Use of Biotic Community Structure as a Measure of Ecological Degradation

The benthic macroinvertebrate communities of two lotic aquatic habitats,namely,the Churni River(C-R)and the Jalangi River(J-R)were compared in this study.One lotic aquatic system(C-R)was polluted by organic pollutants due to discharge of unprocessed sewage water,while the other(J-R)was not affected by such pollution.Evaluations of various physico-chemical properties of water,sediment and different macroinvertebrate communities of the two tropical lotic systems were done in a period from January,2002 to December,2003.A long term temporal change in the macroinvertebrate communities was recorded due to increase in sediment rH value.Sediment redox potential affected by the anthropogenic activities was found to be an important factor for alteration of macroinvertebrate communities in these aquatic ecosystems.A positive correlation has been established between rH and Margalef index in this study.Potassium and the total count of coliform bacteria in water showed significantly higher values for the polluted Churni River than those for the Jalangi River.Fig 3,Tab 4,Ref 34     

Bacterial community structure in waterlogged bamboo slips excavated from the Laoguanshan Han Dynasty Tomb of Chengdu北大核心CSCD

To investigate the bacterial community structure features of soak solutions used to preserve bamboo slips that were excavated from Han dynasty tomb located in Laoguanshan of Chengdu and to reveal the diversity of bacteria in these soak solutions, PCR-DGGE was employed. Subsequently, the major DGGE bands were excised and sequenced to analyze the phylogeny of bacteria. The richness (S), Shannon-Wiener index (H), and Simpson index (D) of deionized water (0#) without the soaked bamboo slips were higher than those of the other samples. Among the bamboo slip soak solution samples, there were significant differences in these indicators; the bacterial genetic diversity of sample 121# was the highest and that of sample 1# was the lowest. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that there were comparatively large differences among the samples, and the similarity between sample 1# and others was the lowest. Based on the sequence analysis, the major community of bacteria in soak solution were belonged to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, including Cupriavidus, Aquabacterium, Comamonas, Albidiferax, Hyphomicrobiaceae, Azospirillum, Nevskia, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Sediminibacterium, and Propionibacterium, among which Cupriavidus of the β-Proteobacteria class was detected in all samples. The bacterial community structure of the soak solutions that were collected from different bamboo slips was quite complex and significantly different. The analysis of the main bacterial community revealed the potential bacteria species that may trigger the damage in bamboo slips; the result provided a reference to prevent waterlogged bamboo slips from microbial diseases in the future. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Structure and function of the eversible glands of the aquatic firefly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luciola leii</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

Summary. When attacked or otherwise disturbed, larvae of the aquatic firefly Luciola leii display fork-shaped glands laterally from the meso- and metathorax as well as each abdominal segment. Glandular eversion is accompanied by a strong pine oil-like odour, thanatosis and glowing from paired larval light organs. Observations by SEM and TEM revealed that there are numerous, almost spherical protuberances, measuring 9 μm in diameter on the surface of each gland. Each protuberance is connected to a well developed secretory cell via a 0.1 μm thick and 0.2 μm long stalk and bears three to six 7 μm long spines on its apex. The convoluted glandular walls measure 0.2 μm. The cytoplasm of the secretory cells is characterized by the presence of numerous mitochondria and an extensive system of cisternae and tubular endoplasmic reticulum. Preliminary GC-MS analysis of the glandular secretion revealed two volatile terpenoids: terpinolene and γ-terpinene. Choice and no-choice bioassays involving fish and ants as well as other predators demonstrate that the secretions serve as an effective deterrent against a range of ecologically relevant enemies. The larval postural adjustments, light emission, everted glands, and glandular release of distasteful or repellent compounds, appear to function as a multi-modal, aposematic larval defence. The tandem evolution of glandular secretions and conspicuousness in larval fireflies could partially explain their successful radiation into both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.     

