Carabids in a Spring Wheat Agrocenosis to the South of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Effect of Insecticide Treatment on Their Populations

Species composition, community structure, and seasonal population dynamics of carabids in spring wheat fields were studied in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg. In addition, the effects of crop treatment with the pyrethroid insecticide Decis on carabid populations was analyzed. The results showed that the numbers, species diversity, and the prevalence of certain trophic groups of carabids changed during the season. After the treatment of small areas with Decis, the number of carabids in catches decreased for a short period of time. During the second and third weeks after the treatment, the numbers of carabids increased above the control level. The structural rearrangement of the carabid community was observed in the areas treated with the insecticide.     

Current state and long-term changes of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crenomytilus grayanus</Emphasis> community in Vostok Bay,Sea of Japan

The composition and structure of the Gray mussel (Crenomytilus grayanus) community in Vostok Bay of the Sea of Japan have been studied. A total of 165 species have been identified in the macrobenthos. Its species composition has changed insignificantly since the 1970s. The total biomass of the biocenosis has decreased, and the size-age composition of the C. grayanus population has changed due to poaching. The trophic structure of the community has also changed, with the Shannon indices of species diversity and equitability (E) becoming lower, due to intensive organic pollution of Vostok Bay resulting from increasing recreational activities and sewage discharge.     

三峡水库忠县至秭归县段消落带植被群落特征研究

为了研究三峡水库周期性的水位调节对消落带植被群落特征的影响，选择重庆忠县至宜昌秭归段的消落带植被群落进行研究，运用重要值和多样性指数分析不同高程的植物种类组成、生活型分布特征及物种多样性。结果表明：（1）研究区域统计植物共32科70属73种，禾本科、菊科和豆科是3个优势科，单种、属现象明显；狗牙根、苍耳、鬼针草、苘麻、鳢肠、酸模叶蓼、莲子草是3个高程的共存种，其中，狗牙根和苍耳在3个高程均为优势物种。（2）研究区域共统计11种植物生活型，在消落带下部和中部，一年生草本植物占绝对优势；在消落带上部，多年生草本植物成为优势生活型，生活型类型多样化，蕨类、藤本、灌木以及乔木植物开始出现。（3）消落带植物群落的丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数均随海拔变化表现出显著差异，并且随海拔升高呈现上升趋势。由此可见，水位变化对植物群落结构和物种多样性产生很大影响，在低海拔区段，消落带物种组成简单化，耐水淹和繁衍能力强的植物成为优势物种；随着海拔上升，水淹胁迫减弱，出现更多适应水位变化的植物种类，使植物群落沿海拔变化形成不同的分布特征。这些研究结果对三峡库区消落带生态修复植物的筛选，以及物种多样性的提高具有参考价值。     

Structural-temporal organization of a rodent community in the Teletskaya Taiga,Altai Mountains

The structural-temporal organization of a murine rodent community in the taiga has been studied near Lake Teletskoe, Mountain Altai. The results show that the long-term dynamics of indices characterizing community diversity depend mainly on changes in the structure of dominance rather than on the population dynamics of species. The distribution of species in the factor space corresponds to their preference for certain biotopes, from dry to relatively moist. An analysis of relationships within the rodent community has revealed the synchronous dynamics of species abundance and antiphase pattern of changes in the structural indices of dominant species.     

Residual Effect of Induced Water Stress and Nitrogen Addition on the Mycobiota in Scots Pine Stands

Mycobiota (fungi, lichens and myxomycetes) was examined in permanent plots following experiments of artificial drought (D) and nitrogen addition (N) and compared with untreated forest (C), in Scots pine stand planted on Arenosols. Species diversity and relationships between fungal community structure and environmental variables (plant species numbers and cover, bryophyte cover, soil and bark pH, tree mortality) were explored. Both D and N treatments lead to decrease of fungal species in general, however, responses of individual trophic and ecological groups varied. The strongest effect of the treatments was observed for soil fungi, especially mycorrhizal: numbers of fruiting species and ectomycorrhizal root tips decreased, and species composition has changed. Saprotrophic fungi reacted by changes in species composition but not in numbers. Of the studied environmental variables, the most significant effect on mycobiota had bryophyte and vascular plant cover as well as vascular plant species numbers.     

