废水处理技术的进展,结合几个典型炼化企业电脱盐废水处理工艺应用现状,展望了电脱盐废水处理技术的发展趋势。     

油水乳化的影响及控制技术

原油多为油包水型（W/O）乳化体系,重质原油乳化程度更高。在油气开采行业,除了原油在管线乳化外,原油经由深井、柱塞、阀门与泵时均会产生乳化。原油乳化不仅降低原油品质,增加原油加工成本,还导致工艺废水污染负荷增加,乳化程度高且处理难度大,严重冲击污水处理系统。文章重点分析了原油乳化及 电脱盐过程对含油乳化废水产排的影响,为石油石化企业采取控制措施解决原油乳化及后续影响问题提供 参考。     

原油储备库职业病危害因素分布及控制效果

利用工程分析、职业卫生现场调查、职业病危害因素检测、职业健康检查等方法对原油储备库职业病危害因素进行识别、分析,表明原油储备库运行过程中存在的主要职业病危害因素为石油烃类、硫化氢、一氧化碳、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、噪声以及生产环境高温、低温等。原油储备库工程通过采取机械化、自动化、密闭工艺以及防毒、防噪声等一系列防护措施后,工作场所职业病危害因素均符合职业接触限值,职业病危害得到有效控制。     

试论原油罐区环境影响评价中的工程分析 ──以长庆石化分公司原油罐区建设项目为例

原油罐区环境影响评价中的工程分析必须深入、准确。文章总结了该类项目环境影响评价工作中工程分析的要点,并通过长庆石化分公司原油罐区工程实例加以实证说明,对该类项目环境影响评价工作有一定的指导作用。     

油罐清洗与罐底泥处理技术研究及应用

文章介绍了一种自动清罐与罐底泥处理相结合的清罐洗泥一体化技术,采用真空抽吸及循环自动清洗的方法进行自动清罐,同时采用热化学调质及离心分离的方法,对清罐底泥进行处理。室内实验研究表明在工艺温度80℃、pH值为9～11、洗泥调质时间100～180min的情况下,清罐及罐底泥处理能达到最优效果,并优选出合适的化学药剂。同时介绍了该技术的实际应用情况,该技术可自动清洗油罐,且实现罐底泥的油、泥、水三相分离,回收95%的原油,污水可以100%回用于清罐工艺流程中。     

机械清罐技术在长庆油田的应用

机械清罐技术与传统的人工清罐相比,缩短了清罐周期,避免了人员与油品的直接接触,降低了施工过程的安全风险。文章分析了油泥的产生、机械清罐的现场应用,将人工清罐和机械清罐进行对比。机械清罐技术原油的回收率高达98%,有效减少了对环境的污染。     

稠油联合站污水辐流式沉降罐的技术改造

稠油联合站污水辐流式沉降罐存在着技术问题，作者对沉降罐实施以下技术改造措施：油水隔板由２ｍ延长到３ｍ，油水分离室有效沉降容积由１２７ｍ３扩大到１９０ｍ３，油水分离沉降时间由２ｈ延长到３．０２ｈ，增设水力集砂、冲砂、洗砂装置等。使罐的出口水含油率由改造前的１３６５ｍｇ／Ｌ降到改造后的２４５ｍｇ／Ｌ，并且有可能将罐内沉积的油砂及时收集，同时即刻排入罐外的洗砂池内。凡经洗砂池清洗过的油砂含油量均低于０．１％。罐内清砂周期也因此由６个月延长到２４个月，大大降低了油、气、砂对清砂工人的危害，同时也改善了稠油油区的环境，取得了可观的经济效益和社会效益。     

原油储罐硫化氢脱除实验及应用

采用循环气提法脱除原油储罐中的硫化氢以达到降低储罐内硫化氢浓度的目的。某联合站卸油台零位罐的实验结果表明:经过7h的实验,零位罐观察口硫化氢浓度可由484mg/m3降低至9mg/m3。文章主要介绍了循环气提法在轮三联合站卸油台零位罐的实验过程、除硫剂的筛选及在某联合站原油储罐的应用情况。实践证明该方法能够有效降低储罐内硫化氢浓度。     

The ability of selected cladoceran species to utilize domestic wastewaters in Mexico City