Screening and characterization of extremophiles in spacecraft assembly environment北大核心CSCD

Spacecrafts need to strictly control microorganisms before entering space flight. The Spacecraft Assembly, Integration, and Test Center (AITC) is an important environmental source for spacecrafts to carry microorganisms. The assembly clean room has characteristics of ventilation, dryness, and lack of nutrients that are not conducive to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, except for extremophiles. In this study, based on the internal air and surface environment of the AITC in China, 13 strains of bacteria were identified by plate culture and 16S sequence analysis, and their extreme environmental tolerance, antibiotic resistance, and film-forming ability were tested. All these bacteria belonged to the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla, and nine strains belonged to the Bacillus genus. All 13 strains of bacteria were salt-tolerant, acid-tolerant, and alkali-tolerant, and 69.2% of the bacteria survived heat shock at 80 ℃. Among these, one strain of Sphingomonas sp. JCM7513 isolated from the surface environment was insensitive to all the tested antibiotics and had strong drug resistance, while the other 12 strains were sensitive to most β-lactam antibiotics but had strong resistance to tetracyclic antibiotics and erythromycin. Most of the isolated bacteria exhibited strong biofilm-forming abilities. The study showed that there are a certain number of extremophiles in the spacecraft assembly environment. To protect spacecrafts from biological corrosion and planetary protection forward pollution, more effective monitoring and elimination methods are needed. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Characterization and catabolic genes detection of three oil-degrading Rhodococcus spp.北大核心CSCD

Oil pollution is one of the major factors causing environmental deterioration. Bioremediation of oil contaminated environments by microorganisms attracts much research attention. This study aimed to screen efficient oil-degrading bacteria from oil contaminated soil and analyze their characteristics and catabolic genes. Oil-degrading bacteria were screened from oil contaminated soil in minimal medium containing crude oil and identified by morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Their growth and degradation characteristics were studied with ultraviolet spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis. The surfactant production was studied by adopting culture method. The major oil-degrading related genes were detected by t he PCR a mplification. As a result, t hree oil-degrading bacteria strains named KB1, 2182 and JC3-47 were isolated from the oil contaminated soil samples. The strains could use crude oil as the sole carbon source to degrade oil with a degrading rate of 41.02%, 32.26% and 55.90%, respectively, when cultured in minimal medium containing crude oil for 3 days. The bacteria were identified to belong to genus Rhodococcus. With 100% similarity of 16S rDNA sequences of the three strains with known ones of Rhodococcus, KB1 was preliminarily identified as Rhodococcus erythropolis, 2182 as Rhodococcus equi, and JC3-47 as Rhodococcus qingshengii. They grew well at 10-50 °C, with the initial pH of 3-9 and the NaCl concentration of 0-5%. The optimal temperature for bacterial growth was 35 °C, 35 °C and 30 °C respectively. KB1 and 2182 could grow at pH 2 and 9.0% of NaCl. The bacteria grew well in broth containing different organic substrates as sole carbon source, such as n-dodecane, n-octadecane, benzene, methylbenzene, xylene and naphthaline. KB1 and JC3-47 could grow well in broth containing pyrene. GC-MS analysis revealed that the bacteria could effectively degrade medium- and long-chain alkane components in crude oil. The bacteria produced biosurfactants and decreased the surface tension of the culture broth. They also showed adhesion activities to n-hexadecane. The oil-degrading related genes such as alkane monooxygenase, aromatic-ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase and catechol dioxygenase genes were detected in all the three strains. Besides, biphenyl dioxygenase genes were detected in KB1 and 2182. The isolated Rhodococcus spp. strains could effectively degrade petroleum hydrocarbons with high adaptabilities to extreme environments such as high salt and low temperature. They are supposed to be applied broadly in the bioremediation of oil contaminated soil in such environments.     

