持久性有机污染物分析和处理技术研究进展

阐述了持久性有机污染物(POPs)的特性、POPs对人体健康和生态环境的危害及其判定基准，综述了其分析和研究方法及治理技术，归纳了POPs的研究内容。     

POPs污染场地修复技术筛选研究

POPs污染场地作为潜在的POPs污染源,迫切需要治理.目前,国际上已开发出多种POPs污染场地治理技术,但我国尚缺乏适用于POPs污染场地治理的成熟技术.研究分析了国际上已有POPs污染场地修复技术,参照USEPA超基金污染场地治理修复技术筛选的基本方法,提出我国POPs污染场地修复技术筛选的基本路线.以具体的污染场地为例,结合影响POPs污染场地修复技术选择的因素,从经济指标、环境指标和技术指标三方面建立模型,采用层次分析法,筛选出了适合特定场地的修复技术,为我国POPs污染场地治理技术的选择提供了方法学流程.     

钢铁行业POPs控制技术应用及扩散机制研究

钢铁行业是无意排放持久性有机污染物(POPs)的主要污染源,为切实履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》,加快行业POPs控制技术推广应用,通过文献调研、企业考察、专家访谈等,对钢铁行业主要POPs控制技术的应用状况及扩散途径进行了研究。探讨POPs控制技术扩散的主要影响因素,包括政策标准变化以及市场竞争压力等驱动因素,以及相关环境管理和资金保障缺乏、技术不完善等障碍因素。提出了行业POPs控制技术扩散的保障机制,包括环境管理、技术支撑和资金支持机制。     

基于AHP的POPs污染控制技术评价方法研究

POPs污染控制技术的引进和推广是削减POPs排放的重要手段,对最大限度地控制我国POPs污染,提升国家履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》的能力具有重要意义。为了筛选出适合我国发展需求与经济水平的技术,在对POPs污染控制技术进行分类研究的基础上,基于层次分析法(AHP)建立了POPs污染控制技术综合评价指标体系和评价方法。同时,选择钢铁行业的两种烟气POPs控制技术进行案例分析,证明了建立的评价方法具有较好的可行性。此外,评价结果表明,高炉煤气干式除尘余压压差发电技术优于转炉煤气干法烟气除尘及尘泥压块技术,应优先考虑在钢铁行业进行应用与推广,以提升行业POPs污染控制能力。     

气候变化对POPs环境行为的影响研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)是一类难降解的有机污染物,其环境行为很大程度上决定了其最终的环境影响.探讨了气候变化对POPs环境行为的影响,通过相关的文献和科研进展得出的结论,从气温、降水与极端气候以及由气候变化引发的生物行为变化多个角度分析了气候变化与POPs间的相互关系.最后指出,由于全球气候变化的影响无处不在,今后在针对POPs污染的研究与防治中不能忽视这一要素,理应给予这一问题足够的关注.     

我国持久性有机污染物状况及宏观对策

从近几十年来中国POPs的使用情况出发 ,系统分析了典型POPs物质在农产品、土壤、母乳、水体和沉积物等介质中的污染状况。分析了国际上控制POPs的动向以及中国采取的应对策略 ,并对中国控制POPs污染的宏观对策进行探讨。从总体上看 ,目前中国有关POPs的政策法规体系正逐渐与国际接轨 ,但还很不完善 ,缺乏针对性和对污染事故的责任、处罚等明确措施 ,控制POPs对环境的污染与危害 ,制定行之有效的环境监管措施势在必行。     

西安市城区持久性有机污染物的干湿沉降

为了确定大气干湿沉降中持久性有机污染物的主要特征及干、湿沉降对大气中污染物去除的相对贡献,选择西安市城区为研究对象,于2014年4—10月在东、西、南、北各区域的一环路和二环路均设采样点,共采集了302个大气干、湿沉降样品。降雨样品经过液液萃取,降尘样品经过超声萃取,使用气相色谱法测定了36种POPs的含量,仅PCB157未检出。结果表明,干、湿沉降样品POPs沉降通量分别为458.78 kg/a和1846.90 kg/a,其中的多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)分别占总量的47%~77%、16%~42%和5%~12%。就POPs的空间分布而言,南郊北郊东郊西郊,大气中POPs主要由燃油污染贡献。就POPs的存在特征而言,降雨降尘径流,湿沉降是大气环境中POPs的主要排除方式。经SPSS分析晴天数、TOC与POPs的相关性得到r0.7,因此晴天数和TOC是大气中POPs干湿沉降的主要影响因素。     

基于LCA的POPs控制技术系统评估方法研究

POPs控制的技术举措是各行业削减POPs排放的重要手段。为了在众多POPs控制技术中筛选出更可靠、更经济可行的技术,将POPs控制技术分为替代技术、入料控制技术、过程控制技术及末端处置技术四个大类,并结合综合指标法和生命周期法建立了POPs控制技术系统评估框架。同时,以山西某焦化厂出焦除尘布袋技术作为案例进行定量评估,系统地给出了布袋除尘器在经济运行、环境保护以及技术效果三方面的指标值。评价结果显示布袋除尘技术在技术稳定性、去除POPs污染物效果等技术指标上有较好的表现,并且不会产生额外的环境影响负荷。     

