淡水环境中微塑料的污染状况和毒理学特性

微塑料作为一种新兴污染物，已引起了学术界的广泛关注。淡水环境是陆源微塑料转移至海洋的通道，同时也是微塑料污染重要的“汇”。与海洋环境相比，淡水环境更接近于微塑料污染水平最高的城市化地区，对人类的潜在影响更大。微塑料在淡水环境中的环境行为和毒性效应成为亟待解决的关键科学问题。系统梳理了淡水环境微塑料污染状况，重点聚焦于微塑料对淡水生物的毒理学特性。最后，针对目前的研究不足提出展望：(1)建立统一标准，完善微塑料采样技术，以便于各研究结果中微塑料丰度的比较；(2)野外调查与实验室模拟相结合，深入研究微塑料对淡水生物的毒理学特性；(3)加强微塑料与多种污染的复合毒性效应研究，探索微塑料与污染物的复合毒性效应和相互作用机制。     

分解性塑料

研制分解性塑料是解决日益严重的塑料废弃物污染的一种积极的方法。本文详细叙述了分解性塑料的种类、特性和发展近况。并指出各级环境保护组织都应密切协助其发展。     

废弃物生物质液化制取生物油的研究进展

废弃物生物质处置不当引起的环境污染与潜在资源浪费已引起了广泛关注,而废弃物生物质液化制取生物油是解决有机废弃物污染及其能源化再利用的一种新技术。在对多糖、木质素、蛋白质、油脂等生物质大分子聚合物的液化机制阐述分析的基础上,讨论了温度、加热速度、粒径、压强、停留时间、液固质量比,特别是催化剂以及还原气和供氢剂等反应条件或参数对生物油的影响机制,最后介绍了生物质液化油的物理化学性质以及该技术存在的若干问题。     

钙化物在废弃物基活性炭制备过程中的影响

研究了以城市垃圾中3种典型的固体有机废弃物——锯木屑、纸张和塑料的热解产物(分别简称木炭、纸炭和塑料热解物)为原料，水蒸气为活化剂制备废弃物基活性炭时钙化物含量对活化过程、活性炭吸附性能(以碘值表征)及其孔结构的影响。结果表明，钙化物可加快活化反应的速度，且钙化物含量在1.5％时活化反应速度即已不再随钙化物含量的增加而增加；活性炭的吸附性能则随钙化物含量的增加而减少，同时钙化物对活性炭的孔径分布基本无影响，但降低了活性炭的比表面积、微孔孔容及中孔孔容；钙化物的2种前驱体（即CaO和Ca(OH)₂）对活化过程具有相同的催化作用。     

含固率和电极间距对牛粪发酵产电性能的影响

随着能源短缺和环境污染等问题的日益严重,农业废弃物资源化利用引起了广泛关注。为了从牛粪等农业生产废弃物中获取新能源,减少农业固体废物对环境的污染,研究了含固率和电极间距对牛粪发酵产电性能的影响,分析了产电过程中电压、电流、功率密度、挥发性脂肪酸VFA和COD等指标的变化规律。结果表明,含固率对牛粪发酵产电性能影响较大,电极间距影响较小。在碳氮比(C/N比)为18,含固率为1%,电极间距为2.5 cm时,产生的电压最高可达0.79 V,电流最高可达0.58 m A,功率密度幅值高达398 m W/m2,发酵产电结束后VFA增加了250%,COD去除率超过了80%。     

电子废弃物的环境污染及防治对策

论述了电子废弃物产生污染的主要原因，分析了其来源及危害，并结合回收，处理和清洁生产，提出了预防和控制电子废弃物污染的具体办法。     

废旧电路板的组成与解离特性研究

废旧印刷电路板是电子废弃物的重要组成部分，含有大量金属、玻璃纤维增强树脂、塑料等有回收利用价值的组分，但处理不当会产生严重污染。在分析中，对细碎到粒度为5mm以下的废旧电路板物料中有价资源的赋存状态和解离特性进行了系统的研究，发现金属与非金属的基本解离粒度为1．2mm，解离度为55．51％；塑料与其他金属(除铜、铁外)是0．5mm以上废旧电路板物料中的主要组分，树脂与铜是0．5mm以下物料中的主要组分；物料中平均金属含量为23．80％，平均铜含量为5．78％。     

