三峡库区香溪河沉积物重金属含量分布及风险评价

为充分了解三峡库区香溪河沉积物中重金属分布特征及其对环境风险的影响,于2017年5月和2018年5月在香溪河汛期采集了表层和柱状沉积物样品,通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer,ICP-OES)测定样品中的锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、钡(Ba)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)和镍(Ni)等重金属元素的含量,同时使用地累积指数法(Igeo)和潜在生态危害指数法(RI)两种评价方法对沉积物中重金属的污染水平进行评估。结果发现:三峡库区表层沉积物在采样点各处Zn、Mn、Cr、Cu和Ni的含量变化并不明显,柱状沉积物中Ba和Zn在沉积过程中有累计作用,而Ni变化不大。重金属变异系数分析表明,表层沉积物中Cu受人类活动的影响最大,各采样点的含量变化较大,人为活动带入的污染占主导地位;柱状沉积物中Zn的垂直分布变化最明显,受到人类活动影响比其他重金属严重,根据相关性分析表明不同重金属之间可能来源相同。地累积指数法(I_(geo))和潜在生态危害指数法(RI)评价结果表明,沉积物的重金属属于无污染至轻度污染类别,处于低生态危害等级,不会对环境造成过大的危害。总体而言,三峡库区香溪河沉积物的生态危害程度较低,未发生重大重金属污染,且不同重金属之间存在相同来源。     

乐安江沉积物酸碱性及其对重金属释放特性的影响

本文对乐安江沉积物样品的金属总量，酸碱特性进行了测定和不同ｐＨ条件下金属的释放实验，结果表明，乐安江沉积物中Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ和Ａｓ的浓度均高于一般水体沉积物的本底值，从重金属的移动性分析，存在沉积重金属对水体产生二次污染的可能，沉积物所含重金属随ｐＨ变化产生的金属释放顺序为Ｚｎ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｄ，Ｐｂ。     

沉积物中酸挥发硫对上覆水中重金属含量的影响

在实验室条件下,利用装有新鲜河流沉积物和上覆水且可控制环境参数的模拟体系及参比体系,通过定时定量投放重金属溶液,研究了富含酸挥发硫的河流沉积物对上覆水中重金属（铜,镉,铅,锌）含量的影响,并观察了模拟体系更换为清洁上覆水后沉积物中重金属的静态释放;随后考察了同一沉积物样品经酸化后对上覆水重金属含量的影响能力的变化及在更换为清洁上覆水后沉积物的静态释放。研究结果表明：水相金属迅速转移到沉积物中,被其     

太湖不同湖区沉积物重金属含量季节变化及其影响因素

以太湖东北部梅梁湾、胥口湾、贡湖沉积物中重金属为研究对象,研究各湖区沉积物中As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量的年际变化规律及其与沉积物间隙水温度、pH、Eh值以及沉积物有机质、总氮、总磷、粒径等理化指标的相关关系.结果表明:沉积物中重金属含量及其年际的变化与其污染状况有一定的相关关系;富营养化程度较高的梅梁湾沉积物中重金属含量的最大值出现在9月,其他两个湖区的最大值均出现在6月;沉积物中重金属含量受到温度、pH值、Eh值等物理因素的影响,且与温度、pH值和Eh值有一定的正相关关系;沉积物有机质、总氮、总磷、粒径等因素也会对沉积物中重金属含量产生影响;有机质含量与重金属含量有很好的正相关性,粒径与重金属含量呈正相关,总氮、总磷与重金属含量呈负相关.     

沉积物再悬浮-重金属释放机制研究进展

水-沉积物界面重金属迁移和转化行为已成为水环境质量研究的热点。因自然、生物、人为活动等驱动的沉积物再悬浮使得沉积物颗粒吸附和结合的重金属可能通过吸附-解吸平衡和氧化还原反应而释放进入上覆水体。随着外在污染源输入逐步得到控制,沉积物再悬浮释放重金属将成为水体重要的内在污染源而对水环境质量和水生生物产生影响。本文综述了最近几年的相关研究文献,对沉积物再悬浮的动力来源及发生机制、再悬浮-重金属释放机制及主要影响因素进行了阐述,探讨了该领域未来可能的研究方向。相关研究发现,当干扰切应力大于沉积物的临界切应力值时,沉积物再悬浮发生,且再悬浮颗粒量随干扰切应力的增强而增大;再悬浮使还原态沉积物暴露于有氧环境,有机质和硫化物的氧化是沉积物结合态重金属释放的主要机理,而沉积物颗粒电性吸附的重金属则通过解吸进入水体;切应力大小、再悬浮水体理化性质、沉积物理化性质以及微生物活性等因素调控着沉积物吸附态或结合态重金属的释放。本文指出再悬浮沉积物释放重金属的去向（再分配机理）以及再悬浮-重金属释放的动力学过程、沉积物悬浮-重金属释放复合预测模型的建立、沉积物悬浮-释放重金属的生物可利用性及生物毒害评价将是本领域需要进一步研究的重点。     

