生态修复综合技术在杭州虾龙圩河的应用

杭州虾龙圩河由于多年污染，河道水质严重黑臭，自净能力遭到破坏。本研究通过综合利用底泥污染物削减、生物接触氧化水质净化、造流曝气及水生生态系统修复等技术对虾龙圩河进行治理。结果显示，此项综合技术对城市河流污水具有良好的污染物去除性能，COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率分别可达到73．3％、80．1％和81．7％。通过1年的运行与养护，虾龙圩河治理段的水质、生态环境等有了明显改善，没有发生过水华及黑臭现象，河道水体具备了较强的自净能力。     

污水有机物的土壤净化

本文从土壤吸附、士壤生物净化作用及其他净化作用,对污水有机污染物在土壤中自净的机理及途径作一简要综述。为污水土地处理与利用研究提供参考。     

略谈河道的自净作用

河道受到一定程度的污染后,通过自身物理、生物和化学的作用可以逐渐恢复到原来的水质,这称为河道的自净作用。河道自净能力强弱,主要决定于物理、生物、化学等三方面的作用能力。     

城市半封闭河道水体生态恢复试验

利用复合生态滤床、底泥生物氧化、水体生物修复和河道生态恢复等技术，对上海漕溪河富营养水体进行治理。结果表明，在每隔7～10d间歇性流量300～400m^3／次的污水补水进量下，通过生物治理，消除了水体富营养和黑臭现象，从每个污水补给周期开始，3～4d后COD、NH3-N、TP除去率分别达到50％、40％和55％以上，水体清澈见底。从2005年3～5月，河道生物多样性逐步增加，先后出现枝角类、桡足类动物和鱼类。表明对于已截污的城市半封闭河道，利用浸没式复合生态滤床对污水进行预处理，在此基础上，通过底泥生物氧化、水体增氧、河道生态恢复等措施，进行生物治理，可取得良好治理效果。本研究为城市半封闭河道的治理和养护提供了一套切实可行的方法。     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

排污渠自净能力应用与强化的探讨

一、前言 排污渠与河流一样具有净化能力,这一能力可以用数学模型加以描述。自净能力大小主要由污水中微生物、污水理化性质、污     

光谱与呼吸图谱联用判定河流污染状态与自净能力

河流污染状态一般采用化学水质或生物等指标单独描述,目前尚缺少简便易行且可同时从化学与生物角度进行定量描述的指标。针对这一问题,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱与呼吸图谱联用的分析方法研究了纳污河、自然水体与污水处理厂各处理单元水样的溶解性有机物(DOM)的空间分布特征与河流微生物的呼吸特征。结果表明,光谱法可快速对河流有机污染物的种类进行辨别,而呼吸图谱具有识别河流自净能力的特点,其中类色氨酸(T峰与D峰)、类酪氨酸(S峰)、腐殖质(C峰)、富里酸(A峰)是指示不同污染程度的重要指标。通过呼吸图谱与荧光光谱联用(T峰)可快速对污染程度和自净能力进行区分,从而为河流的管理与自净能力的恢复提供参考。     

生物处理废水基本知识讲座 第一讲 生物处理的地位及作用机理

一、生物与水体自净海洋、湖泊或河溪、塘堰内,都生息着无数的生物——动物、植物和微生物.它们能够通过生命活动对许多水污染物进行附聚、吸附、吸收和分解,引起生态学上的物质循环,使污染物在数量和质量上发生根本的变化,确保了水体的洁净.如对北京某河段曾进行过一次酚、氰河流自净的有趣调查,     

城市半封闭河道水体生态恢复试验

利用复合生态滤床、底泥生物氧化、水体生物修复和河道生态恢复等技术,对上海漕溪河富营养水体进行治理.结果表明,在每隔7～10 d间歇性流量300～400 m3/次的污水补水进量下,通过生物治理,消除了水体富营养和黑臭现象,从每个污水补给周期开始,3～4 d后COD、NH3-N、TP除去率分别达到50%、40%和55%以上,水体清澈见底.从2005年3～5月,河道生物多样性逐步增加,先后出现枝角类、桡足类动物和鱼类.表明对于已截污的城市半封闭河道,利用浸没式复合生态滤床对污水进行预处理,在此基础上,通过底泥生物氧化、水体增氧、河道生态恢复等措施,进行生物治理,可取得良好治理效果.本研究为城市半封闭河道的治理和养护提供了一套切实可行的方法.     