长江中游监利江段鱼类群落结构研究

基于2013~2015年、2017~2018年长江中游监利江段的鱼类资源监测数据，采用多样性指数和多元统计方法分析该江段的鱼类群落结构特征。研究表明:5年共监测到鱼类68种，隶属于6目13科，其中鲤形目共46种；2018年监测的鱼类种类数要多于其他年份。各年份的均匀度指数值相差不大，2018年Shannon Wiener指数值和Margalef丰富度指数值要大于前面4个年份，优势度指数值有一定波动，但值均偏低。ABC曲线及W统计表明2013年和2014年鱼类群落结构受到了人类活动的严重扰动，而2015、2017和2018年受到人类活动的扰动程度不大。聚类分析和非度量多维尺度分析显示鱼类群落可以分为三组，但相似性分析表示三组间无明显差异。     

Specific Structural Features of Zooplankton in Lakes Differing in Trophic Status: Species Populations

The index of cenotic significance and other indices calculated on its basis were used for revealing specific structural features of zooplanktonic communities in lakes differing in productivity. The results showed that new indices (complexity coefficient, index of cenotic significance of dominant species, and integrated cenotic significance of the zooplankton) strongly correlate with the trophic status of the water body and are more responsive to changes in the structure of the community than the Shannon–Weaver index of species diversity. The results confirm the hypothesis that the structure of zooplankton is simplified in the course of lake eutrophication.     

大坝截流前后金沙江观音岩水电站鱼类群落功能多样性的变化

人类活动通过对非生物因素和生物多样性的作用从而对生态系统功能产生了巨大的影响。大量的理论和实验研究表明,物种功能性状在连接群落组成改变和生态系统进程转变中起着重要作用。由于物种功能性状的差异,栖息环境改变后,群落中容易适应新环境的物种占据优势,难以适应的物种数量减少甚至消失,从而导致整个群落结构发生改变,进而使整个生态系统进程发生转变。通过评价金沙江观音岩水电站大坝截流前后鱼类群落组成情况,结合不同种类功能性状的差异,采用生物多样性评估方法和功能多样性指数分析方法两种不同手段,对比分析截流前后大坝下游鱼类群落结构和功能多样性的变化,从而分析大坝建设的生态效应。结果表明:Bray-Curtis相异指数前后差异较大,辛普森指数无明显变化;功能多样性指数的变化表明大坝截流对水体中体型较大,口下位,食谱宽度较窄的鱼类生存和活动造成了一定的破坏,导致拥有这些特征的鱼类数量减少甚至消失,降低了下游鱼类群落的功能多样性,进而对该区域整个生态系统功能产生影响。     

葛洲坝水库鱼类群落结构特征研究

2009~2010年的5~6月和11~12月在葛洲坝库区进行了鱼类资源调查，分析了鱼类群落结构特征。调查期间共收集到鱼类6目10科55种，其中鲤科物种数最多，占总种数的673%。5~6月和11~12月的鱼类群落结构组成、Shannon Wiener多样性指数没有显著差异（〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<005）。库区内优势种为贝氏〖FK（W1。1〗〖PS餐鱼1.eps〗〖FK）〗、鳊、〖FK（W1。1〗〖PS餐鱼1.eps〗〖FK）〗和蛇鮈，优势种个体较小，平均体长分别为914±157、2197±353、867±160和1025±223 mm。分析发现，静水缓流型和江湖洄游型鱼类是葛洲坝库区主要的鱼类类群，分别占渔获物重量的502%和465%。丰度生物量比较曲线显示，葛洲坝库区鱼类群落结构受到中度干扰。根据生态类群分析，葛洲坝库区的鱼类群落结构与三峡库区相似，但与葛洲坝坝下江段和建坝前流水环境的鱼类群落结构相比，有明显的差异，说明水文条件变化对鱼类群落结构有明显的影响     

尼洋河不同河段浮游植物群落多样性差异研究

2009年8月对尼洋河流域浮游植物群落的种类组成、分布和数量特征进行了调查：共发现浮游植物共26属74种(变种)，以硅藻为主，大多数种类的相对丰富度较低，优势种不明显，平均相对丰富度大于5%的种类分别是极细微曲壳藻(90%)、弧型蛾眉藻线形变种(54%)、中型脆杆藻(53%)和尖针杆藻(5%)；其出现频次分别是19、20、17和20次。种类分布均匀，平均细胞密度为225×104 ind./L，远低于一般河流和湖泊。分析显示绝大多数样点浮游植物的多样性和均匀度指数都很高，其均值分别为364和095。以上结果表明该流域浮游植物群落结构比较复杂、处于较完整的稳定状态，体现了尼洋河流域贫营养河流水体的特征。TWINSPAN和DCA分析表明海拔高度和环境的稳定程度可能是影响该流域浮游植物群落多样性的主要因子     

