铝土矿浮选尾矿对水泥砂浆性能的影响

以铝土矿浮选尾矿为研究对象,探讨了烘干尾矿、尾矿浆用作水泥基材料掺和料的可行性,测定了其对砂浆基本性能的影响。结果表明,尾矿作为混合材料能显著缩短水泥的凝结硬化时间;尾矿作为掺和料能够增加砂浆的保水性,提高砂浆的吸水率,降低砂浆的稠度;掺入10%的尾矿对砂浆的密度和力学性能具有较好的改善作用。因此,尾矿作为掺和料是可行的,有利于消耗废渣,改善生态环境。     

微孔分布器对光催化臭氧氧化反应器传质的影响

为了开发高效的光催化臭氧氧化反应器,以不同孔径钛微孔气体分布器对臭氧气液传质性能进行了研究.考察了表观气速和表观液速对液相总传质系数的变化影响规律,获得了液相总传质系数与表观气速的关联公式和微孔板孔径与表观气速对液相总传质系数的经验关联公式.利用无因次吸收数对微孔分布器的性能进行了分析,得到不同表观气速下微孔分布器的性...     

利用废CRT屏玻璃为原料制备泡沫玻璃

以废阴极射线管(CRT)屏玻璃为主要原料,碳黑为起泡剂,采用粉末烧结法制备了低密度保温泡沫玻璃。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、导热系数测定仪等分析手段,研究了起泡剂的用量、发泡温度和发泡时间对泡沫玻璃泡径、密度、热学性能以及机械力学性能的影响。结果表明,在相同烧制工艺条件下,随起泡剂掺加量增加,烧制所得的泡沫玻璃密度成"V"型变化;当其掺加量为0.20%时,泡沫玻璃在密度、孔径分布以及力学性能上均达到最佳。随着发泡温度的提高和发泡时间的延长,密度会逐渐减小,泡沫玻璃的气泡会逐渐增大,以致产生连通现象。当发泡温度为820℃、发泡时间为30min时烧制的泡沫玻璃密度为0.180 g/cm3,导热系数为0.0695 W/(m.K)。     

脱硫灰用作钙质材料制备蒸压加气混凝土砖块

为实现半干法脱硫灰的资源化利用,采用半干法脱硫灰作为蒸压加气混凝土砖块中的钙质材料。对脱硫灰进行预处理,使其在含水量20%条件下消化2 h后,烘干。在其他条件不变情况下,掺入经过预处理后的脱硫灰,砖块的抗压强度会有明显的提高。增加经过预处理后的脱硫灰的掺入量,可以在不影响砖块的抗压强度性能的基础之上,降低砖块的干燥收缩值和导热系数,同时提高砖块的抗冻性能和保温隔热性能。     

高径比和底隙高度对内循环反应器性能的影响

建立了内循环反应器试验装置,综合研究了内循环反应器最重要的结构参数(高径比和底隙高度)对反应器主要性能参数(液体循环流速、总平均气含率、液体混合时间和体积氧传质系数)的影响.研究发现,表观气速存在一个不利于液体循环的过渡区,在该过渡区随表观气速增加,液体循环流速增大缓慢,甚至减小,但较高的底隙高度会减弱这种效应;在一定的表观气速和高径比下,随底隙高度增加,液体混合时间、总平均气含率先增大后减小;在一定的表观气速和底隙高度下,液体混合时间随着高径比增大而增大,体积氧传质系数、总平均气含率随高径比增加而减小.     

以堇青石和二氧化钛为载体脱硝催化剂性能

采用改性堇青石和锐钛型二氧化钛为载体,以偏钨酸氨为WO3(助剂)的前驱体,以偏钒酸铵为V2O5(活性组分)的前驱体,通过混合、挤出、干燥和煅烧等工艺制备出蜂窝式SCR脱硝催化剂,采用N2-吸附仪(BET)、X-射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、模拟烟气活性分析装置和磨损装置,再通过催化剂样品的吸水率和收缩率对比分析。考察催化剂样品的比表面积、晶相结构、耐磨损性能、脱硝活性及其吸水率和收缩率变化。结果表明,以10%堇青石和二氧化钛为载体制备出的催化剂比表面积大,晶相结构以堇青石和锐钛矿型二氧化钛为主,其磨损率低,吸水率和收缩率变化小,脱硝率在80%以上时,与商业催化剂相比,反应温度窗口从300～400℃拓宽为250～460℃。     

