额济纳绿洲生物多样性保护与可持续发展对策研究

本文论述了额济纳绿洲生物多样性的基本内涵与保护价值，提出保护绿洲生物多样性的措施及策略。     

生物多样性保护的环境伦理规则初探

生物多样性资源具有多种价值，而人类的活动正导致地球上的生物多样性资源以前所未有的速度减少。因此，生物多样性保护已成为全球环境保护的一个热点。本文在介绍生物多样概念的基础上，从环境伦理学的角度出发，提出生物多样性保护的伦理规则为：生物资源享用的平等原则，生物多样性资源保护的平等原则，生物多样性保护费用分摊的平等原则。     

探索生态服务价值实现生物多样性保护新选择

探索生态系统服务价值旨在倡导重新认识自然资本对可持续发展的贡献,充分重视和体现生态资本的价值,并强调如果自然资产缺失所造成的损失或恢复原状所需要的花费,从而引导人们从经济学角度重新认识生态系统与生物多样性的功能和服务价值,并将其应用到生态系统与生物多样性的保护中。     

生态系统经济服务价值的综合管理

随着生态系统的不断退化,我国开始从经济学角度展开生态系统与生物多样性保护的新思路并引入"生态系统与生物多样性经济学"。"生态系统与生物多样性经济学"侧重于帮助决策者认识和管理自然资本,这与着眼于国家层面国民经济核算的绿色核算存在一定的相似和互补性,两者结合起来,将有助于生态系统经济服务价值的综合管理,实现生态系统与生物多样性的保护。     

物种承载力与环境安全

在环境承载力概念与理论的基础之上,从物种承载力的概念提出入手,探讨了物种承载力的定义、特征及其综合功能.并且从环境安全的角度切入,叙述了环境安全的提出和内涵;并主要从生物多样性、生态现代化理论等方面对物种承载力与环境安全的关系进行了分析和论述.物种承载力是对环境承载力从物种角度的深入研究和拓展,在研究环境安全方面提供一个新的角度.     

生物高度多样性国家初探

本文论述了生物高度多样性国家的概念及这些国家对于保护世界生物多样性所具有的重要意义。重点介绍了7个生物高度多样性国家。讨论了生物高度多样性国家的确定,以及在确立保护生物多样性优先重点中的地位。     

若尔盖高原湿地生物多样性保护及其可持续利用

论述了川西北高寒湿地的自然概况及其形成原因,分析该区湿地的主要生物多样性价值,分布有具有世界意义的特有物种（黑颈鹤）和珍稀濒危物种,并且还分布有许多具有重要经济意义和具有科学研究价值的物种,但近几年来,人类活动的频繁干扰,如泥炭开采、过度放牧而破坏植被,再加上本区气候因素的特殊性,局部地区已引起沙化,使本区的生物多样性减少。由此而提出相应的生物多样性保护和可持续利用对策：协调人类活动与生物多样性保护的关系；严控载畜量,发展人工草场；发挥本地优势,利用泥炭治沙；建立湿地自然保护区；加强湿地立法     

城市生物多样性保护支付意愿影响因素及价值评估——以成都市温江区为例

以成都市温江区为例,采用条件价值法,通过调查居民对城市生物多样性保护的支付意愿,研究了温江区城市生态系统维护生物多样性的价值,并通过Logit回归模型分析了影响居民支付意愿的主要因素.结果表明:受访者对保护城市生态系统以维护生物多样性的支付意愿较高;在温江区受访者的年平均支付意愿为82.1元,得到维护温江区城市生物多样性的年均价值为331.6万元;在成都市受访者的平年均支付意愿为75.9元,得到温江区城市生态系统维护生物多样性的年均价值为9.1895亿元.影响受访者支付意愿的主要因素有受访者的居住地、年收入、对城市生物多样性的了解程度以及对城市生物多样性保护的态度.     

履行《生物多样性公约》的代价

如果我们致力于保护全世界现有丰富的生物多样性，我们就必须清楚地认识到：保护生物多样性是每个人和全社会做出的选择。这一选择是基于如何区分价值和供选择的可行性判断之上的。破坏和保护生物多样性是价值判断的结果，这种判断是在区分什么是自然和什么是生活期望的框架中进行的。地球上的生物多样性正在丧失和变化，人们从生物多样性利用和保护中得到的利益和为保护生物多样性所花费的代价是不成比例的，     

生物多样性保护与自然保护区关系探讨——以金佛山自然保护区为例

自然保护区的建设将促进生物多样性保护与可持续发展，而生物多样性保护也有利于自然保护区健康发展。两者之间存在紧密的联系，但在实际工作中，两者关系往往难以协调。本文以金佛山自然保护区为例，分别论述了自然保护区的功能以及保护生物多样性的重要性，从反而探讨了两者之间的关系。并针对金佛山自然保护区建设，与基于生物多样性开展的旅游业之间存在的问题提出了相应的建议。     

Non-market values of forest biodiversity and the impact of informing the general public: Insights from generalized multinomial logit estimations

