闽西梅花山自然保护区环境质量研究

通过对闽西梅花山自然保护区水体、大气、土壤环境质量的采样、分析、查明了保护区三大环境要素水、气、土中污染的含量，结果表明，该保护区的核心区基本未受人类活动的影响，其环境质量接近自然本底值。     

大丰麋鹿保护区生境改造的探讨

大丰麋鹿保护区是以麋鹿的回归引种和保护为主要目的而建立的。１０年来，麋鹿的种群由建区时从国外回归的３９头发展到目前的２６８头，对引种、保存和恢复麋鹿种群作出了巨大贡献。但种群的不断扩大，也导致了半野生放养区生态环境质量的下降，解决这个问题的办法，一是扩大半野生放养区的面积；二是通过有效途径改善放养区的生态环境，提高单位面积的载畜量。本文就保护区生境的改造问题，提出相应的对策措施和建议     

大丰麋鹿保护区生境改造的探讨

大丰麋鹿保护区是以麋鹿的回归引种和保护为主要目的而建立的。１０年来，麋鹿的种群由建区时从国外回归的３９头发展到目前的２６８头，对引种、保存和恢复麋鹿种群作出了巨大贡献。但种群的不断扩大，也导致了半野生放养区生态环境质量的下降，解决这一问题的办法，一是扩在半野生放养区的面积，二是通过有效途径改善放养区的生态环境，提高单位面积的载畜量。本文就保护区生境的改造问题，提出相应的对策措施和建议。     

江苏省盐城自然保护区周围地区乡镇工业污染状况及发展方向

在盐城自然保护区周围建立一个环境良好的过渡带,是做好珍禽保护工作的一个重要方面。本文以1988年保护区周围乡镇工业污染源调查资料和历年来在保护区越冬的丹顶鹤数量为依据,从污染企业的比例、污染物排放量、排放强度、主要污染物及水环境和大气环境质量等方面,说明周围乡镇工业的发展,尚未对保护区的环境和丹顶鹤等珍禽的栖息产生明显的影响。但是,由于保护区的环境质量要求高,本区乡镇工业又正在迅速发展,因而必须重视乡镇工业的污染问题。本文认为,应当采取以下污染防治措施,以保证本区乡镇工业沿着正确的方向发展:1.统筹兼顾,优化工业布局;2.调整产业结构;3.强化环境管理。     

贵州省雷公山自然保护区发展现状及其对策

雷公山自然保护区以秃杉等珍稀濒危物种和中亚热带山地森林生态系统为主要保护对象。１０多年来，保护区在认真做好自然保护工作的同时，引导地方群众发展生产、脱贫致富，探索了许多适度开发当地资源的实用技术和有效的经济发展模式，促进了地方经济发展，改善了当地群众生活，增强了保护区经济活力。在分析保护区发展现状的基础上，针对目前存在问题，提出保护区今后发展的对策措施。     

IUCN保护区分类系统与中国自然保护区分类标准的比较

通过对世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)和我国分类系统的比较，提出应该根据我国生物多样性、自然及其相关文化资源保护和维持的现状及特点，参照IUCN保护区分类系统，尽快制定出我国新的保护区分类系统。新分类系统应该以保护区主要管理目标为基本依据，同时综合考虑保护对象的特点及人类干扰程度来确定保护区类型，从而促进保护区的规范管理和进一步发展，实现自然保护与可持续发展的双重目标。     

新西兰保护区管理及其对中国的启示

在分析了新西兰保护区的管理体系、管理模式、法律政策和资金来源基础上，从建立完善的保护区管理体系、完善法律政策、有节度的开放式管理、公众参与、加大保护区科研投入以及资金筹集与国际合作6方面探讨了新西兰保护区管理的成功经验对中国的启示。     

贵州省雷公山自然保护区发展现状及其对策

雷公山自然保护区以秃杉等珍稀濒危物种和中亚热带山地森林生态系统为主要保护对象，１０多年来，保护区在认真做好自然保护工作的同时，引导地方群众发展生产、脱贫致富、探索了许多适度开发当地资源的实用技术和有效的经济发展模式，促进了经济地方经济发展，改善了当发群众生活，增强了保护区经济活力。在分析保护区发展现状的基础上，针对目前存在问题，提出保护区今后发展的对策措施。     

西藏自治区自然保护区事业的现状和展望

介绍了西藏自治区保护区事业的发展概况和现状，指出了目前保护区建设与管理中存在的主要问题，对今后保护区的规划与发展提出了意见和建议。     

中国海洋自然保护区功能分区模式及分类管理初探

我斟海洋自然保护区目前正处于高速发展过程中，保护区已有的功能分区模式已不能满足保护区建设和管理工作的需要。本文通过对海洋自然保护区的功能分区的分析探讨，提出不同类型的保护区应采用不同的功能分区模式进行管理。另外，以中华白海豚自然保护区为例，在分析其功能分区和种群分布特点的基础上，提出了不设核心区模式。最后，提出在保护区高速发展的同时，应加强海洋自然保护区本身的研究，应加强保护区的分类及功能分区的研究。     