固体废弃物低温烧制优等节能保温砖强度机理及热性能分析

采用废弃物粉煤灰和煤矸石为主要原料焙烧实心墙体保温砖.正交实验优化结果为:焙烧温度950℃,低于实心粘土砖100℃的焙烧温度,属于低温焙烧.焙烧周期24 h,粉煤灰和煤矸石的掺量比是60%:35%,掺膨胀珍珠岩的保温砖B7抗压强度为30.25 MPa,达到普通粘土砖MU30优等级;导热系数为0.400 W/(m·K),低于普通粘土砖的导热系数0.78 W/(m·K);此外,B7的XRD图谱出现明显的石英、莫来石衍射特征峰及TGA-DTA图谱在900～1 200℃的区间,随着温度的升高,坯体吸热开始熔融玻化,产生晶型转变,使力学性能得到提高;SEM扫描可见:经950 ℃焙烧后,球体状的实心玻璃珠、珠状皱晶的珍珠岩、絮凝状的铝硅酸盐相,原料颗粒之间的间隙被枯性玻璃质所填充,使B7产生很高的力学强度.     

低温热水解对污泥触变性及脱水性能的影响

污泥经过热水解预处理后,其流变和理化性质发生了不可逆的变化。为实现后续污泥处理处置过程的最优化,分别采用触变动力学系数(K)和离心脱水泥饼的总固体含量(TS)作为污泥触变性及脱水性能的评价指标,系统研究低温热水解(60～90℃)对于污泥触变性及脱水性的影响。结果表明,热水解48 h后,污泥的触变性增大,脱水性能提高,且热水解温度的升高与触变性的增大和脱水性能的提高呈对数关系。污泥脱水性的提高与触变性的增强呈良好的线性关系,触变动力学系数有望成为比较污泥脱水性能的新工具,从流变学角度提出了评价污泥脱水性能的新方法。     

生活垃圾的控氧热转化中试实验

热解气化是固体废弃物能源化处置技术发展的主要方向,针对未分选混合生活垃圾,提出了一种新型两段式移动床固体废弃物控氧热转化反应装置。该反应器由两段结构组成:前段往复炉排作为垃圾的干燥热解段,后段旋转流化床作为物料燃尽段。实验研究发现,控制气化室过量空气系数对城市生活垃圾的热转化过程以及二恶英的产生、垃圾中重金属迁移转化等污染物的行为影响显著。气化室过量空气系数在0.5~0.7之间有利于提高二燃室和炉膛出口温度。从污染物的控制来讲,一次风过量空气系数在0.5,总的过量空气系数1.52左右对燃烧常规污染物和二恶英的控制最有利。从底渣和飞灰毒性上考虑,低的ER有利于底渣中的重金属浸出量,当ER≤0.3,底渣的浸出毒性均低于危险废弃物的浸出值,可作为一般废弃物处理。     

新型泡沫玻璃吸声材料

中美合资杭州万强新型建筑材料有限公司研究开发并批量生产的绝热、隔声、吸声泡沫玻璃新材料已在许多工程中应用。泡沫玻璃是利用废旧玻璃为原料 ,依托高科技 ,经发泡烧结而生产的一种新材料。密度为 1 45～ 1 60kg/m3 ,抗压和抗折强度均大于 0 .6MPa,吸水率≤ 0 .2 % ,导热系数 ( 35℃ )为 0 .0 5 8～ 0 .0 66W/MK。板材规格 60 0 mm× 45 0 mm× 1 0 0 mm。泡沫玻璃分为两大类 :第一类材料结构为盲孔 ,用于隔声、保温 ,例如墙体、地面和屋面的隔热、隔湿和隔声 ,冷库、储罐和管道的保温等 ;第二类材料结构为通孔 ,用于吸声。 5 0 mm厚 …     

孔结构和表面化学性质对活性炭吸附性能的影响

测定了室温下3种活性炭(GAC-C、GAC-P和GAC-T)对CO2、CH4和N2的吸附性能,并对颗粒活性炭孔结构和表面化学性质进行了表征,探讨了孔结构和表面化学性质对活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明:由于吸附机理、孔结构、表面含氧官能团和分子极性的差异,CO2、CH4和N2在活性炭上的饱和吸附量和吸附常数的关系为CO2>CH4>N2;CH4和N2的饱和吸附量主要受活性炭微孔孔容的影响,N2和CO2饱和吸附量的差异分别是由0.572～2.0 nm的微孔和0.4～6 nm的孔引起的;CH4吸附常数主要受较大中孔和大孔影响,N2吸附常数与微孔密切相关,大孔对CO2的吸附常数影响最大。     