Role of biologic components in a novel floating-bed combining Ipomoea aquatic,Corbicula fluminea and biofilm carrier media

A novel floating-bed incorporated with water spinach （Ipomoea aquatica）, Asiatic clam （Corbicula fluminea）, and carrier media supported biofilm was developed for eutrophic water purification. The contribu- tions of each biologic component to the removals of total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP） and Chl.a were examined. The nutrient removals due to the direct uptake by either water spinach or Asiatic clam were less than 10%, suggesting a negligible role of biologic assimilation and leaving the biofilm as the indispensable biologic compo- nent in the floating-bed. Chl.a was reduced mainly by Asiatic clams via filter-feeding. Meanwhile, the digestion and excretion of Asiatic clams benefited the proliferation of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, resulting in the improvement of TN removal. In summary, the synergetic effects of water spinach, Asiatic clams and biofilms would promote the eutrophic water treatment performance of floating-bed in comparison with the conventional floating- bed with vegetation as the single biologic component.     

Inhibitory kinetics of β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by cadmium北大核心CSCD

Cadmium (Cd2+) pollution in an aquatic environment can negatively affect certain reproductive parameters of aquatic animals. β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) is considered to play an important role in the fertilization process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Cd2+ on the activity of NAGase purified f rom the testis of Nile tilapia, toward contributing new knowledge on the breadth of negative effects of Cd2+ for Nile tilapia production. The kinetic method of substrate reaction was used for this assessment, and an inhibitory model was established to study the kinetics of NAGase under inhibition by Cd2+. The results showed that Cd2+ could reversibly inhibit the enzymatic activity of NAGase, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was estimated to be 40.95 mmol/L. Cd2+ was found to be a competitive inhibitor of NAGase, and the inhibitory constant was determined to be 17.13 mmol/L. The microscopic rate constants of inactivation were also determined. Together, these findings demonstrate that Cd2+ is a reversible inhibitor that can competitively inhibit NAGase. These results may provide a theoretical foundation for further studies on the reproduction of tilapia. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Effects of bicarbonate and cathode potential on hydrogen production in a biocathode electrolysis cell

A biocathode with microbial catalyst in place of a noble metal was successfully developed for hydrogen evolution in a microbial electrolysis cell （MEC）. The strategy for fast biocathode cultivation was demonstrated. An exoelectrogenic reaction was initially extended with an H2-full atmosphere to enrich Ha-utilizing bacteria in a MEC bioanode. This bioanode was then inversely polarized with an applied voltage in a half-cell to enrich the hydrogen-evolving biocathode. The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） kinetics of the biocathode MEC could be enhanced by increasing the bicarbonate buffer concentration from 0.05 mol·L-1 to 0.5 mol· L-1 and/or by decreasing the cathode potential from -0.9 V to - 1.3 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode （SCE）. Within the tested potential region in this study, the HER rate of the biocathode MEC was primarily influenced by the microbial catalytic capability. In addition, increasing bicarbonate concentration enhances the electric migration rate of proton carriers. As a consequence, more mass H＋ can be released to accelerate the biocathode-catalyzed HER rate. A hydrogen production rate of 8.44 m3. m 3. d1 with a current density of 951.6 A. m-3 was obtained using the biocathode MEC under a cathode potential of - 1.3 V vs. SCE and 0.4 mol· L-1 bicarbonate. This study provided information on the optimization of hydrogen production in biocathode MEC and expanded the practical applications thereof.     

Quantitative characterization of Cu binding potential of dissolved organic matter （DOM） in sediment from Taihu Lake using multiple techniques

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in heavy metal speciation and distribution in the aquatic environment especially for eutrophic lakes which have higher DOM concentration. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater and a high eutrophic lake in the downstream of the Yangtze River, China. In the lake, frequent breakout of algae blooms greatly increased the concentration of different organic matters in the lake sediment. In this study, sediment samples were collected from various part of Taihu Lake to explore the spatial difference in the binding potential of DOM with Cu. The titration experiment was adopted to quantitatively characterize the interaction between Cu（II） and DOM extracted from Taihu Lake sediments using ion selective electrode （ISE） and fluorescence quenching technology. The ISE results showed that the exogenous DOM had higher binding ability than endogenous DOM, and DOM derived from aquatic macrophytes had a higher binding ability than that derived from algae. The fluorescence quenching results indicated that humic substances played a key role in the complexation between DOM and Cu（II） in the lake. However, because of the frequent breakout of algae blooms, protein-like matters are also main component like hnmic matters in Taihu Lake. Therefore, the metals bound by protein-like substances should be caused concern as protein-like substances in DOM were unstable and they will release bound metal when decomposed.     