水源水库沉积物中重金属形态分布特征及其影响因素

利用BCR化学连续提取法和EDTA铵盐单一提取法,考察了微生物作用和不同环境条件(灭菌,未灭菌,好氧,厌氧,添加还原药剂Na2SO3)对饮用水源水库沉积物中重金属的含量和形态分布特征的影响.结果表明,微生物作用和不同环境条件对沉积物中重金属,特别是对Cd和Pb的含量及各形态(F1、F2和F3)分布有着显著的影响;微生物对有机质的矿化作用以及厌氧条件下的微生物还原作用分别是影响沉积物中Cd和Pb形态分布变化以及上覆水体中铁浓度变化的重要原因.沉积物中Cd和Zn具有潜在环境效应的各形态(F1、F2和F3)含量占总量的比例[(F1+F2+F3)/T]均高于灭菌条件下;以EDTA单一提取法表征重金属的生物可给态含量结果表明,不同重金属的生物可给性差异十分显著,Cd和Pb的生物可给态含量占总量的比例(B/T)最高值分别可达24.96%和39.56%,而Zn和Cr的B/T值均小于5%.沉积物中重金属的[(F1+F2+F3)/T]比值(y)和B/T比值(x)两者之间的线性关系为,y=0.96x+0.1388(R2=0.8704);重金属的潜在环境效应程度对沉积物中重金属总量变化趋势有着直接的影响,在沉积物-水界面,随着重金属各形态的潜在环境效应的增强,重金属通过沉积物-水界面由沉积物向上覆水体扩散的程度也随之加剧,对水源水库的水质可造成一定程度的潜在危害.     

桂林水系沉积物中重金属的生物有效性研究

沉积物中重金属污染物对生态系统潜在危害的影响,已经引起研究者的极大关注,但对沉积物中重金属的生物有效性的研究还很少。首次以桂林水系沉积物为研究对象,通过酸化-吹气-吸收装置,用对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定沉积物中AVS含量,用原子吸收分光光度法测定SEM和间隙水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni含量,用原子荧光法测定Hg、As含量。以中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludian cathayensis)为受试物种,通过沉积物加标和长期暴露实验,分析田螺生长发育情况和体内重金属积累浓度。结果表明:[SEM]/[AVS]>1时,间隙水中七种元素总浓度大于3.0000μmol·L-1,重金属对田螺表现出毒性作用,且田螺的死亡率和体内重金属积累浓度随该比值的增大而增大;当[SEM]/[AVS]<1时,重金属对田螺无明显影响。[SEM]/[AVS]是判定沉积物重金属生物有效性的有效判据。该研究填补了桂林水系沉积物重金属数据的空白,为判定沉积物重金属污染程度提供了一种简便准确的方法。所研究水域沉积物重金属污染最严重的是桃花江,漓江次之,青狮潭水库污染最轻。     

生物扰动对沉积物中重金属迁移转化影响的研究进展

沉积物是重金属在环境中迁移转化的重要媒介。生物扰动能改变沉积物的物理化学组成,从而影响沉积物中重金属的赋存形态和迁移转化特征。文章介绍了生物扰动的定义和种类,生物扰动的影响因素以及扰动过程中影响污染物释放的主要因素,并综述了近年来生物扰动对沉积物中重金属镉、铜、锌、铅和其他重金属的环境行为影响。     

香港河流沉积物中有机碳对铜的吸附特性

采用厌氧序列分批滴定装置（ＡＳＢＴ）研究了香港青山湾避风塘和屯门河、城门河、林村河感潮河段沉积物中有机碳对铜的吸附特性。结果表明,在ｐＨ１６和ｐＨ７的条件下,沉积物中有机碳对铜的吸附特性可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温式描述,铜在不同河流沉积物有机碳中的分配系数差别较大,吸附容量差别较小,Ｈ＾＋可以结合沉积物有机碳的重金属结合位点,导致吸附容量和分配系数随ｐＨ增大而增大。     