生物强化处理石油污染土壤理化性质和微生物学特性的纵向分布特征

采用原位强化生物修复技术对某区块石油污染土壤进行为期16个月的生物修复,考察了处置后污染土壤理化性质、微生物学特性以及石油烃组成的纵向分布特征。实验结果表明,经过修复后各土层的石油烃去除率是表层土IN-3(50.42%)中层土IN-2(23.54%)底层土IN-1(10.51%);IN-1处于缺氧环境,存在硫酸盐还原和反硝化作用,使得土壤pH值从7.86±0.03降低至7.27±0.03,土壤总氮从2.53±0.13 g/kg降低至0.77±0.04 g/kg;厌氧菌的种群数量是IN-1(10.43±0.71×104CFU/g)IN-3(6.74±0.39×104CFU/g)IN-2(5.15±0.42×104CFU/g),放线菌数量与石油烃含量显著负相关(r=-0.989,p=0.0110.05);IN-3对饱和份和芳香份的降解率最高,分别达到了70.27%和54.52%,远高于IN-2和IN-1;模拟蒸馏结果表明,IN-3正构烷烃得到了很大程度的去除,缺氧的IN-1对正构烷烃去除得较少;厌氧菌数量与胶质和沥青质去除率之间成正相关关系,对于污染源较为分散的污染区域,采用原位生物强化修复时可以考虑引入厌氧修复。     

森林降水化学的变化特征和机理

研究并比较了湖南酸雨区韶山小集水区林内降水的化学特征，结果表明，与大气降水相比，穿冠水和地表穿透水中的富集的离子浓度除了NO3^-和Na^ 外均明显增加，到达地表的降水离子增加倍数最高达34．3倍；离子总量最高倍数为8．1倍，乔木树冠层的离子富集作用大于灌木层。韶山的大气降水、穿冠水和地表穿透水的年均pH分别为4．61、5．54和5．85。持续大量的降水对森林上空的污染物有较高的清除效果。     

苯酚对革胡子鲇血液指标的影响

研究了不同浓度苯酚处理24h后对革胡子鲇血液指标的影响，结果表明，苯酚浓度为5－30mg/L时能使鱼红血球数，血红蛋白值，红细胞脆性值，血浆晶体渗透压及血浆电率下降，苯酚浓度越高，下降幅度越大，而红细胞沉降率随苯酚浓度增高而增大，20mg/L浓度的苯酚处理24h后鱼红细胞体积变小，文中对实验结果进行了分析讨论。     

胞外多聚物对活性污泥絮凝性能影响的研究进展

活性污泥的絮凝性能直接影响出水SS浓度,而胞外多聚物(EPS)是影响活性污泥絮凝性能的重要因素。从EPS的组分及其化学性质入手,结合现有的活性污泥絮凝机制评价了EPS在活性污泥絮凝性能中的重要作用,系统分析了EPS组分对污泥絮凝性能的影响,以及EPS产量和组分的影响因素,并就近年来的研究热点———松散层EPS、致密层EPS与活性污泥絮凝性能的关系进行了归纳,还对利用EPS提高活性污泥絮凝性能的技术应用进行了总结。最后,对该领域的研究方向进行了展望。     

水环境中腐殖酸的荷电特性与聚集特性

通过腐殖酸的Zeta电位和粒径的变化规律研究,探讨化学条件对腐殖酸的荷电状态和聚集状态的影响。结果表明,腐殖酸具有自我凝聚的特性;在pH较低和溶液离子强度较高时,腐殖酸胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值减小而聚合度增大,从而使腐殖酸胶粒聚集而凝聚;随腐殖酸浓度增大,腐殖酸胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值增大,腐殖酸胶粒的缩聚程度降低而使粒径减小。     

The bioaccumulation of Molybdenum in the earthworm Eisenia andrei: influence of soil properties and ageing