Turning up the heat: temperature influences the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up effects

Understanding how communities respond to changes in temperature is a major challenge for community ecology. Temperature influences the relative degree to which top-down and bottom-up forces structure ecological communities. In greenhouse experiments using the aquatic community found in pitcher plants (Sarracenia purpurea), I tested how temperature affected the relative importance of top-down (mosquito predation) and bottom-up (ant carcasses) forces on protozoa and bacteria populations. While bottom-up effects did not vary consistently with temperature, the top-down effects of predators on protozoa increased at higher temperatures. These results suggest that temperature could change the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up effects in ecological communities. Specifically, higher temperature may increase the strength of top-down effects by raising predator metabolic rate and concomitant processes (e.g., activity, foraging, digestion, growth) relative to cooler temperatures. These findings apply broadly to an understanding of trophic interactions in a variable environment and are especially relevant in the context of ongoing climate change.     

Microbial transformation of metazoan (Idotea granulosa) faeces

Freshly collected faecal pellets of the common intertidal isopodIdotea granulosa Rathke, 1843, were exposed to natural communities of bacteria + protozoa, and bacteria + protozoa + metazoa for 16 d in running North Sea nearshore water during September 1989. All treatments showed quite identical changes in chlorophylla, phaeopigments, carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratio, heterotrophic bacteria and protozoa. Plant pigment, C and N content of faeces decreased by about half in 94 h. Interestingly, although the C/N ratio changed considerably during the study, the values at the end of 16 d were similar to ones at the beginning, suggesting that the C/N value per se of particles in the sea may not reflect their age or nutritive value to consumers. Further, dry weight of pellets which remained unchanged in appearance, decreased by half in 4 d and by two thirds in 16 d, indicating loss of substance but not bulk. The development and abundance of free bacteria in the water closely matched that in pellets, supporting the idea that faeces export bacteria or stimulate bacterial growth in the water through release of dissolved nutrients. There were 10³ times more bacteria on faeces than free in the water of the same volume. However, given the relative volumes of the pellet (ca 0.1 mm³) and the free water in the microcosms (ca 10⁷ × pellet volume), the degradation of faecal matter may support the production of the bulk of free-living bacteria in water. When organisms of larger sizes were allowed access to the pellets, several metazoans (e.g. nematodes ca 4 per pellet) were observed, but did not significantly accelerate faeces degradation. It appears that the combined activities of microbes (bacteria and protozoa) is mostly responsible for the rapid transformation ofI. granulosa faeces containing fucoid macroalgal tissue in the nearshore ecosystem.Contribution No. 308 from the Alfred-Wegener Institut, BremerhavenPlease address all correspondence and requests for reprints to Dr Biddanda at the Alfred-Wegener Institut, Bremerhaven     

Photosynthetic sulfur bacteria from Zimapan Reservoir (Mexico): Seasonal variations and toxic effects of zinc in a microcosm system

Photosynthetic sulfur bacteria oxidize the sulfide produced by dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria, thus preventing the occurrence of pollution by these compounds in the oxygenic zone of aquatic systems. Zinc is one of the most abundant heavy metals. Its toxic effects have been documented in various organisms that can photosynthesize, but a lack of information prevails in this respect, about photosynthetic sulfur bacteria. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxic effects of zinc on green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae) and purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatiaceae) in a microcosm as well to explore the possible relationships between the bacterial population growths with the physicochemical properties of the metalimnion of Zimapan Reservoir (Mexico) during a 1-year period. Hydrosoluble organic carbon (HOC) and light availability in the metalimnion were the limiting factors for growth in these bacteria. Higher HOC levels occurred in Spring, at the end of the wet season and in Winter. Current zinc levels in the reservoir seem to elicit toxic effects. At lethal zinc concentrations, the best concentration-response relationship was shown. The biomarker for purple sulfur bacteria was the bacteriochlorophyll content, while total reducing sugar was the best biomarker for green sulfur bacteria. At sublethal concentrations, zinc alters adenosine triphosphate levels, total reducing sugar, total protein content, and bacteriochlorophyll content. The observed responses indicate that green sulfur bacteria are more sensitive than purple sulfur bacteria and are suitable target organisms for use in establishing the accepted threshold concentration of zinc (NOEC 0.056–0.097 mg L^?1 of Zn) in anoxic deep water.     