The Effect of Incremental Reserve Design and Changing Reservation Goals on the Long-Term Efficiency of Reserve Systems

Abstract:  Selecting reserve areas based on percentages, such as 10% or 12% of a bioregion, is common in conservation planning despite widespread admission that such percentages are arbitrary and likely to be inadequate for the conservation of all biodiversity. Reserve systems based on these relatively low percentage targets are likely to require expansion in the future, resulting in the assembly of reserve systems over many years (incremental reserve design). How then will incremental reserve design, such as increasing percentage targets over time, affect the long-term efficiency of marine reserve systems? We used South Australia as a case study to investigate how changing percentage targets affects the contribution of individual planning units to efficient reserve design. Selection frequency counts provided a measure of a planning unit's conservation value. For the majority of planning units, changing targets led to a change in their conservation value indicating, for example, that planning units identified as high-value sites at a low-percentage conservation target may be of lesser importance when targets are increased. Despite the variability in the value of individual planning units at different targets, there was no loss in efficiency from incremental design of reserve systems based on systematic methods compared with purpose-built reserve systems (i.e., the system is assembled in a single iteration). The exception was when incrementally designed systems were based on South Australia's existing marine reserve system—a system developed in an ad hoc method. The result was reserve systems that were less efficient, less compact, and larger in size. This suggests that systematic approaches have an important role for efficient reserve design when there is uncertainty about the target level of reservation .     

Accounting for system dynamics in reserve design.

Systematic conservation plans have only recently considered the dynamic nature of ecosystems. Methods have been developed to incorporate climate change, population dynamics, and uncertainty in reserve design, but few studies have examined how to account for natural disturbance. Considering natural disturbance in reserve design may be especially important for the world's remaining intact areas, which still experience active natural disturbance regimes. We developed a spatially explicit, dynamic simulation model, CONSERV, which simulates patch dynamics and fire, and used it to evaluate the efficacy of hypothetical reserve networks in northern Canada. We designed six networks based on conventional reserve design methods, with different conservation targets for woodland caribou habitat, high-quality wetlands, vegetation, water bodies, and relative connectedness. We input the six reserve networks into CONSERV and tracked the ability of each to maintain initial conservation targets through time under an active natural disturbance regime. None of the reserve networks maintained all initial targets, and some over-represented certain features, suggesting that both effectiveness and efficiency of reserve design could be improved through use of spatially explicit dynamic simulation during the planning process. Spatial simulation models of landscape dynamics are commonly used in natural resource management, but we provide the first illustration of their potential use for reserve design. Spatial simulation models could be used iteratively to evaluate competing reserve designs and select targets that have a higher likelihood of being maintained through time. Such models could be combined with dynamic planning techniques to develop a general theory for reserve design in an uncertain world.     

河南太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区功能区调整与生态影响

针对拟建济晋高速公路工程对太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区的负面生态影响,提出了保护区功能区调整方案,进而分析了功能区调整对保护区的正面生态影响,并就生态保护与补偿措施问题提出了建议与对策。     

Dynamic reserve design with the union-find algorithm

When reserve networks are established over time, there is a risk that sites will be developed in areas planned for future reservation, reducing the effectiveness of reserves. We developed a dynamic reserve design model that maximizes the expected number of species conserved, taking account of the risk of future habitat loss and fragmentation. The model makes use of the union-find algorithm, which is an efficient method for maintaining a list of connected regions in a graph as nodes and edges are inserted. A simple extension of the algorithm allows us to efficiently determine, for each species, when a sequence of site selections results in a reserve in which the species can persist. The extension also allows us to determine when a sequence of deforestation events results in the species becoming non-viable. The dynamic reserve design model is much more effective than commonly used heuristics, particularly when multiple connected sites are required for species persistence. The model also is able to solve much larger problems with greater effectiveness than the only previous dynamic reserve design model that considered site connectivity relationships. The union-find algorithm has much scope for addressing ecological management problems in which dynamic connectivity needs to be considered.     

Implementation of a marine reserve has a rapid but short-lived effect on recreational angler use

Changes in human behavior are a precursor to measurable impacts of no-take marine reserves. We investigated changes in recreational fishing site selection in response to the 2005 announcement of enforcement in a marine reserve in the Gulf of California, Mexico. We used a novel data set of daily self-reported boating destinations from emergency rescue logbooks for a recreational angling community from 2000 to 2008. Because the reserve system has no experimental control, we modeled the data two ways to test for robustness to model specification. We tested for changes in human fishing behavior with regression and fit a fleet-level discrete choice model to project a. counterfactual scenario. The counterfactual is the statistically constructed ex post expectation of the human behavior we would have observed if the reserve never existed. We included month and year fixed effects in our models to account for seasonal and interannual fluctuations in fishing behavior and catch rates. We detected a decrease in reserve use compared to the counterfactual, indicating that the reserve rapidly experienced a decrease in visitation. However, the reserve's effect to reduce trips diminished with time. These results indicate that the reserve is unlikely to meet its ecological goals without institutional changes that enhance compliance. This illustrates the value of human use data to understanding the processes underlying marine reserve function. We suggest that managers should consider human use with the same frequency, rigor, and tools as they do fishery stocks. Marine reserves directly affect people, and understanding human behavioral responses to marine reserves is an important step in marine reserve management.     