乌江梯级电站开发对大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构和多样性的影响

为了解乌江贵州段的底栖动物资源现状以及梯级电站开发对底栖动物群落结构和多样性的影响，对18个断面的底栖动物进行了调查。底栖动物多样性通过Shannon Wiener多样性指数进行计算。结果显示：自然河段中，底栖动物物种丰富，以节肢动物占优势，物种丰富度和密度均以思南断面最高，生物多样性则以沿河二桥断面最高；群落类型复杂，环节动物 软体动物 节肢动物为优势群落，软体动物为群落中的优势类群。梯级水库的修建使底质环境差异变小，底栖动物物种丰度、密度和生物多样性降低，群落类型趋于简单，优势类群表现不明显，并且水库建成的年代越久,底栖动物的丰度、密度就越低,群落的组成类群就越少，物种组成以寡毛类和摇蚊类为主。研究表明,梯级电站的修建对底栖动物的物种组成、密度分布、多样性、群落类型等都造成了负面影响。〖     

Bacterial community changes during fir needle litter decomposition in an alpine forest in eastern Tibetan Plateau

Bacterial community plays an important role in litter decomposition. Although the changes of bacterial community as litter decomposition proceeding can be regulated by frozen temperature and changed litter quality in cold regimes, little information has been available on. Therefore, the structure and diversity of the bacterial community in Minjiang fir (Abies faxoniana) needle litter were measured in an alpine forest in eastern Tibetan Plateau. The litter samples were sampled at the onset of the freezing stage, the deep freezing stage, the thawing stage, the early growing season and the late growing season from December 2010 to November 2011. The methods of real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) coupled with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were used. The copy numbers of bacterial 16S rDNA in the fir needle litter changed significantly as litter decomposition proceeding. The abundance of bacterial 16S rDNA was significantly lower at the deep freezing stage but highest at the thawing stage. A large number of bands were observed on the DGGE gel; the intensities and distances of the bands were significantly different among the samples at different stages; the indexes of bacterial diversity at the onset of the freezing and deep freezing stages were lower than them at the other stages. All of the bacterial sequences were affiliated with six distinct classes and an unknown group. Redundancy analysis indicated that moisture, mass loss and the release of litter elements (e.g., C, N, P) exerted obvious influences over the bacterial communities.     

上海滩涂春季鸻形目鸟类群落及围垦后生境选择

上海市位于长江口，拥有大量可开发的滩涂资源，但是由于不合理的开发方式，滩涂景观和生物群落发生改变。在2004年春季，鸻形目鸟类迁徙中转停留时，实地调查位于上海东部沿岸的10个调查点，研究滩涂生境指标与鸻形目鸟类群落关系。此次观察到的鸻形目鸟类有13种，优势种有尖尾滨鹬和黑腹滨鹬，而20年前的类似调查则观察到23种，优势种为黑腹滨鹬、细嘴滨鹬和红颈滨鹬。通过分析滩涂结构、植被分布与鸻形目鸟类群落之间的关系发现鸻形目鸟类对生境选择中，滩涂结构完整度、藨草带和光滩带的宽度、周边景观的多样性、人为干扰程度都是影响鸻形目鸟类栖息地选择的关键因子。最后，分析了鸻形目鸟类群落与栖息地景观的关系，并就如何改善围垦堤内的生态环境提出一些建议。     

上海滩涂春季鸻形目鸟类群落及围垦后生境选择

上海市位于长江口,拥有大量可开发的滩涂资源,但是由于不合理的开发方式,滩涂景观和生物群落发生改变。在2004年春季,鸻形目鸟类迁徙中转停留时,实地调查位于上海东部沿岸的10个调查点,研究滩涂生境指标与鸻形目鸟类群落关系。此次观察到的鸻形目鸟类有13种,优势种有尖尾滨鹬和黑腹滨鹬,而20年前的类似调查则观察到23种,优势种为黑腹滨鹬、细嘴滨鹬和红颈滨鹬。通过分析滩涂结构、植被分布与鸻形目鸟类群落之间的关系发现鸻形目鸟类对生境选择中,滩涂结构完整度、藨草带和光滩带的宽度、周边景观的多样性、人为干扰程度都是影响鸻形目鸟类栖息地选择的关键因子。最后,分析了鸻形目鸟类群落与栖息地景观的关系,并就如何改善围垦堤内的生态环境提出一些建议。     

中国生物多样性保护适应气候变化的对策

基于气候变化对生物多样性影响的总结分析,初步提出了我国生物多样性保护适应气候变化的对策。气候变化对生物物候、分布、迁移活动、群落结构、栖息地质量、生态系统和景观多样性都产生了一定影响,未来将产生更深刻的影响。我国生物多样性保护适应气候变化需要从物种有效保护、自然保护区规划与管理、灾害防御等方面进行。     