光合细菌在水产养殖中的应用[综述]

光合细菌（ＰｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃＢａｃｔｅｒｉａ,以下简称ＰＳＢ）是地球上最早出现的一大类能以光作为能源,以ＣＯ２和有机物作为光合作用碳源,以有机物、氢气或硫化物为供氢体而营养繁殖的原核生物的总称;除蓝细菌外都能在厌氧光照条件下进行不产氧的光合作用．ＰＳＢ分布广泛（见表１）,类型多样,根据《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》（第九版）ＰＳＢ可分为六个类群,２７个属（见表２）．其中的红色非硫细菌由于其分解利用有机物能力强、营养丰富,因而得到广泛的应用．表１　各种环境下ＰＳＢ数量（ｎ（ＰＳＢ）／ｇ－１）Ｔａｂ…     

Population and community resilience in multitrophic communities

Diversity-stability relationships have long been a topic of controversy in ecology, but one whose importance has been re-highlighted by increasing large-scale threats to global biodiversity. The ability of a community to recover from a perturbation (or resilience) is a common measure of stability that has received a large amount of theoretical attention. Yet, general expectations regarding diversity-resilience relations remain elusive. Moreover, the effects of productivity and its interaction with diversity on resilience are equally unclear. We examined the effects of species diversity, species composition, and productivity on population-and community-level resilience in experimental aquatic food webs composed of bacteria, algae, heterotrophic protozoa, and rotifers. Productivity manipulations were crossed with manipulations of the number of species and species compositions within trophic groups. Resilience was measured by perturbing communities with a nonselective, density-independent, mortality event and comparing responses over time between perturbed communities and controls. We found evidence that species diversity can enhance resilience at the community level (i.e., total community biomass), though this effect was more strongly expressed in low-productivity treatments. Diversity effects on resilience were driven by a sampling/selection effect, with resilient communities showing rapid response and dominance by a minority of species (primarily unicellular algae). In contrast, diversity had no effect on mean population-level resilience. Instead, the ability of a community's populations to recover from perturbations was dependent on species composition. We found no evidence of an effect of productivity, either positive or negative, on community- or population-level resilience. Our results indicate that the role of diversity as an insurer of stability may depend on the level of biological organization at which stability is measured, with effects emerging only when focusing on aggregate community properties.     

水生植物微生物强化系统对日本沼虾养殖水体的生物净化

通过在池塘水体中栽种以轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)为主的水生植物,并添加活菌含量>108 g-1的复合微生物制剂,构建了水生植物-微生物强化系统,研究该系统对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)养殖水体的生物净化效果。结果表明,试验40 d时,所添加的1.0 mg.L-1活性微生物可充分依赖水体中水生植物的巨大表面积而形成固定化的生物膜,使得植物区及相邻水体中细菌和真菌数量提高25%～69%,强化水体的净化功能。水生植物-微生物强化系统可通过相互的协同作用,提高对氮、磷和有机物等的利用能力,在促进自身生长的同时,可大幅降低水体中NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TP、PO43--P含量,抑制TN、高锰酸盐指数的快速升高,提高水体中溶解氧,竞争藻类生长的资源,使得水体中藻类的丰度有所下降,pH也趋于稳定。研究表明,水生植物-微生物强化系统是一种良好的日本沼虾养殖水体生物净化系统,当水体中添加的微生物质量浓度为1.0 mg.L-1时,适宜的水生植物覆盖率为40%。     