我国持久性有机污染物状况及宏观对策

从近几十年来中国POPs的使用情况出发，系统分析了典型POPs物质在农产品、土壤、母乳、水体和沉积物等介质中的污染状况。分析了国际上控制POPs的动向以及中国采取的应对策略，并对中国控制POPs污染的宏观对策进行探讨。从总体上看，目前中国有关POPs的政策法规体系正逐渐与国际接轨，但还很不完善，缺乏针对性和对污染事故的责任、处罚等明确措施，控制POPs对环境的污染与危害，制定行之有效的环境监管措施势在必行。     

简讯

中国确定削减控制POPs目标及措施《中国履行〈关于持久性有机污染物(POPs)的斯德哥尔摩公约〉国家实施计划》近日已经由国务院批准,该计划确定了我国履约行动措施及履约总体目标和具体控制目标。2015年前将实现四大目标。一是淘汰杀虫剂类POPs。禁止艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、     

The evolution of mass balance models of persistent organic pollutant fate in the environment

Current approaches to modelling the fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment have evolved in response to four dominant characteristics of these substances; namely: (1) the presence of POPs in virtually all environmental phases and the ease with which they move from one to the other requires multi-compartmental modelling. Describing transport across phase boundaries becomes as, or even more, important as quantifying transport within the phases; (2) POPs may persist in the environment for many decades. For chemicals that 'have time', concepts such as equilibrium partitioning and steady-state become more important than for short-lived substances whose fate is more controlled by the rates of transformation; (3) measuring POPs is difficult and expensive and observed concentrations of POPs are not available in high spatial or temporal resolution. Consequently, high resolution tends not to be a high priority in POP models; and (4) detrimental effects of POPs often manifest themselves in top predators, which has led to a focus on modelling biotic uptake and transfer within food chains. The task of building a POPs model is viewed as combining the four 'building blocks' of partitioning, transport, transformation and source data with the help of the law of the conservation of mass. Process models, evaluative models, models of real local, regional and global fate, as well as biological uptake models are presented and references to numerous examples are provided. An attempt is made to forecast future directions in the field of POPs modelling. It is expected that modelling techniques that do not rely on quantitative emission estimates as well as approaches that take into account spatial, temporal and climatic variability as well as parameter uncertainty will increase in importance. Finally, the relationship between modelling POPs and models of other pollutant issues is addressed, as are potential interactions between POPs and pollutant issues such as eutrophication, acidification and global climate change.     

Monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs): examples from Lake Vättern, Sweden

Lake V?ttern in southern Sweden is a large oligotrophic lake with high surface to catchment area ratio (ca. 0.4) and a water residence time of 60 years. The lake combines sensitivity to atmospheric POP-pollution with general susceptibility for effects of POPs and slow concentration decline. Time series, from the 1960s until 1996, of PCBs and DDT in fish and data on TCDD in sediment of L. V?ttern are presented and compared to other large lakes. The long time dataset of POPs in Arctic char (Salvelinus salvelinus) shows a significant annual decline of about 5% for PCBs and 13% for DDT. These rates are in agreement with other studies. Nutrients as well as biological effects and factors affecting the fate of POPs in oligotrophic lakes with long residence times are discussed. We propose that oligotrophic clear lakes are important ecosystems for monitoring POPs in biota.     

BAT and BEP as instruments for reducing emissions of unintentionally produced POPs and development of guidelines under the stockholm convention

The 6th Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC 6), under the Stockholm Convention on POPs, gave an expert group the mandate to develop guidelines for the application and implementation of best available techniques (BAT) and best environmental practices (BEP) for the prevention and reduction of unintentionally produced and emitted POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/-furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Measures to reduce or eliminate the release of these POPs to the environment can be found in Article 5 of the Convention. BAT and BEP are already being applied as emission reduction instruments in a number of industrialised countries and are elements of other major international treaties, e.g. the UN ECE Protocol on POPs and the Marine Convention's OSPAR and HELCOM, and of the EU Directive for Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC Directive). Existing concepts are presented and compared with the requirements of the Stockholm Convention. Consequences, perspectives and questions for the future intersessional work of the above-mentioned Expert Group are discussed.     

Contaminant concentrations in breeding and non-breeding northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis L.) from the Canadian high arctic

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were measured in livers of male and female northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) shortly after egg-laying on northern Devon Island, NU, Canada. Breeding females had lower hepatic POPs (lipid normalised) than breeding males, but non-breeding males and females had similar concentrations. We suspect that breeding females are eliminating some of their POPs during egg formation. Concentrations of measured POPs were lower than those associated with avian health concerns, and there was no evidence that POPs in the birds were contributing to additional breeding stress.     

