聚乙烯醇(PVA)厌氧生物降解特性试验研究

对聚乙烯醇 (PVA)的生物降解特性进行试验研究。结果表明 :厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物组成及粒径大小 ,对PVA的降解率影响最大 ,以产酸菌为主的颗粒污泥对PVA的降解能力最强 ,2 0d后PVA的降解率高达 70 % ,以甲烷菌为主的颗粒污泥对PVA的降解能力最差 ,2 0d后PVA的降解率仅为 6 3% ;pH对PVA的降解率影响不大 ,碱度过大对PVA的降解不利 ;PVA共基质试验结果表明 :以葡萄糖为碳源时 ,低浓度的葡萄糖会改变污泥的表面性质 ,使PVA迅速吸附到污泥表面 ,但随着降解时间的延长 ,PVA的浓度会回升 ,高浓度的葡萄糖对PVA的降解产生抑制 ;以淀粉为碳源时 ,产酸菌优先利用淀粉 ,PVA的降解率没有明显提高。在PVA浓度低时 ,在底物中添加一定的氮源可以提高PVA的降解率     

聚乙烯醇（PVA）厌氧生物降解特性试验研究

对聚乙烯醇(PVA)的生物降解特性进行试验研究。结果表明：厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物组成及粒径大小，对PVA的降解率影响最大，以产酸菌为主的颗粒污泥对PVA的降解能力最强，20d后PVA的降解率高达70％，以甲烷菌为主的颗粒污泥对PVA的降解能力最差，20d后PVA的降解率仅为6．3％；pH对PVA的降解率影响不大，碱度过大对PVA的降解不利；PVA共基质试验结果表明：以葡萄糖为碳源时，低浓度的葡萄糖会改变污泥的表面性质，使PVA迅速吸附到污泥表面，但随着降解时间的延长，PVA的浓度会回升，高浓度的葡萄糖对PVA的降解产生抑制；以淀粉为碳源时，产酸菌优先利用淀粉，PVA的降解率没有明显提高。在PVA浓度低时，在底物中添加一定的氮源可以提高PVA的降解率。     

不同温度下有机负荷对厌氧折流板反应器污泥颗粒化的影响

采用2个相同的厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）研究不同温度、有机负荷对ABR启动过程中胞外聚合物（EPS）产生的影响，以及各隔室优势菌种。结果表明，高温和较高的有机负荷（OLR）促进EPS的产生，而EPS有利于颗粒污泥的形成。较高温度也有利于反应器承受更高的有机负荷。启动结束后，沿着水流方向，隔室中的污泥发生变化，由水解酸化菌演替为产甲烷优势菌。     

污泥性质对污泥水解酸化效果的影响

采用3组构造一致的完全混合流态水解酸化反应器,分别以同等浓度的絮凝污泥、初沉污泥和剩余污泥作为底物污泥,在温度35℃,初始p H=10的反应条件下,研究污泥性质的差异对污泥水解酸化产物及产率的影响。实验结果表明:与初沉污泥、剩余污泥相比,絮凝污泥更易水解产酸发酵,至第9天水解产SCOD达到最大值2 713.2 mg/L,第7天酸化产VFAs达到峰值1 392.7 mg/L。3种污泥酸化产VFAs的主要组分均为乙酸和丙酸,但絮凝污泥VFAs组分中乙酸、丙酸这种优势更加明显,其所占比例分别高达48.9%和27.2%。此外,3种污泥水解酸化产碳源的同时均伴随着氮、磷元素的释放,整体而言,絮凝污泥产酸发酵中氮、磷元素的释放量及释放率均较低。     

碱预处理污泥产酸效果及其生物群落研究

为了提高污泥水解酸化过程中的挥发酸产量,获取污水脱氮除磷所需的内碳源,以深圳市罗芳污水厂的二沉池污泥为研究对象,采用不同的碱量对其进行预处理。通过测定碱预处理污泥水解酸化过程中的挥发酸浓度,并采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction denature gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术对参与碱预处理污泥水解酸化产酸过程的主要微生物种群进行分析,结果表明,当碱投加量为0.20 g NaOH/g VSS时,初始溶出的蛋白浓度为1 780 mg/L;水解酸化15 d时,挥发酸总量达到3 473 mg/L;参与产酸的主要细菌属于Firmicutes、Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes三个门类。     