北京大学未名湖沉积物中主要重金属250年以来的变化

20 0多年来 ,未名湖没有进行修建 ,湖泊沉积物基本没有受到人为搅动 ,因此 ,它是湖泊周边地区环境变化的良好“指示剂” .为了深入了解未名湖沉积物中重金属的变化及污染影响 ,在湖心对沉积物进行了系统采样 ,对样品进行了主要重金属随深度变化的分析 ,并采用地积累指数法对未名湖沉积物中重金属的含量进行评价 .结果表明 :未名湖沉积物还未受到重金属污染 .1　布点采样根据未名湖的进、出水状态 ,布置 7个采样点 .从钻取的 7孔沉积物柱芯来看 ,底层厚度一般在5 0ｃｍ左右 .以未名湖中心的Ｗ 1 0孔为例 ,其上部为深灰色淤泥 ,厚 1 5ｃｍ ;中…     

官厅水库-永定河沉积物中AVS-SEM的分析

酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)与同步提取的重金属(SEM)之间的比例关系是控制缺氧性沉积物中重金属生物有效性及毒性的主要因素．本文设计了一套新型吹气．吸收装置测定水体沉积物中的AVS，提高了AVS的回收率及测定操作的稳定性．并应用此装置测定了官厅水库-永定河水体沉积物中AVS-SEM的分布。     

Seasonal AVS–SEM relationship in sediments and potential bioavailability of metals in industrialized estuary, southeastern Brazil

In anoxic sediments, as those found in estuaries, the mobility of metals can be controlled by the formation of stable sulfide complexes. The potential bioavailability of a metal can then be predicted on the basis of the acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) criterion. Distributions of AVS and SEM (Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ni) along the sediment profiles were determined seasonally for three rivers that constitute the Santos-Cubat?o estuarine system (SE Brazil), which is located in one of the most industrialized areas of Latin America. AVS and SEM concentrations varied significantly, from 0.04 to 31.9 μmol g⁻¹ and 0.086–6.659 μmol g⁻¹, respectively. The highest AVS levels in sediments were detected in the winter, whereas high SEM values predominated in the summer. Considering SEM–AVS molar differences as a parameter to evaluate potential bioavailability, sediments nearest to the industrial area represent higher risk to biota, especially during the summer. It is due to relatively low AVS values and not necessarily high concentrations of metals.     

AVS-SEM relationships and potential bioavailability of trace metals in sediments from the Southeastern Mediterranean sea,Egypt

In risk assessment of aquatic sediments, much attention is paid to the difference between acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) as indicators of metal bioavailability. Distribution of AVS and SEM (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in 20 representative sampling sites collected along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. Total SEM concentration [ΣSEM] ranged from 0.012 to 0.241 μmoleg^?1. AVS concentrations were much more variable, showing significant spatial variations. The values ranged from 0.015 to 31.326 μmoleg^?1. The different relationships between AVS and SEM to establish mechanical models such as the ratio of ΣSEM and AVS [ΣSEM/AVS], the difference between the ΣSEM and AVS [ΣSEM–AVS], or the organic carbon normalised difference between SEM and AVS [ΣSEM-AVS]/f_oc models were used as parameters to evaluate potential bioavailability. Considering SEM/AVS model, sediments at the Western Harbour, Eastern Harbour, Ras El-Burr, El-Gamil East, and Port Said stations are occasionally toxic, while according to SEM-AVS model, no indication of associated adverse toxic effect would occur at any of the sampling sites. Calculated [ΣSEM-AVS]/f_oc was<130 μmoleg^?1 in the sediments indicating that sediments should pose a low risk of adverse biological effects owing to cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. Association of adverse effects to aquatic organisms was determined, using the classification of the sediments according to the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). The marine Threshold Effect Levels (TEL) and Probable Effect Levels (PEL) were used in this work and in order to obtain a more realistic measure of predicted toxicity, mean PEL quotients (PELq) were calculated. The mean PELq calculated for the sampling sites was (0.11–1.5) and categorised as slightly toxic at all stations except Baghoush, Nobarreya and western harbour, which had PELq<0.1 and categorised as non-toxic. The obtained data concluded that the remobility and bioavailability of trace metals contained in surfacial sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coastal area are low.     

Microbial decolourisation of pulp and paper mill effluent in presence of nitrogen and phosphorus by activated sludge process

The effect of pH, nutrient and aeration was studied on the removal of colour and reduction of BOD, COD and heavy metals with addition of readily available source of nitrogen and phosphorus in concentration of 1.0 g/L. Recalcitrant compound was effectively degraded by active microbial consortia. The isolated bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas putida (S1), Citrobacter sp. (S4) and Enterobacter sp. (S5). These organisms not only decolourised effluent upto 97% but reduced BOD, COD, phenolics and sulfide upto 96.63, 96.80, 96.92 and 96.67% respectively within 24 hrs of aeration and the heavy metals were removed upto 82-99.80%. The TSS and TDS were sharply reduced due to degradation. The absorption maxima was also decreased to 90%. However, in control without the microbial consortium no noticeable change was produced.     