Apart from the ethical argument around trade-off that individuals have to make between monetary and non-monetary value, application of stated preference method was exposed to another criticism related to the complexity of biodiversity issue and the capacity of the general public to provide accurate responses to willingness to pay elicitation survey. This paper tests how providing information about the ecological processes underlying forest management scenarios affects public preferences and their valuation of biodiversity in publicly owned forest land in France. The generalized multinomial logit models applied to choice experiment data suggests that all respondents adopt the same heuristics based on easily visible aspects of forest landscape, to reveal their use and nonuse values of biodiversity. However, when they receive additional ecological information, only those who are familiar with the biodiversity concept, have awareness of issues at stake, and have a regular use of forest tend to attach higher values to less known biodiversity component (fallen deadwood in this case). The paper concludes that “mass media campaign” has to be completed by environmental literacy programs, to improve people’s awareness and understanding of what biodiversity means from ecological functioning, then making economic valuation a useful tool from a conservation perspective.     

Counting biodiversity waste in industrial eco-efficiency: fisheries case study

The foundation for the creation of eco-efficiency metrics for industrial impacts on biodiversity is considered. Because biodiversity is the essence of life itself, these metrics are essential for effectiveness in the theory and practice of eco-efficiency, particularly in the case of primary natural resource extraction industries such as fishing and forestry. The case of fishing is examined, with particular attention to by-catch, lost nets, and habitat damage caused by mobile fishing gears. It is appropriate to examine fishing because industrial era impacts on marine biodiversity have been severe and are driving large and deleterious changes in marine ecosystems. For discarded by-catch, it is proposed that an eco-efficient metric for the value per unit mass of discarded fish can be set to be equivalent to that of the market value of the utilized catch. In estimating the eco-efficient value of the catch, the value of the discarded fish is then subtracted from the market value of the catch. Fish killed in lost nets can be treated similarly. It is more difficult to address marine habitat damage by mobile fishing gear, which has the highest potential for ecological injury.By using the approach proposed, negative eco-efficiencies are obtained under circumstances in which the collateral damage to biodiversity exceeds the economic benefit obtained. This is a logical outcome given the long-term effects of biodiversity decline. A metric is also proposed for assessing whether avoidance of harm to biodiversity, in the form of switching fishing gear, is required. Lastly it is proposed that metrics might be developed to provide eco-efficiency credit for companies taking effective actions to improve, or actively participate in, ecosystem-based fisheries management.     

青岛海域海洋生物多样性现状与安全度评估研究

本文从遗传、物种和生态系统三个方面分析青岛近海海域生物多样性的现状,界定海洋生物多样性安全度概念,建立海洋生物多样性安全度评价标准。结合青岛市2005~2014年经济社会与环境数据,分别从压力、状态和响应三方面选取22个评价指标构建青岛海域海洋生物多样性安全度评价指标体系,运用PSR模型实证分析评价青岛海域海洋生物多样性安全度。评估结果显示:近5 a青岛海域海洋生物多样性安全度指数分别为0.51962、0.36912、0.40251、0.29003、0.43150,安全度处于严峻状态。最后,针对青岛海域海洋生物多样性存在的诸多问题,从规范标准、环境保护和建立资源环境损害责任终身追究制三方面提出了相应对策建议,以期为青岛海洋生物多样性保护与管理提供决策参考。     

江苏沿海围垦对辐射沙脊群非使用价值的影响

江苏辐射沙脊群是世界上最大的潮间带辐射状沙脊群,拥有丰富的生物资源和独特的自然景观资源。在江苏沿海大开发的背景下,围垦沿海滩涂迅速进入全面实施阶段,并规划在2020年前完成18104 hm2围填海工程,工程的实施将会使沙脊群生物量减少,生物多样性和自然景观的美学价值降低。本文通过问卷调查的方式量化了2011年沙脊群生物多样性保护和景观保护的支付意愿,利用非使用价值损失评估方法,计算围垦对自然景观的损失为64.07亿元,生物多样性价值损失为8.36~9.31亿元,得出围填海对景观价值的损失明显高于生物多样性价值的损失。同时将沙脊群非使用价值损失纳入沿海围垦的成本效益分析,得到益本比应小于1.50,低于《江苏沿海滩涂围垦开发规划研究报告》的结论(2.15),表明现行的围垦效益分析夸大了经济效益,忽略了生态资源耗损和退化所造成的损失,本文研究反映的围垦开发活动成本效益更趋合理。此研究结果可为江苏省实施海洋生态补偿标准提供依据,对江苏沿海开发和管理有一定的参考意义。     