解决塑料废弃物的一种方法

目前,大量塑料废弃物泛滥成灾,已成为破坏环境的元凶之一。分解性塑料是解决塑料废弃物的一种方法。美国的部分地区有给废弃物制订法规的动向,如佛罗里达州规定1990年1月1日以后,每个另售商都有义务使用分解性塑料制成的另售袋。这样的法规促进了分解性塑料的开发和生产。Mobil Chemical公司(美)已决定生产食品包装用分解性塑料。     

家禽养殖场废弃物处理技术的研究进展

家禽养殖场的废弃物长期以来对环境构成了极大的污染并威胁着畜禽和人类的健康，因而对家禽废弃物进行资源化处理势在必行。综述了近10年来的3种主要的可供选择的家禽垃圾处理的技术路线的研究进展。介绍了最优化堆肥、厌氧发酵和直接焚烧的试验研究结果。     

电子垃圾再循环处理

伟城环保工业（无锡）有限公司建成了电子垃圾再循环的处理设施。处理电子垃圾主要是填埋、焚烧或暂时堆积存放的方法，有的在小作坊里提取金属，严重污染环境。新加坡伟城工业公司是全球技术领先的一站式电子废弃物处理服务商，拥有布满全球的客户网络，以电子垃圾为原料，从中提取金、铜等金属，余下的制成建筑材料、玻璃、塑料地板等副产品，最终实现“零埋制”。     

海洋高技术发展及其对海洋生态环境影响的案例分析与政策研究

本文描述了海洋高技术的兴起与进展、海洋采矿对生态环境影响的案例分析。６０年代以来，海洋高技术最重要的成就是深海采矿，根据当前发展动态看，深海石油和采矿技术仍是海洋高技术的主要方向，而海洋生物技术也是最有前景的高技术领域之一。对油船触礁造成的漏油事故案例分析指出海洋高技术对海洋生态环境的影响主要表现如下：１．对海洋生物资源的危害。首先，在油污染事件的短期内大量海鸟和海兽被杀死；其次，长期累积在经济鱼类内的有害物质通过食物链进入人体而对人体健康产生危害。２．对海滨环境的影响。如破坏海滨浴场水质。为了避免各种海洋高技术对海洋生态环境的影响，介绍了几点政策建议。     

海洋环境污染监测方案设计研究

海洋环境污染监测方案是一项复杂的系统工程。中国经过２０多年海洋环境污好监测的实践活动，积累了丰富的经验。但是，由于未能对海洋环境污染监测方案进行深入细致的研讨，致使今天我国海洋环境污染监测尚停留在定性或半定量描述阶段。该文第一次把有关海洋环境污染监测相结合，通过运用逻辑构思方法和监测方法学，详细分析监测方案设计中的各个阶段，监测目标的提出，到方案的实施；从监测数据的加工，到监测信息的发布都进行了辩证的分析。本文既是中国海洋环境污染监测方案的设计指南，也是中国海洋环境污染监测工作的集大成。     

Disposal and resource utilization of waste masks: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Waste masks pose a serious threat to the environment, including marine plastic pollution and soil pollution risks caused by landfills since the...     

Optical detection of microplastics in water

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Unfortunately, the plastic pollution increases at an exponential rate and drastically endangers the marine ecosystem. According to World Health...     