Planning for robust reserve networks using uncertainty analysis

Planning land-use for biodiversity conservation frequently involves computer-assisted reserve selection algorithms. Typically such algorithms operate on matrices of species presence–absence in sites, or on species-specific distributions of model predicted probabilities of occurrence in grid cells. There are practically always errors in input data—erroneous species presence–absence data, structural and parametric uncertainty in predictive habitat models, and lack of correspondence between temporal presence and long-run persistence. Despite these uncertainties, typical reserve selection methods proceed as if there is no uncertainty in the data or models. Having two conservation options of apparently equal biological value, one would prefer the option whose value is relatively insensitive to errors in planning inputs. In this work we show how uncertainty analysis for reserve planning can be implemented within a framework of information-gap decision theory, generating reserve designs that are robust to uncertainty. Consideration of uncertainty involves modifications to the typical objective functions used in reserve selection. Search for robust-optimal reserve structures can still be implemented via typical reserve selection optimization techniques, including stepwise heuristics, integer-programming and stochastic global search.     

Identifying Conservation Areas on the Basis of Alternative Distribution Data Sets

Abstract:  Distribution data on biodiversity features is a major component of conservation planning that are often inaccurate; thus, the true distribution of each feature is commonly over- or underrepresented. The selection of distribution data sets may therefore lead to variability in the spatial configuration and size of proposed reserve networks and uncertainty regarding the extent to which these networks actually contain the biodiversity features they were identified to protect. Our goals were to investigate the impact on reserve selection of choosing different distribution data sets and to propose novel methods to minimize uncertainty about target attainment within reserves. To do so, we used common prioritization methods (richness mapping, systematic reserve design, and a novel approach that integrates multiple types of distribution data) and three types of data on the distribution of mammals (predicted distribution models, occurrence records, and a novel combination of the two) to simulate the establishment of regional biodiversity reserves for the state of Arizona (U.S.A.). Using the results of these simulations, we explored variability in reserve placement and size as a function of the distribution data set. Spatial overlap of reserve networks identified with only predicted distribution data or only occurrence distribution data never exceeded 16%. In pairwise comparisons between reserves created with all three types of distribution data, overlap never achieved 50%. The reserve size required to meet conservation targets also varied with the type of distribution data used and the conservation goal; the largest reserve system was 10 times the smallest. Our results highlight the impact of employing different types of distribution data and identify novel tools for application to existing distribution data sets that can minimize uncertainty about target attainment.     

Catastrophe management and inter-reserve distance for marine reserve networks

We consider the optimal spacing between marine reserves for maximising the viability of a species occupying a reserve network. The closer the networks are placed together, the higher the probability of colonisation of an empty reserve by an occupied reserve, thus increasing population viability. However, the closer the networks are placed together, the higher the probability that a catastrophe will cause extinction of the species in both reserves, thus decreasing population viability. Using a simple discrete-time Markov chain model for the presence or absence of the species in each reserve we determine the distance between the two reserves which provides the optimal trade-off between these processes, resulting in maximum viability of the species.     

No sympathy for the devil

Pathogens are a significant driver of biodiversity loss. We examine two wildlife disease management strategies that have seen growing use, sometimes in combination: (i) trapping-and-culling infectious animals (disease control), and (ii) trapping-and-translocating healthy animals to a reserve, with possible future reintroduction. A reserve can improve conservation when there is no disease. But, when infection exists, we show investing in the reserve may counteract disease control. We find jointly pursuing both strategies is sub-optimal when the reserve is costly to maintain. Numerically, we examine management of Devil Facial Tumor Disease, which has generated extinction risks for Tasmanian Devils. Disease control (though not eradication) is generally part of an optimal strategy, although a reserve is also optimal if it can be maintained costlessly. This implies preserving the original population by addressing in situ conservation risks, rather than translocating animals to a reserve and giving up on the original population, is generally the first-best.     

Poverty issues in a national wildlife reserve in China

The increasing interest in environmental conservation is a global phenomenon. In many countries, natural reserves or protected areas (PAs) have been established to restrict human activities and to enhance natural ecosystems, which potentially benefit the planet as a whole. However, this often demands some sacrifices from local residents who may have to give up resources they rely on or suffer losses caused by wildlife. This issue potentially becomes aggravated in densely populated areas where many people and economic activities are impacted. This paper presents research findings on poverty issues in a newly established national natural reserve in China, Hengshui Lake Natural Reserve. The paper addresses the characteristics of poor households in the reserve and the interaction between these families and the reserve. In addition, poverty alleviation measures are analysed and additional measures to reduce poverty and conflicts between the reserve and local residents are recommended.