永定河上游流域水生态系统服务价值评估

张家口市是首都的水源涵养区和生态功能支撑区,流经该区域的永定河上游流域发挥着保育水资源的重要作用。为全面认识永定河上游流域水资源生态价值,对流域水生态各项服务功能开展定量评价。以2017年为基准年,综合采用InVEST模型与市场价值法系统评估研究区的水源供给量,以空间和货币的手段直观地表达该地区的水源供给情况;对于空间数据较难获取的地区,采用当量因子法评估水土保持与生物多样性价值;采用分摊法计算水生态旅游价值。结果表明：其总价值量为55.14亿元,约占张家口市各区县平均GDP（81.87亿元）的67.35%。其中,水源供给价值、水力发电价值、水产品生产价值、休闲娱乐价值等直接使用价值为28.64亿元,土壤保持、河流输沙、生物多样性等间接使用价值为26.50亿元,水源供给、休闲娱乐和水土保持功能对研究区域水生态系统价值提升和发展具有重要作用。研究区单位面积的生态价值和经济效益分别为0.35亿元和0.23亿元,生态价值远高于经济效益。本文因地制宜的综合评价方法提升了价值评估的科学性和可靠性,对于基础数据较为缺乏的地区,有一定的参考意义。     

Complementarity,biodiversity viability analysis,and policy-based algorithms for conservation

Biodiversity conservation “area-selection” strategies include not only trade-offs among society’s needs in land-use allocation, but also allocation of economic instruments such as incentives, levies, and biodiversity credits. For these applications, the key property of an area is its “complementarity”—the context-dependent, marginal gain in biodiversity provided by the area. Given that there has been little implementation of whole-sets of areas generated by the popular computer-based selection methods, we suggest that analogous “policy-based algorithms” would be a more effective real-world application of complementarity. Areas would be “selected” for conservation over time as a consequence of policies in which dynamic complementarity values influence application of economic instruments. These integrated biodiversity/economic strategies can use an extended form of complementarity reflecting marginal changes in regional probability of persistence of biodiversity. While probabilistic measures of biodiversity viability have been explored in area-selection for some time, it remains difficult to make viability statements about “all of biodiversity.” New approaches that use biodiversity surrogate information for “biodiversity viability analysis” (BVA) can take advantage of a general quantitative biodiversity framework in which pattern-based relationships among areas allow predictions at the species level. A standard assumption of “unimodal” species responses to environmental gradients yields an expected distribution of species in an ordination pattern, and allows sampling of inferred species. Based on environmental correlates, inferred species can be mapped in geographic space, forming distribution fragments. This information, when linked to species persistence models, may allow ongoing calculation of areas’ complementarity values. An example illustrates application of these ordination models to museum collection data for lizards from New South Wales (NSW), Australia.     

铁岭市莲花湖湿地生物多样性评价研究

在对莲花湖湿地物种现状进行调查分析、监测及统计的基础上,建立湿地生物多样性评价指标体系与赋值标准,从物种丰富度、生态系统类型多样性、物种特有性、外来物种入侵度四个一级指标及十五个二级指标对莲花湖湿地生物多样性进行了评价。莲花湖湿地生物多样性总评分为67分,结果表明莲花湖湿地生物多样性处于优秀水平,应继续加强对莲花湖湿地生态环境的恢复和管理。研究结果将为相关管理部门提供决策依据,为莲花湖湿地生物多样性的保护和管理打下基础。     

浅谈德宏州生物多样性及保护

德宏州具有得天独厚的自然环境,是云南省生物多样性保护的重点地区之一,保护和可持续地利用生物多样性显得十分重要。从德宏州生物多样性的基本现状、区域经济发展与生物多样性保护面临的问题等方面展开了讨论,提出了保护德宏州生物多样性的对策措施。     

Cost-effective forest conservation and criteria for potential conservation targets: a Finnish case study

Selecting reserves for forest biodiversity maintenance is often done by setting criteria for components of structural elements of biodiversity, such as a volume of decaying wood. We tested how the different threshold values for the components of structural elements affect the cost-effective site selection. Using Finnish National Forest Inventory information and remote sensing data, we determined a habitat quality index and economic value for each site in Satakunta region in Finland. Moreover, we defined several sets of potential conservation targets using alternative criteria for the habitat quality index developed for the Finnish case study. These figures were used in the site selection model in order to maximize the sum of habitat index of selected areas under a given budget constraint. We found that the production possibility frontier for the outputs of timber and biodiversity is only slightly concave when using the given threshold values. Thus, the optimal combination of the outputs is sensitive to the relative values of these goods. Our results suggest that an integrated approach in forest conservation could provide to environmental managers considerable cost savings compared with current management practices. Environmental managers could also reduce conservation costs by loosening the criteria for potential conservation targets. This would not lower considerably the quality of conserved forests.     

Agricultural intensification within agroforestry: The case of coffee and wood products

Compared to the environmental and conservation value as refuges for biodiversity, less is known about the social and economic value of shaded coffee systems. The agroforestry system can serve as a source of non-coffee products for diverse purposes. This study focuses on the role of shade trees in smallholder coffee farms, examining the wood products derived from the shaded coffee system. Data presented from surveys with 185 growers in Peru and 153 growers in Guatemala show that the consumption and sale of all non-coffee products account for a fifth to a third of the total value realized from the agroforestry system. Fuelwood and construction materials account for much of this value. Differences seen between countries can be traced to agricultural intensification – the degree to which the coffee agroforestry system is “technified” (i.e., managed with a reduced shade tree cover and diversity, high-yielding cultivars, agrochemical inputs, etc.) – as well as the relative demand for wood resources and farmers’ access to natural forest systems.