超声破解与发酵温度对剩余污泥产酸与组成的影响

利用超声波对剩余污泥进行破解预处理,可以提高水解酸化产酸量与产酸速率,发酵温度是另一个影响水解酸化过程的因素。研究了弱超声(0.48 k W·L~(-1),5 min)、强超声(0.96 k W·L~(-1),15 min)预处理以及发酵温度(25、37和55℃)对水解酸化产酸量与产酸速率影响,并分析了挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)各组分浓度。研究表明,中温下进行水解酸化,超声预处理后产酸量较未处理时有明显增加。各发酵温度下,弱超声(0.48 k W·L~(-1),5 min)预处理与未处理相比,产酸速率相差不大,高温下进行水解酸化,各组VFA产量、产酸速率均较常温与中温条件下水解酸化有显著增加。此时,超声波预处理的作用不再明显,发酵温度成为影响VFA产量与产酸速率的主要因素。发酵过程中产生的VFA以乙酸为主。中温条件下各组乙酸百分含量均高于常温和高温条件。并且强超声破解会促进常温和中温酸化过程中2个C以上的有机酸产生,对高温条件该规律不再适用。     

超磁分离污泥与剩余污泥协同水解酸化

以超磁分离污泥作为研究对象,用2种不同的剩余污泥作为接种污泥,维持温度在30℃,探究了剩余污泥对超磁分离污泥厌氧水解酸化产物及产率的影响。结果表明:随着剩余污泥接种量的增加,混合污泥SCOD的析出量也逐渐增加;接种剩余污泥量的增加促进了混合污泥VFAs的生成;各种污泥产VFAs中,乙酸均具有明显优势,并会促进丙酸的累积;混合污泥较之于超磁分离和剩余污泥具有快速、高效的产酸优势,且随着剩余污泥接种量的增加,加快了水解酸化的速率并且加深了酸化的程度,但会延长其达到最大值的时间。污泥产酸发酵获得内碳源的同时,还存在着N元素的释放,且随着剩余污泥接种量的增加,这种伴随现象更明显。对比2种剩余污泥(W1、W2)发现,W1作为接种污泥时,并没有明显的P元素的释放;当W2作为接种污泥时,伴随着比较明显的P元素的释放。综合考虑剩余污泥对于超磁分离污泥水解酸化效果的影响发现,当剩余污泥接种量W1为12.2%,W2为13.6%时,既可以为系统提供更多的SCOD,又可以避免过高的氮负荷。     

pH对混合污泥水解酸化的影响

pH对剩余污泥和初沉污泥水解酸化的影响已有报道,但pH对混合污泥水解酸化的影响尚鲜见报道。为此对厌氧环境,(20±1)℃,pH=4～11以及不控制pH条件下混合污泥的水解酸化特征进行了研究。研究发现:对pH调控有利于污泥SCOD的溶出,在较强的碱性条件下污泥溶出的SCOD要大于其他条件下的,特别是pH=10和11条件下污泥溶出的SCOD要远高于其他条件下。碱性环境和酸性环境以及中性环境相比更有利于混合污泥产酸,最佳产酸pH条件为pH=10。在酸性和极端碱性条件下均有利于混合污泥中氨氮和磷的释放。碱性环境利于挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的去除,但不利于总悬浮固体(TSS)的去除。在不同pH条件下将混合污泥的发酵特征和剩余污泥和初沉污泥发酵特征比较,发现3种污泥水解和产酸均在碱性条件下最好,且在20～22℃的条件下,产酸量均在pH=10的条件下达到最大。     

富集同型产乙酸菌污泥厌氧产酸

在污泥厌氧发酵产酸过程中,以富集同型产乙酸菌的污泥为研究对象,通过pH值、种泥浓度和底物浓度的变化,对发酵过程中有机酸分布和乙酸累计情况进行实验研究。实验结果表明,碱性条件有利于产乙酸菌的生长,但影响产氢产乙酸菌,尤其是丁酸降解菌的作用。产氢产乙酸菌和同型产乙酸菌的互营作用在发酵6 d后广泛存在;底物浓度过大,产氢产乙酸与同型产乙酸的互营机制受到抑制。     

A/O工艺处理印染废水的实践与探讨

结合工程实例,简单介绍了A/O工艺的特点,分析了A/O工艺的水质、污泥脱氢酶活性、微生物等.结果发现:(1)A/O工艺的COD去除率可以达到87.5%～98.0%,其中水解酸化池的贡献较大,COD去除率达到50%～78%;SS去除率达到了98%～99%;pH从进水的强碱性下降到7～8;只有色度的处理效果不理想.(2)水解酸化池中的污泥脱氢酶活性总体上比曝气池中的污泥强;水解酸化池和曝气池中的污泥脱氢酶活性较稳定,且抗冲击能力较强.(3)水解酸化池和曝气池中的菌胶团紧实、边缘清晰、沉降性能较好.经过鉴定发现,水解酸化池与曝气池中存在相同的微生物,且以假单胞菌和产碱杆菌为主.     