汉沽污水库生物净化效应——DDT、666对斜生栅藻[Scendesmus Obliquus(Turp)KuTZ]生长量、色素含量及吸收光谱的影响

我国大部分地区长期使用有机氯农药做为杀虫剂,另一方面工厂排放污水中的有机氯农药,致使土壤,水系,大气,生物都存在不同程度有机氯农药的残留,对环境造成一定的污染。 环境中残留的农药,一方面可以经过生物的富集转移到食物中,影响人类健康。另一方面生物对农药也有一定自净能力。定量估计浮游植物的繁殖情况,对研究它们参与水域自净,     

Enzyme activity and microorganisms diversity in soil contaminated with the Boreal 58 WG herbicide

Next-generation herbicides are relatively safe when used properly, but the recommended rates are relatively low, which can lead to overdosing. This study evaluated the responses of soil-dwelling microorganisms and soil enzymes to contamination with the Boreal 58 WG herbicide. The analyzed product contains active ingredients flufenacet and isoxaflutole. All tests were performed under laboratory conditions. The analyzed material was sandy clay. Boreal 58 WG was introduced to soil in four doses. Soil without the addition of the herbicide served as the control. The soil was mixed with the tested herbicide, and its moisture content was maintained at 50% of capillary water capacity. Biochemical and microbiological analyses were performed on experimental days 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160. Accidental contamination of soil with the Boreal 58 WG herbicide led to a relatively minor imbalance in the soil microbiological and biochemical profile. The herbicide dose influenced dehydrogenase activity in only 0.84%, urease activity in 2.04%, β-glucosidase activity in 8.26%, catalase activity in 12.40%, arylsulfatase activity in 12.54%, acid phosphatase activity in 42.11%, numbers of organotrophic bacteria in 18.29%, actinomyces counts in 1.31% and fungi counts in 6.86%.     

Influence of Phenanthrene on Cadmium Toxicity to Soil Enzymes and Microbial Growth (5 pp)

Background Many contaminated sites contain a variety of toxicants. Risk assessment and the development of soil quality criteria therefore require information on the interaction among toxicants. Interactions between heavy metals are relatively well studied, but little is known about those between heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Methods 0.1 mg/kg dry soil phenanthrene alone or phenanthrene plus 10 mg/kg cadmium (Cd) were added to soil to determine the influence of phenanthrene on Cd toxicity to soil enzymes (invertase, urease, dehydrogenase and phosphatase) and microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and actinomycete) in paddy soil. Results and Discussion 0.1 mg/kg phenanthrene did not reduce the number of microorganisms. However, the addition of phenanthrene to soil with Cd enhanced the Cd toxicity to soil enzymes and microorganisms. This deleterious effect was seen to mainly affect the growth of fungi and the activity of invertase, urease and dehydrogenase. The order of combined inhibition of Cd and phenanthrene was fungi>bacteria>actinomycete. Conclusion The presence of phenanthrene might enhance the toxicity of Cd to soil microorganisms. Phenanthrene can easily be used by the soil actinomycetes as a source of carbon and energy and the finding may be supportive to the development of bioremediation techniques.     

单环硝基芳香化合物好氧生物降解及其遗传学研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难降解的有机污染物之一 ,对环境的污染日益严重 ,利用生物技术对这类有机物进行降解是行之有效的新途径。针对几种单环硝基芳香化合物好氧降解的微生物、降解途径以及降解过程中的主要酶、降解性质粒、基因定位等分子遗传学的研究进展进行了综述     

空气微生物研究方法进展与展望

着重论述了空气微生物气溶胶的研究方法,主要有培养基法和非培养基法。培养基法是传统的微生物研究方法,需要花费大量的时间和劳动力,只能够检测活的能够在培养基上生长的微生物,可以大致反映空气中的微生物气溶胶。非培养基法,主要是PCR法,具有敏感性高、快速、特异性强等特点,能够检测出环境样品中绝大多数的微生物,是一种微生物气溶胶检测的有效途径。最后指出实时持续的监测是将来空气微生物研究的努力方向和发展趋势。     

空气微生物研究方法进展与展望

着重论述了空气微生物气溶胶的研究方法，主要有培养基法和非培养基法。培养基法是传统的微生物研究方法，需要花费大量的时间和劳动力，只能够检测活的能够在培养基上生长的微生物，可以大致反映空气中的微生物气溶胶。非培养基法，主要是PCR法，具有敏感性高、快速、特异性强等特点，能够检测出环境样品中绝大多数的微生物，是一种微生物气溶胶检测的有效途径。最后指出实时持续的监测是将来空气微生物研究的努力方向和发展趋势。     

指示水体病原污染的微生物及其检测

受粪便污染的水体可能含有严重威胁人类和动物健康的致病微生物,由于病原微生物在水环境中往往数量较少、检测比较困难,通常采用检测与病原微生物具有密切关系的指示微生物来指示和估计病原污染.指示微生物包括总大肠菌群及其替代微生物,已被广泛应用于水体污染程度检测等方面.总结了各种指示微生物的特性、应用范围以及检测方法等方面的最新研究进展.初步介绍了指示微生物和水环境之间的关系,着重介绍了判断病原微生物污染来源的指示微生物及其最新检测方法.     