The population growth patterns of four cladocerans, viz. Alona rectangula, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Moina macrocopa and Daphnia pulex on wastewaters from a treatment plant at Iztacalco, Mexico City were analyzed in this study. Crude wastewater (tank A) did not support A. rectangula and all animals in the replicates died after 5 days. A. rectangula with partially treated wastewater (tank B) showed growth curves similar to controls where algal density was 1 x 10(6) cells ml(-1). With wastewater from tank C (last stage before treatment with purifying agents such as chlorine), the populations maintained a low density (7 ind. ml(-1)). In wastewaters from tanks A and B, C. dubia showed no positive population growth, but in water from tank C, they maintained a low density (2 ind. ml(-1)). D. pulex showed no positive growth in all replicates involving wastewater. Only in controls (diet of algae Chlorella), the population density increased with time. M. macrocopa showed higher population growth in crude wastewaters than controls. Partially treated wastewater from tank B also resulted in a greater population growth than in the controls. However, when wastewater from the tank C was used, the population declined after day 12. Under comparable conditions, A. rectangula reached much higher peak abundances (55 ind. ml(-1)) than the rest of the cladoceran species. The rates of population growth (r) of the tested cladoceran species followed trends similar to the peak population densities. A. rectangula had the highest growth rates (0.25 per day) in controls and from the wastewater from tank B. The r-values were negative for A. rectangula and C. dubia in crude wastewater. For M. macrocopa the r-values were higher (0.19) in crude wastewater than in algae (0.15). However, r-values of M. macrocopa became negative when cultured in treated wastewater from tank C.     

油品储运对环境的影响及其防治措施

油品在储运过程中产生一定的损耗,造成对大气环境污染,从而影响人类健康,着重分析装油、卸油等过程中的损耗,并且给出了常压油罐油品储存、液体石化产品装车挥发损耗量,还提出了科学的油品储存管理,改进储运操作;将拱顶罐改造成内浮顶式油储罐和采用密闭化装车等防治污染措施,以保护环境,提高经济效益。     

Community acceptance of policy options for managing the maintenance of rainwater tanks

This research examined community acceptance of policy instruments that could be used to promote ongoing maintenance of domestic rainwater tank systems. Using an online survey of 533 tank owners in South East Queensland, Australia, the research investigated four sets of factors that influence policy acceptance: features of the policy, judgements of policy fairness and effectiveness, contextual framing, and individual attitudes and motivations towards tank maintenance. An experimental design incorporating choice modelling was employed. Results demonstrated that perceptions of policy fairness and effectiveness are important to acceptance. Policies that include enabling features associate with increased perceptions of effectiveness, and policies that use incentives are linked to increased perceptions of both fairness and effectiveness. Individual attitudes and motivations regarding tank maintenance were significant predictors of policy support. Perceptions of a person's own ability to undertake tank maintenance tasks were negative predictors of policy intervention, suggesting that people who believe they can carry out maintenance themselves may not see the need for a policy that encourages tank maintenance to exist. The findings are discussed in relation to issues of policy design.     

环保修井作业配套技术研究

以吉林油田为例,对油水井修井过程中产生的污染源进行查找分析。针对井下作业工序多,工况复杂的特点,分析了修井作业施工过程的污染源,对污染源采取有效的清洁生产新工艺、新设备,在地面污染防治方面取得了较好的效果。该项技术在减少原油落地损失、降低劳动强度、改善工作环境以及节能等方面取得了较好的经济和社会效益。     

Optimisation of rainwater tank design from large roofs: A case study in Melbourne, Australia

Rainwater tanks for larger roof areas need optimisation of tank size, which is often not carried out before installation of these tanks. This paper presents a case study of rainwater tank evaluation and design for large roof areas, located in Melbourne, Australia, based on observed daily rainfall data representing three different climatic regimes (i.e. dry average, and wet years). With the aim of developing a comprehensive Decision Support Tool for the performance analysis and design of rainwater tanks, a simple spreadsheet based daily water balance model is developed using daily rainfall data, contributing roof area, rainfall loss factor, available storage volume, tank overflow and irrigation water demand. In this case study, two (185 m³ and 110 m³) underground rainwater tanks are considered. Using the developed model, effectiveness of each tank under different climatic scenarios are assessed. The analysis shows that both the tanks are quite effective in wet and average years, however less effective in dry years. A payback period analysis of the tanks is preformed which reveals that the total construction cost of the tanks can be recovered within 15-21 years time depending on tank size, climatic conditions and future water price increase rates. For the tanks, a relationship between water price increase rates and payback periods is developed. The study highlights the need for detailed optimisation and financial analysis for large rainwater tanks to maximise the benefits.