不同pH控制策略下剩余污泥中NH4^＋-N、PO4^3--P、COD溶出研究

污水处理厂的剩余污泥中富含氮、磷、COD,在其水解酸化过程中对pH条件进行控制,使污泥中的氮、磷、COD溶出到上清液中并进行回收利用是可行的。在22～25℃的温度条件下,1#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为酸性（pH=3）,在实验第8 d氨氮、磷酸盐溶出量最多后调节为碱性（pH=10）;3#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为碱性（pH=10）,在实验第8 dCOD溶出量最多后调节为酸性（pH=3）;2#反应器为对照实验,pH不进行调节。结果表明：若要以回收污泥中的氨氮、磷酸盐为主,剩余污泥由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）优于由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）;若要回收污泥上清液中的COD为主,剩余污泥由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）优于由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）。     

Enhanced excess sludge hydrolysis and acidification in an activated sludge side-stream reactor process with single-stage sludge alkaline treatment: a pilot scale study

A pilot-scale side-stream reactor process with single-stage sludge alkaline treatment was employed to systematically investigate characteristics of excess sludge hydrolysis and acidification with alkaline treatment and evaluate feasibility of recovering a carbon source (C-source) from excess sludge to enhance nutrient removal at ambient temperature. The resulting C-source and volatile fatty acid specific yields reached 349.19 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/g volatile suspended solids (VSS) d⁻¹ and 121.3 mg COD/g VSS d⁻¹, respectively, the process had excellent C-source recovery potential. The propionic-to-acetic acid ratio of the recovered C-source was 3.0 times that in the influent, which beneficially enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Large populations and varieties of hydrolytic acid producing bacteria cooperated with alkaline treatment to accelerate sludge hydrolysis and acidification. Physicochemical characteristics indicated that recovered C-source was derived primarily from extracellular polymeric substances hydrolysis rather than from cells disruption during alkaline treatment. This study showed that excess sludge as carbon source was successfully recycled by alkaline treatment in the process.

     

蠕虫捕食对污泥性质的影响

利用一种新型静态序批式蠕虫生物反应器处理剩余污泥，另设一个未加蠕虫的反应器作为对照。通过对比分析2个反应器中污泥的比减量速率、沉降性能、脱水性能和比好氧速率来研究蠕虫捕食对污泥性质的影响。实验结果表明，蠕虫具有良好的污泥减量效果，蠕虫加入后可使污泥比减量速率增加（0．15±0．02）mg／（mg·d）。蠕虫作用后污泥沉降性能明显改善，污泥容积指数（SVI）降低28．9％，胞外聚合物（EPS）含量减少和污泥絮体结构变得更加密实规则是污泥沉降性能得到改善的重要原因。蠕虫捕食后污泥脱水性能变差，污泥标准化毛细吸水时间和比阻分别增大2．45倍和1．16倍，推测主要是由污泥絮体平均粒径减小造成的。另外，蠕虫的存在会降低污泥的微生物活性，异养细菌、氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的比好氧速率分别降低7．09％、7．84％和8．29％。     

不同来源污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果研究

在相同接种配比(接种污泥占餐厨垃圾的质量分数为30%)条件下,研究了4种不同来源污泥(压滤污泥、厌氧污泥、曝气污泥和河底淤泥)添加或不添加缓冲剂时对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果的影响.结果发现,在不添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>河底淤泥>压滤污泥>曝气污泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量最高,达10.11mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计,下同);而添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>曝气污泥>压滤污泥>河底淤泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量也最高,为33.72 mL,且体系pH得以缓冲.     