长湖鱼类群落结构的时空变化

为系统阐明长湖鱼类群落结构特征,2014年3~11月对长湖鱼类群落结构的空间差异和季节动态进行了较为全面的调查。结果表明,长湖共调查到鱼类43种,隶属于7目14科37属,主要为湖泊定居型鱼类;大湖区和海子湖区鱼类优势种组成虽存在一定的差异,但鲫、鰐、鲤和达氏鲌为两个湖区的共同优势种;长湖鱼类群落的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为0.53~2.30、0.52~2.02和0.24~0.66,除丰富度指数外,均表现为5月或8月相对较高;聚类和MDS排序分析结果表明长湖鱼类群落分为两大类群,呈现显著的时空异质性;ABC曲线显示长湖优势鱼类以小型鱼类或大型鱼类的幼体为主,且已受到不同程度的干扰。针对长湖鱼类资源已出现衰退,建议在拆除围网/拦网养殖、取缔有害渔具的同时,考虑增殖放流、栽种水生植物等措施来达到长湖鱼类资源保护和可持续利用的目的。     

退田还湖对洞庭湖鸟类群落结构的影响

通过5年的跟踪调查,发现洞庭湖的民宅堤垸与退田还湖的垸子鸟类群落有着明显的区别,前者的常见鸟类有22种,后者有66种,且群落成分差异明显（Moumtforyd系数：0.371 62）。无论耕作区还是退田还湖区的鸟类群落结构都具有明显的季相变化。每年10月底至翌年的3月为冬季鸟类群落;4~9月为夏季鸟类群落。退田还湖后的鸟类群落变迁具有特定的规律性,共分为3个时期：第一阶段为群落结构混乱期,时间为1年左右;第二阶段为新的群落格局初现期,时间为2~4年;第三阶段为稳定的野生鸟类物群落期,时间在退田还湖后的4~5年。     

长江荆江段浮游生物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解长江荆江段浮游生物的群落结构特征以及其与环境因子之间的关系，于2017年3、6、9和12月对荆江7个采样断面的左右岸共14个采样点的浮游生物群落结构及水文、水质参数进行了调查。结果表明：荆江采集到浮游植物7门67属135种(含变种)，以硅藻门（51.85%）和绿藻门（25.19%）为主。浮游植物的丰度均值为73.16×10 4 cells./L，生物量均值为0.87 mg/L，上荆江各采样断面间浮游植物丰度和生物量变化不明显，下荆江浮游植物的丰度和生物量表现从上游到下游逐渐增高的趋势。优势种为硅藻门的颗粒沟链藻和梅尼小环藻。Margalef 丰富度指数是0.83，Pielou均匀度指数是0.80和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数是1.90，下荆江的丰富度指数和多样性指数大于上荆江，说明上荆江比下荆江污染严重。典范对应分析溶氧、温度、氨氮是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要因素。浮游动物48属81种，其中轮虫最多（37.04%），其次是原生动物（25.93%）和枝角类（23.46%）。浮游动物丰度均值为6.32 ind./L，生物量均值为88×10-3 mg/L，上荆江浮游动物丰度和生物量低于下荆江。浮游动物优势种为冠砂壳虫、桡足类无节幼体和剑水蚤一种。Margalef 丰富度指数是5.2，Pielou均匀度指数是0.84和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数是1.32，下荆江的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数均大于上荆江，说明上荆江比下荆江污染严重。冗余分析显示温度、溶氧和氨氮是影响浮游动物群落结构的主要因素。     

Dynamics of herbaceous layer structure around the nests of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Formica aquilonia</Emphasis> Yarr. at initial stages of their formation

The time course of changes in characteristics of herbaceous vegetation around Formica aquilonia Yarr. ant nests formed from artificially relocated fragments of original families was studied over 6 years. At the initial stage of nest formation, species richness and diversity of the herbaceous layer decreased, and its taxonomic, spatial, phytocenotic, and ecological structure changed. Trivialization of vegetation around anthills was observed. The proportion of zoochorous and anemophilous plants with narrow or strongly dissected leaves increased in the developing myrmecotopic assemblages.     

水温分层对香溪河库湾浮游植物功能群季节演替的影响

三峡水库水环境问题近年来引起社会广泛关注，以浮游植物功能群为基础，通过对2010年1~12月香溪河库湾水温、浮游植物等进行跟踪监测，探究支流库湾浮游植物群落结构演替趋势及其影响因子。结果表明：香溪河库湾2010年共出现18个浮游植物功能群，其中B、X1、P、Y、X2、D、LO、J、MP、G是代表性功能群；水温分层的季节性发育和消失是浮游植物群落结构演替的主要影响因素；冬季以耐受水温及光照限制的CS/S策略藻种为主；春季弱分层时，CR/R策略藻种适宜生长；夏季汛期时，呈现CR/R/C/CS多种策略藻种混生格局，强分层时，适宜稳定生境的S型策略藻种占据优势；秋季分层被打破，群落结构演替为耐受频繁波动环境的R型群落格局占优势