海洋环境中的有机锡及其对海洋生物的影响

本文综述了有机锡化占物对海洋环境的冲击及其对海洋生物的影响，介绍了有机锡化合物的分析方法，讨论了有机锡污染的预防和控制措施，并展望了有机锡研究的前景。     

Plastic pollution: A focus on freshwater biodiversity

Plastics are dominant pollutants in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Scientific studies that investigated the interaction between plastics and freshwater biodiversity are incipient, especially if compared to the marine realm. In this review, we provide a brief overview of plastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems around the world. We found evidence of plastic ingestion by 206 freshwater species, from invertebrates to mammals, in natural or semi-natural ecosystems. In addition, we reported other consequences of synthetic polymers in freshwater ecosystems—including, for instance, the entanglement of animals of different groups (e.g., birds). The problem of plastic pollution is complex and will need coordinated actions, such as recycling programs, correct disposal, stringent legislation, regular inspection, replacement of synthetic polymers with other materials, and ecological restoration. Current information indicates that the situation in freshwater ecosystems may be as detrimental as the pollution found in the ocean, although highly underappreciated.Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01496-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Butyltin residues in livers of humans and wild terrestrial mammals and in plastic products

Butyltin compounds (BTs) including mono-(MBT), di-(DBT) and tributyltin (TBT) were determined in livers of humans and wild terrestrial mammals, such as raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoids) and monkeys (Macaca fuscata) from Japan. In addition, 22 samples of plastic products were analyzed. BT residues were detected in all the liver samples of humans and raccoon dogs, with concentrations of <360 ng/g wet wt, whereas concentrations in the liver of monkeys were either less than the detection limit or were only in trace levels. Elevated concentrations of BTs, particularly DBT (<140,000 ng/g) and MBT (<130,000 ng/g), were found in some plastic products, such as baking parchments made from siliconized paper and gloves made up from polyurethane. The results of a cooking test using the above baking parchment indicated the transfer of BTs to foodstuffs. These observations suggest expansion of BT contamination among terrestrial mammals. BT pollution from industrial appliances, such as plastic stabilizers and catalysts other than those of marine origin as antifouling agents, are suggested as alternative sources of exposure.     

Microplastic pollution,a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: a short review

Human populations are using oceans as their household dustbins, and microplastic is one of the components which are not only polluting shorelines but also freshwater bodies globally. Microplastics are generally referred to particles with a size lower than 5 mm. These microplastics are tiny plastic granules and used as scrubbers in cosmetics, hand cleansers, air-blasting. These contaminants are omnipresent within almost all marine environments at present. The durability of plastics makes it highly resistant to degradation and through indiscriminate disposal they enter in the aquatic environment. Today, it is an issue of increasing scientific concern because these microparticles due to their small size are easily accessible to a wide range of aquatic organisms and ultimately transferred along food web. The chronic biological effects in marine organisms results due to accumulation of microplastics in their cells and tissues. The potential hazardous effects on humans by alternate ingestion of microparticles can cause alteration in chromosomes which lead to infertility, obesity, and cancer. Because of the recent threat of microplastics to marine biota as well as on human health, it is important to control excessive use of plastic additives and to introduce certain legislations and policies to regulate the sources of plastic litter. By setup various plastic recycling process or promoting plastic awareness programmes through different social and information media, we will be able to clean our sea dustbin in future.     

农药优先监测品种的筛选研究

本文对我国目前正在广泛使用的几百个农药品种,从其产量,田间的施用量以及环境毒理学,环境化学,环境生物学的角度进行了系统的研究。在对各种农药进行环境风险性评价的基础上,筛选出目前在我国使用量大,毒性高,环境危害严重的10个农药品种,作为我国近期内应执行的环境优先监测品种。可以认为,若能控制了这些优先监测农药的环境污染,那么,也就在总体上控制了农药的污染问题。     

Environmental problems in Russia affecting the Black and Baltic Seas

This paper addresses problems of marine environment protection in Russia, with an emphasis on the legislative and institutional basis for protecting the seas from oil pollution. The status of the Black and Baltic Seas is described, together with the relevant technical, organisational, and economic elements. As an example of a comprehensive approach for tackling the problems under consideration, we present briefly the 'Complex programme for the prevention of marine pollution caused by ships and ports activity', recently elaborated by a broad Russian expert group.