Essential interactions between Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and heterotrophic microorganisms during a wastewater sludge bioleaching process

The stimulating effect of heterotrophic microorganisms was investigated on the growth and on the ferrous iron oxidation of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in synthetic media and in wastewater sludge. The addition of a sediment. Rhodotorula rubra isolate or a strain of T. acidophilus on two-layer agarose-gelled medium doubled the plating efficiency of T. ferrooxidans. In liquid cultures, R. rubra had a slight but significant effect on the growth rate of T. ferrooxidans. Moreover, the yeast allowed a faster initiation of the ferrous iron oxidation and acidification by T. ferrooxidans. In the bioleaching process, the co-culture of T. ferrooxidans with R. rubra or with the indigenous microbial assemblage from sludge was shown to be essential since the pure culture of T. ferrooxidans failed to oxidize ferrous iron and to acidify wastewater sludge. These results emphasize the importance of active heterotrophic microorganisms in the metal bioleaching activity of T. ferrooxidans in sludge.     

Enhancing aerobic digestion potential of municipal waste-activated sludge through removal of extracellular polymeric substance

A protease-secreting bacteria was used to pretreat municipal sewage sludge to enhance aerobic digestion. To enhance the accessibility of the sludge to the enzyme, extracellular polymeric substances were removed using citric acid thereby removing the flocs in the sludge. The conditions for the bacterial pretreatment were optimized using response surface methodology. The results of the bacterial pretreatment indicated that the suspended solids reduction was 18 % in sludge treated with citric acid and 10 % in sludge not treated with citric acid whereas in raw sludge, suspended solids reduction was 5.3 %. Solubilization was 10.9 % in the sludge with extracellular polymeric substances removed in contrast to that of the sludge with extracellular polymeric substances, which was 7.2 %, and that of the raw sludge, which was just 4.8 %. The suspended solids reduction in the aerobic reactor containing pretreated sludge was 52.4 % whereas that in the control reactor was 15.3 %. Thus, pretreatment with the protease-secreting bacteria after the removal of extracellular polymeric substances is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method.     

Effect of solids concentration on bacterial leaching of heavy metals from sewage sludge

Microbial metal leaching from sewage sludge (2-9% w/v) was carried out with the iron-oxidizing bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Measurements of pH, oxidation-reduction potential, and concentration of Fe2+ indicated that T. ferrooxidans was effective in removing metals from an incubation bath containing less than 5% sludge solids concentration. Specifically, Cu leaching was completely suppressed at a high solids concentration of 9% (w/v). Results indicated that the deactivation of T. ferrooxidans at a high sludge content was mainly due to the presence of inhibiting materials such as organic matter. A mixed culture of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was obtained by enrichment from anaerobically digested sewage sludge to enhance the efficiency of the microbial leaching process. These bacteria were much more effective in metal leaching than was iron-oxidizing T. ferrooxidans. At 9% (w/v) solids concentration, the leaching efficiencies of Zn and Cu were 78% (2.66 g/kg dry sludge) and 59% (1.36 g/kg dry sludge), respectively. Therefore, when removing heavy metals from the anaerobically digested sewage sludge, the indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria isolated in the current study were more efficient than T. ferrooxidans, especially at high sludge solids concentrations.     

Degradations of urobilin and stercobilin during activated sludge treatment of night soil

This paper deals with the degradation of urobilin and stercobilin in the sewage treatment plant or domestic septic tank and elucidates the factors contributing to their decomposition. The quantities of urobolin or stercobilin in the effluents from the sewage treatment plants were low and these substances were degraded by treatment with activated sludge. The efficacies of aeration, bacterial decomposition and free chlorine treatment in degrading urobilin or stercobilin were examined. Urobilin and stercobilin were decomposed by aeration and the decomposition rate was accelerated under alkaline conditions. Both compounds were decomposed by activated sludge, isolated bacteria and free chlorine treatments. These results show the decomposition of urobilin and stercobilin at sewage treatment plants.     

Effects of sludge-amendment on mineralization of pyrene and microorganisms in sludge and soil.

Hydrophobic contaminants sorb to sludge in wastewater treatment plants and enter the soil environment when the sludge is applied to agricultural fields. The mineralization of pyrene was examined in soil, in sludge mixed homogeneously into soil, and in sludge-soil systems containing a lump of sludge. Sludge-amendment enhanced the mineralization of pyrene in the soil compared to soil without sludge, and the most extensive mineralization was observed when the sludge was kept in a lump. The number of protozoa, heterotrophic bacteria and pyrene-mineralizing bacteria was much higher in the sludge compared to the soil. The amendment of sludge did not affect the number of protozoa and bacteria in the surrounding soil, which indicated that organic contaminants in the sludge had a little effect on the number of protozoa and bacteria in the surrounding soil.