Relevance of PCDD/PCDF formation for the evaluation of POPs destruction technologies--review on current status and assessment gaps

One important criterion for assessment of a POPs destruction technology is the potential formation of new POPs and other toxic by-products, in particular whether the highly toxic PCDDs/PCDFs are formed and under which operation conditions their formation is relevant. For incineration processes the formation mechanisms of PCDDs/PCDFs have been investigated thoroughly and strategies and technologies were developed to minimize their formation and emission. A detailed assessment of non-combustion technologies with respect to PCDD/PCDF formation is, however, lacking to date. A comparison of reaction conditions for PCDD/PCDF formation from precursor formation studies and actual applied conditions of a broad range of POPs destruction technologies in the present paper indicates that the operation conditions for a number of destruction technologies have the potential to generate high concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs if dioxin precursors are present and that also PCDD/PCDF de novo formation can take place. Therefore a strategy and regulations for a more profound assessment and monitoring of the fate of PCDD/PCDF formation and emission is essential for the evaluation of POP destruction technologies and for a sound risk management of POPs. The present paper aims to provide a critical impulse in this respect, discusses the relevant formation pathways with respect to POPs destruction technologies and proposes a basic framework on how evaluations may be performed.     

Chemical fate,latitudinal distribution and long-range transport of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in the global environment: A modeling assessment

Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) such as octamethycyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethycyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) are widely used as intermediates in the synthesis of high-molecular weight silicone polymers or as ingredients in the formulation of personal care products. The global environmental fate, latitudinal distribution, and long range transport of those cVMS were analyzed by two multimedia chemical fate models using the best available physicochemical properties as inputs and known persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and highly persistent volatile organic chemicals (“fliers”) as reference. The global transport and accumulation characteristics of cVMS differ from those of typical POPs in three significant ways. First, a large fraction of the released cVMS tends to become airborne and is removed from the global environment by degradation in air, whereas known POPs have a tendency to be distributed and persistent in all media. Secondly, although cVMS can travel a substantial distance in the atmosphere, they have little potential for deposition to surface media in remote regions. This contrasts with a deposition potential of known POPs that exceeds that of cVMS by 4–5 orders of magnitude. Thirdly, cVMS have short global residence times with the majority of the global mass removed within 3 months of the end of release. Global residence times of POPs on the other hand are in years. The persistent fliers resemble the cVMS with respect to the first two attributes, but their global residence times are more like those of the POPs.     

Estimating K(oc) for persistent organic pollutants: limitations of correlations with K(ow)

The n-octanol/water partition coefficient (K(ow)) is commonly used to predict the soil or aquatic particle water partition coefficient normalized to organic carbon (K(oc)). Many correlations are available covering several chemical classes and ranges of hydrophobicity. This work indicates the K(ow) may not be a strong predictor for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which are defined here as chemicals with logK(ow) > 5.0. In addition, the correlation developed in this work for POPs will still result in a predicted value which is of by a factor of 15. Accordingly, care must be taken when applying K(oc) estimations using K(ow) for POPs until more suitable correlations are developed.     

Fifteen years of monitoring of POPs in the breast milk, Czech Republic, 1994–2009: trends and factors

Background, aim and scope

The breast milk has been recommended to carry out as a monitoring tool for effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-ethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDX), hexachlorbenzene (HCB) and isomers of hexachlocyklohexane (HCHs) have been monitored in the breast milk of nursing mothers in the Czech Republic since 1994 as a part of The Environmental Health Monitoring System. Knowledge about long-term POPs distribution and accumulation in the human body is crucial to understanding uptake, degradation and subsequent effects as well as to conduct risk assessments. The main aim of this study is to evaluate 15-years long-term trends of selected POPs in human milk in the Czech Republic and to elucidate the questionnaire information about the age, parity and social habits, to the final concentrations. This effectiveness evaluation of POPs restriction is quite precisely after 15-years monitoring campaigns.

Materials, methods and results

The human milk samples (4,753 samples) were analysed for a number of chlorinated organic chemicals including PCBs and selected chlorinated pesticides (OCPs, HCB, HCHs, DDX). The relative change of concentration per year for all chemicals was analysed. The remaining percentages of POPs in breast milk in comparison to 1994 are also expressed. Czech population half-lives of POPs in breast milk, derived from either linear or exponential models were computed.

Conclusions and perspectives

The long-term data indicates a continuation of a decreasing trend of POPs concentrations on breast milk. Our study did not confirm lactation and parity as an important outflux resulting in the decrease in concentrations in mothers, which is in the antagonism with most of the studies. The higher BMI was associated with higher amounts of HCB and lower amounts of higher chlorinated PCBs. The results confirm the effectiveness of restrictions of POPs usage in the Czech Republic. This ongoing long-term study is very useful tool for parametric effectiveness evaluation of Stockholm Convention.