有机磷细菌的分离鉴定及其对MC-RR的响应(The Isolation and Identification of Organic Phosphorus Bacteria and Its Response to MC-RR)

从云南滇池水样中分离出具有解磷能力的有机磷细菌P-2,并利用现代分子生物学技术进行了初步鉴定.用0.01、5mg·L-1微囊藻毒素(MC-RR)处理有机磷细菌P-2,研究了MC-RR对其生长、细胞内酸碱磷酸酶活性(ACP和AKP)以及培养液中可溶性磷酸盐含量的影响.结果表明,高浓度MC-RR能显著抑制有机磷细菌的生长,延缓其细胞增殖,抑制细胞内酸碱磷酸酶活性以及培养液中可溶性磷酸盐含量的升高,因而可能改变或减缓生态系统中磷循环的进程,这表明微囊藻毒素在一定程度上可能调节水体细菌功能群落.     

Community Experiments Using Benthic Chambers: Microbial Significance in Highly Organic Enriched Sediments

The structure of the benthic microbial loop was studied in order to understand heterotrophic pathways in the suboxic sediments of the Rapallo Harbour in autumn, 1996. Sediments were characterized by the large accumulation of organic detritus (17.2 - 21.4 μg chloroplastic pigment equivalents (CPE)g^-1; carbohydrates and proteins: 7.8-16.7 and 6.7-7.5 mg g^-1). Due to the high organic load, benthic bacteria and protozoa displayed extremely high densities (1.4 × 10⁹ cells g^-1 and 26.9 × 10⁵ cells g^-1). Meiofauna, protozoa and bacteria showed an approximate biomass ratio of 1:2:20. the presence of large amounts of organic matter appeared to determine a shift of the benthic size structure toward the increasing dominance of the smaller components of the benthic food webs. These data indicate that the sediments of the Rapallo Harbour were dominated by microbial biomasses to a larger extent than in non-food limited environments, characterized by a lower organic contamination. On the results presented in this study, the microbial dominance in highly organic enriched sediments can be explained with: (1) a reduction of the top-down control and grazing pressure of meio- and macrofauna on the microbial components; (2) the opportunistic composition and high metabolic activity of the microbial components.     

柠檬酸对3种常见水产病原菌的抑菌作用

选用嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、荧光假单胞菌3种常见水产病原菌,用于测定柠檬酸的抑菌效果及最小抑菌浓度,并研究了柠檬酸抑菌作用的持续性。3种菌均为革兰氏阴性菌。试验结果表明,柠檬酸对3种菌都有不同程度的抑菌作用,并得到最小抑菌浓度,依次是:0.0011g/mL,0.0008g/mL,0.00125g/mL;在最小浓度下抑菌作用可达6d之久,柠檬酸抑菌效果有较好的持续性。     

化感物质的抑藻作用研究、应用及生态安全性评价

水体富营养化日益严重,水华频繁爆发,如何有效控制水华,治理富营养化水体是目前水环境领域的研究热点和前沿。目前湖泊藻类控制技术主要有：物理方法、化学法、生物法,但是这些方法都有其固有的缺点。利用植物化感作用抑制有害藻类生长具有廉价、生态安全等优点近年来备受关注。化感作用就是生物体产生的生物活性物质即化感物质在生物体之间传递信息并导致生物体相互作用。归纳了国内外不同生活型水生植物化感作用研究的主要成果（包括已报道的抑藻水生植物种类、已从水生植物体内和种植水中分离鉴定得到的化感物质）,以及化感物质的联合作用研究,讨论了化感物质的生态安全性。通过化感作用能有效控制引起水体富营养化的各种藻类生长,优化水生生物的组成结构。例如,水体中投放大麦秆可以增加无脊椎动物以及鱼类的数量,从而达到改善水生生态系统的目的。展望了植物化感作用用于水环境治理的发展前景。以期为利用植物化感作用控制水华的发生提供理论基础。