水体沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物垂直分布模型的建立及应用

应用对流扩散理论，将沉积物固相、液相作为一个整体，建立并求解了沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物（AVS）的垂直分布模型，并应用于武汉东湖三个污染程度不同站点的AVS垂直分布研究。结果表明，所建立的模型能较好地描述沉积物中AVS的垂直分布，这种分布是非线性的，且时空分布不均匀。     

Heavy metals in albanian coastal sediments

Heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Sn) concentration has been determined on 39 coastal sediment samples collected in Albania. The relationship between the heavy metals content and the grain size has been considered. All metals, except Cu and Cd, resulted accumulated in the finest fraction, which constituted up to 95% of most of the considered sediments. A good correlation has been found for Ni, Cr, Fe, Zn, Cu in the entire area, indicating a common origin for these metals in the analyzed sediments. Concentration values fall in the range reported for Dinaric chain derived sediments, revealing, generally, a natural origin of the metal contents. Though in some selected areas such as the Drin and the Skumbin Bay, an antropogenic input of Cr, Fe, Ni and Cu can be observed, as the result of discharging of mines and smelter activities.     

Heavy metals associated with reduced sulfur in sediments from different deposition environments in the Pearl River estuary, China

Distribution of acid volatile sulfur (AVS) and the simultaneously extracted metals (SEM: Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni) in sediment profiles has been studied at five sites in Pearl River estuary, China. Of the five sampling locations, Nos.1 and 2 are in the middle shoal, Nos.3 and 4 in the west shoal and No. 5 locates to the south of the estuary. The AVS content in the sediments of the middle shoal varies in a small range (0.25–4.06 μmol g⁻¹), while that of west shoal increases with depth from 0 to ultimately 26.09 μmol g⁻¹. The SEM concentration in the sediment profiles at location Nos. 1, 2 and 5 is generally in the range of 0.95±0.2 μmol g⁻¹ with a slight upward increase, while that in the sediment of west shallows are much higher (1.43–2.42 μmol g⁻¹) with a significant upward increase, especially in the upper layer of ca. 15 cm. The observed upward increase of SEM content at all the sites implies that heavy metal contamination of sediment in the Pearl River estuary is increasing. Calculations of the excess heavy metal content which is defined by SEM-AVS molar difference suggests that the upper sediment in the Pearl River estuary, especially on the west shallows, could be a source of heavy metal contaminants and may cause toxicity to the benthos. The site-specific distribution patterns in the AVS and SEM profiles were interpreted according to the hydrogeochemistry of deposition environments.     

羟基磷灰石对沉积物中重金属释放特性的影响

以羟基磷灰石掺杂前后模拟重金属污染沉积物为研究对象,利用混匀释放实验及化学连续萃取法分析沉积物中重金属的释放特征及形态分布特性,考察了羟基磷灰石对重会属污染沉积物中Cu、zn、Pb、Cd稳定性的影响.结果表明不同来源模拟污染沉积物中松花江沉积物中的重金属最易重新释放,而伊通河沉积物中的重金属释放量最小;同时伊通河沉积物中残渣态重金属的比例较其它沉积物高很多,而可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的重金属比例较其它沉积物低很多,说明同时进入沉积物中的重金属,伊通河沉积物中的重金属相对稳定一些.羟基磷灰石的掺杂不同程度降低了沉积物中重金属的释放能力,促使沉积物中的重金属由较不稳定结合态向较稳定结合态转化,减小了沉积物中重金属的生物可利用性,增强了重金属的稳定性.     

珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及相关性研究

随着广州市截污工程的实施,珠江(广州河段)外源污染得到有效控制后,沉积物内源污染将成为影响河流水质的重要因素。在珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中8种重金属质量分数监测的基础上,对该河段沉积物中重金属的沿程分布特征和横向分布特征进行了全面的分析,并对所测8种重金属之间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:从沿程分布来看,这8种污染元素的分布特征基本相似,元素的高值区和低值区大致吻合。从横向分布来看,绝大多数污染物在一个断面的最高值和最低值出现的点位基本上是重合的,各种污染物质量分数的最高值绝大部分出现在靠近岸边的点位,并且大部分集中于左岸。而最低值出现在河道中间的比例较高。在所测定的8种元素中,除了Hg和As之外,其它各种元素之间均呈现较明显的正相关关系,特别是Cr和Cd、Cu和Cd、Cr和Cu、Cr和Ni之间的相关性显著。