Mo bioaccumulation in the earthworm Eisenia andrei was determined after 28 d exposure in ten different European field soils (pH 4.4-7.8) and an artificial soil, freshly spiked with Na₂MoO₄ at concentrations between 3.2 and 3200 mg Mo kg⁻¹ dry soil. Three field soils were also tested after ageing for 11 months. Earthworm Mo concentrations generally levelled off at high exposure levels but in most soils showed a (nearly) linear increase with increasing soil concentrations in the lower, non-toxic range (below EC10 or NOEC for reproduction effects). Bioaccumulation (BAF) and Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were calculated as the ratio of earthworm concentration to soil and estimated porewater concentrations, respectively. BAFs (0.35-3.44) and BCFs (1.31-276) did not seem much affected by soil concentration, suggesting that earthworms are not capable of regulating their internal Mo concentrations. BAF was best predicted by ammonium oxalate-extractable iron (Fe_ox) and phosphor (P_ox) contents of the soils.     

生石灰稳定干化对生活污泥理化性质的影响

生活污泥添加其干基质量6%、12%和18%生石灰稳定干化30 d,对不同时期混合物的理化指标进行取样分析。研究结果表明,生石灰稳定干化污泥,污泥的脱水性能得到有效改善,有机质和氮素的损失率分别为14%～29%和23%～26%,磷素含量稳定;微生物检测表明添加18%的生石灰能够有效杀死蛔虫卵。     

Regional differences of column-related aerosol parameters in Germany

With the development of satellite experiments supplementary and validating ground-based measurements are gaining growing importance for the inference and evaluation of radiation-related aerosol parameters. Both kinds of measurements have been conducted and interpreted mainly under globally or locally restricted aspects for a limited time period only. Results are presented from four rural regions (coastal zone, lowlands, highlands, high mountain); they are column-related aerosol parameters, deduced from monitoring programs of spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) as well as almucantar sky irradiance measurements. After 13 years of continuous measurements of trends and variations in aerosol optical depths, these results are based on 5 years of data collection (1994–1998). There are significant differences among the parameters of the four regions when related to the inversion method of the AOD spectra. A clear interdependence was found between all column-related parameters and the real part of the refractive index, which in turn depends on the chosen retrieval method. The differences among the four regions are characterized mainly by their different altitudes, with relative humidity being responsible for their internal variation. An increase in the relative humidity from 35 to 55–60% influences the most interesting parameters such as refractive index (real part), hemispheric backscattered fraction b, and direct radiative forcing ΔF as follows: The real part of the refractive index decreases from 1.6±0.05 to 1.42±0.04, b decreases by 8–10%, and, due to the increase in AOD, ΔF increases by about 20% in the spectral region 0.4–1.0 μm. The quantities of the parameters depend on the retrieval methods too.     

Simulation of aerosol direct radiative forcing with RAMS-CMAQ in East Asia

The air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ is developed to assess aerosol direct radiative forcing by linking simulated meteorological parameters and aerosol mass concentration with the aerosol optical properties/radiative transfer module in this study. The module is capable of accounting for important factors that affect aerosol optical properties and radiative effect, such as incident wave length, aerosol size distribution, water uptake, and internal mixture. Subsequently, the modeling system is applied to simulate the temporal and spatial variations in mass burden, optical properties, and direct radiative forcing of diverse aerosols, including sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, organic carbon, dust, and sea salt over East Asia throughout 2005. Model performance is fully evaluated using various observational data, including satellite monitoring of MODIS and surface measurements of EANET (Acid Deposition Monitoring Network), AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network), and CSHNET (Chinese Sun Hazemeter Network). The correlation coefficients of the comparisons of daily average mass concentrations of sulfate, PM2.5, and PM10 between simulations and EANET measurements are 0.70, 0.61, and 0.64, respectively. It is also determined that the modeled aerosol optical depth (AOD) is in congruence with the observed results from the AERONET, the CSHNET, and the MODIS. The model results suggest that the high AOD values ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 are mainly distributed over the Sichuan Basin as well as over central and southeastern China, in East Asia. The aerosol direct radiative forcing patterns generally followed the AOD patterns. The strongest forcing effect ranging from −12 to −8 W m⁻² was mainly distributed over the Sichuan Basin and the eastern China’s coastal regions in the all-sky case at TOA, and the forcing effect ranging from −8 to −4 W m⁻² could be found over entire eastern China, Korea, Japan, East China Sea, and the sea areas of Japan