绿色荧光蛋白分子标记在环境微生物学研究中的应用

绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)分子标记是现有遗传标记中最简单方便的一种方法，GFP及GFP突变体在微生物降解污染物、生物膜菌群构架、环境生态学和环境检测生物传感器等研究领域取得了很好的应用效果。     

Novel approaches for remediation of pesticide pollutants

The use of synthetic pesticides has become an indispensable tool in agriculture for the control of pests. Therefore, the search for remedies and techniques for decontamination and detoxification of a pesticide-contaminated environment has become an important part of the research. Currently, bioremediation seems to be one of the most environmentally safe and cost-effective methods. In nature, the existence of abundant material resources can be used to degrade the environmental pesticide pollutants. At present, a number of microorganisms, capable of degrading pesticides, have been isolated and characterised. For insects, insecticide resistance-associated esterases have been purified and characterised from several insect species, and a new family of cytochrome P450 apparently associated with insecticide resistance in the tobacco budworm, was discovered. Generally, two bioremediation approaches have been used one directly based on microorganisms, and the other involved in isolated enzymes. For the former, in addition to using natural microorganism strains, with genetic techniques certain desirable biodegradation pathways from different organisms are brought together in a single host. However, because of their own limits, especially problems associated with releasing genetically altered microorganisms into the environment, the strategy based on enzymes seems more feasible. In the long term, collaborations between microbiologists, biochemists, and engineers will become increasingly important to efficiently dispose of the pesticide pollutants.     

农药微生物降解的研究现状与发展策略

本文在农药降解菌的富集分离及农药微生物降解的途径，特别在微生物产生的农药降解酶和农药微生物降解基因操作方面对农药微生物降解的研究现状作了简要综述，提出了农药微生物降解的研究趋势。联系地址：中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州五山，５１０６４０津、环草隆、三氯醋酸、氯苯胺灵等。芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ）：ＤＤＴ、ｒ－ＢＨＣ、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、苯硫磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、杀螟松、毒杀芬、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、利谷隆、灭草隆、毒旁定。节细菌属（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）：ＤＤＴ、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、草多索、马拉硫磷、二嗪农、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、毒莠定、西玛津、味哺丹［８］。棒状杆菌属（Ｃｏｒｙｎｂｏａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：ＤＤＴ、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、茅草枯、二硝甲酚、百草枯、草枯醚。无色杆菌属（Ａｃｈｒｏｍｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）：ＤＤＴ、西维因、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、２，４，５－Ｔ、氯苯胺灵。土壤杆菌属（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：ＤＤＴ、氯苯胺灵、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、毒莠定。黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、二嗪农、毒死蜱、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、     

The sensitivity of soil enzymes,microorganisms and spring wheat to soil contamination with carfentrazone-ethyl

Herbicides pose a significant threat to the natural environment, in particular in soils that are most exposed to plant protection agents. Prolonged herbicide use leads to changes in soil metabolism and decreases soil productive potential. In this study, the influence of carfentrazone-ethyl (CE) on the microbiological and biochemical properties of soil and the yield of Triticum aestivum L. was evaluated. Carfentrazone-ethyl was applied to sandy loam (pH_KCl – 7.0) in doses of 0.000, 0.264, 5.280, 10.56, 21.18, 42.24, 84.48 and 168.96 µg kg^?1 DM soil. Soil samples were subjected to microbiological and biochemical analyses on experimental days 30 and 60. Carfentrazone-ethyl disrupted the biological equilibrium in soil by decreasing the abundance and biodiversity of soil-dwelling microorganisms, the activity of soil enzymes, the values of the biochemical activity indicator and spring wheat yields. Carfentrazone-ethyl had the most adverse effects when applied in doses many fold higher than those recommended by the manufacturer. The toxic effects of CE were also determined by its soil retention time. Soil treated with CE was characterized by higher counts of oligotrophic bacteria, organotrophic bacteria, bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, actinomycetes and fungi on day 60, and spore-forming oligotrophic bacteria on day 30. The activity of dehydrogenases, urease, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase was higher on day 30 than on day 60.